阿尔山市地表干湿分布特征与生态环境的关系

利用阿尔山市的气象资料,分析了1971-2007年地表潜在蒸散量和湿润指数的变化特征。结果表明：（1）JA20世纪80年代以来,阿尔山市地表潜在蒸散量一直呈增大的趋势。（2）从对湿润指数（的、潜在蒸散量（Eu）、年降水量（R）、年平均气温（D的趋势分析看,阿尔山市干旱化有加重的趋势,降水有集中的趋势,阶段性干旱有增多加重的发展趋势,从而导致阿尔山市生态环境趋于恶化。     

西藏近35年地表湿润指数变化特征及其影响因素

利用1971-2005年西藏25个气象站月平均最高气温、最低气温、风速、相对湿度、日照时数、降水量等资料,应用Penman-Monteith模犁计算了最大潜在蒸散、地表湿润指数,分析了其空间分布、年际变化特征及季节差异,并讨论了影响地表湿润指数变化的气象因子.研究表明:近35年,西藏年降水量表现为显著的增加趋势,增幅为15.0 mm/(10 a);年最大潜在蒸散呈不同程度的减小趋势,为-4.6--71.6 mm/(10 a).阿里地区西南部、聂拉木年地表湿润指数为不显著的减小趋势,其他各地均呈增大趋势,增幅为0.02-0.09.就西藏平均而言,年地表湿润指数以0.04/10 a的速率显著增大,尤其足近25年增幅更为明显.各季节地表湿润指数也表现为增大趋势,以夏季增幅最明显.20世纪70年代剑80年代主要表现为以低温低湿为主的年际变化特征,进入90年代后,气温持续升高,地表湿润指数明显增加,呈现山暖湿型的气候特征.降水量和相对湿度的明显增加,以及平均气温日较差的显著减小是地表湿润指数显著增加的主要原因,平均风速和日照时数的明显减少,在湿润指数增加趋势中也起着重要作用.     

昌都市地表湿润状况变化特征及其影响因素

基于昌都市7个气象站点1981~2012年气温、降水量、风速等气候要素资料,应用Penman-Monteith模型计算了潜在蒸散以及地表湿润指数,分析地表湿润指数时空分布特征、季节性差异及主要气象因子的影响。结果表明,昌都市年潜在蒸散以14.1mm/10 a的速率显著减小,春夏两季减幅明显;地表湿润指数的空间分布表现为北部、东南部高于中部;地表湿润指数总体上呈增大趋势,增幅为0.027/10a,其中春夏两季增幅最为明显;地表湿润指数的增大主要受降水量增加的影响,平均风速的减小,平均日较差的减小也对地表湿润指数的增加起到重要的作用。     

近53a来祁连山南北坡潜在蒸散量及地表湿润度变化趋势分析

利用祁连山地区15个气象台站1961~2013年月气象资料,计算和分析该地区潜在蒸散量和湿润指数的变化趋势。研究表明:(1)祁连山南北坡潜在蒸散量的年变化表现为单峰型,较大值出现在5~8月,较小值出现在12月至翌年2月。湿润指数从5月开始逐渐增大,南坡7月最大,北坡9月最大,10月开始逐步减小。湿润指数与潜在蒸散量在祁连山地区存在明显的位相差。季节表现均为夏季最大、春秋季次之、冬季最小,潜在蒸散量相邻季节间的波动北坡明显大于南坡,湿润指数则相反;(2)祁连山地区南北坡潜在蒸散量均在波动中呈显著增加趋势,而湿润指数波动中缓慢增加,但变化趋势不明显。潜在蒸散量和湿润指数增加速率均是北坡大于南坡。南北坡潜在蒸散量和湿润指数未来变化趋势总体上将同过去保持一致,且北坡年潜在蒸散量变化趋势强度强于南坡;(3)通过与各气候因子的多元回归分析表明,影响祁连山南北坡湿润指数(潜在蒸散量)的主要因子是降水量(气温),其他气候因子的变化对地表干湿状况起增强或削弱作用。     

岱海湖流域生态质量干湿指标气象评价研究

选取岱海湖流域3个国家一般气象站60年的气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith模型计算出岱海湖流域的参考蒸散量和干湿指数,表征岱海湖流域地表干湿状况。岱海湖流域地表多年平均干湿指数为0.42,属于气候半干旱区。20世纪60、70、90年代湿润指数距平为正距平,气候偏半湿润状态;20世纪80年代后期和21世纪初期（2000—2009年）为负距平,气候偏干旱化。干湿指数主要受降水量、潜在蒸散量、相对湿度、日照时数影响,这些气象因子共同作用影响岱海湖流域气候干湿状况,其中降水量是最主要的影响因子。研究结果可以更好地认识区域气候条件及未来变化方向,为岱海湖的生态评价提供科学参考。     

1951—2009年中国地表湿润状况变化趋势研究

利用1951—2009年中国160站的月降水和月平均温度资料,通过计算地表湿润指数,在分析其与降水及气温联系的基础上,探讨了中国区域平均地表湿润指数的年代际变化特征差异,给出了地表湿润指数年趋势的地理分布。结果表明：1951—2009年,中国北方的西北地区东部、华北和东北地区长江中下游地区及东南部分地区以干旱化趋势为主,这些地区干旱化趋势的产生与降水年际变差大、年内分配不均,降水持续减少和气温升高密切相关。东南、西南地区及西藏地区于20世纪90年代初期有湿向干的趋势转换,虽然长江中下游地区在70年代初期有明显的干向湿的趋势变换,但于90年代同样出现湿向干的趋势转换,并一直持续显著的干旱化。     

德州生态质量气象评价中湿润指数定量分析

为了在生态质量气象评价中定量分析湿润指数变化，利用德州市1971-2000年各月平均气温、气压、风速、相对湿度和降水量资料，计算月、季，年潜在蒸散量和湿润指数。用最小二乘法计算线性变化趋势系数。发现，湿润指数平均10年减小0．07，潜在蒸散量平均10年增加24．42mm，气候呈干旱化趋势。     

吉林省近59a冰冻资源变化特征分析

利用1961—2020年气温、降水资料,通过线性趋势分析和M-K检验方法,对吉林省冰冻期气温、降雪变化进行研究.结果表明:冰冻期在20世纪80年代以前的29a冰冻期日数较多,以晚结束为主;近30a,冰冻期日数偏少,以早结束为主.出现0℃及以下日数分布特征是,在20世纪80年代中期以前,以正距平为主;80年代中期以后以负距平为主;随着年代的增加,出现的日数呈现减少趋势.降雪量的年代变化特征不明显,只有2008—2007年连续10a出现了多雪年份.从降雪日数的分布情况看,多雪日和少雪日交替出现,无明显变化特征;降大雪日数和降暴雪的日数从2009年开始明显增多.平均气温和降雪量都出现了突变特征,分别出现在1976年和2007年.     

1951—2009年中国地表湿润状况变化趋势研究

利用1951—2009年中国160站的月降水和月平均温度资料,通过计算地表湿润指数,在分析其与降水及气温联系的基础上,探讨了中国区域平均地表湿润指数的年代际变化特征差异,给出了地表湿润指数年趋势的地理分布。结果表明：1951—2009年,中国北方的西北地区东部、华北和东北地区长江中下游地区及东南部分地区以干旱化趋势为主...     

江苏地表湿润状况的变化趋势与区域特征分析

为了了解江苏省地表湿润状况,利用江苏省60个气象站1961-2005年月降水和月平均气温资料,通过构造一个既包含降水变化又考虑温度变化对潜在蒸发影响的干湿指标一地表湿润指数Hf=P/Pe(P为观测的月降水总量,Pe为月最大潜在蒸发),采用M-K法,对比分析了江苏省区域平均地表湿润指数的年代际变化特征及季节性差异,并讨论了它与降水和气温的联系,突出了在全球变暖背景下温度变化对干湿变化的重要影响.最后给出了地表湿润指数各季节变化趋势的地理分布.结果表明:苏北和苏南地区的年际变化趋势基本相反.由于温度的升高苏北苏中地区均出现变干趋势,苏南部分地区降水显著增加却没有呈现显著变湿趋势.江苏地区的干化趋势主要发生在春秋季节.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia

The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China.     

<p>PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA</p>

<p>Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–C2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–C2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–Cwest difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.</p>     

THE INFLUENCES OF SSTA OVER KUROSHIO AND ITS EXTENSION ON RAINFALL IN NORTHEAST CHINA UNDER THE BACKGROUND OF TWO DIFFERENT EL NIO CASES

By using the gauged rainfall in 160 stations within mainland China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the impacts of anomalous SST in Kuroshio and its extension on precipitation in Northeast China were investigated. The results show that a difference in the meridional circulation such as the East Asia/Pacific teleconnection pattern(EAP)may be responsible for the difference in rainfall between 1998 and 2010. In comparison with 1998, the anomalous meridional circulation pattern in 2010 shifted northeastward, and then the western subtropical high, the mid-latitudinal trough and the northeastern Asia blocking high also shifted northeastward, causing intensified convergence of the cold and warm air masses at the southern region and thus more rainfall in the southwestern region and less in the northwestern region. In 1998, the anomalous cyclone, one component of the meridional pattern, located at the Songhuajiang-Nengjiang River basin, resulted in more rainfall in the majority of the area. The results of observation and the model show that the difference in SSTA in Kuroshio and its extension under the background of different El Ni觡o events is the key point:(1) The anomalous warmth moved westward from the mid-Pacific to the east of the Philippine Sea during the central event, which led the heat resources shifting to the northeast in 2010; subsequently, a shift occurred to the north of the anomalous ascent and decent, followed by a warm SSTA in the region of Kuroshio's extension in 2010 and Kuroshio in 1998.(2) The warm SSTA in the Kuroshio extension causing the Rossby wave activity flux strengthened in 2010, and then the westerly jet shifted northward and extended eastward. A warm SSTA in Kuroshio and cold SSTA in its extension in 1998 caused the westerly jet to shift southward and weaken. As a result,the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone shifted northward in 2010, and the blocking high also shifted northward.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8(Global Trade Analysis Project)数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Land-use and sustainability under intersecting global change and domestic policy scenarios: Trajectories for Australia to 2050

Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future.