纯斜压基流上斜压波的发展和锋生过程

利用地转动量近似和水平坐标变换建立的三维半地转方程,讨论了具有均匀位涡的基态流上非线性斜压扰动的发展和锋面的形成过程。计算结果表明,对于纯斜压流,斜压波的发展既取决于初始扰动,也与基流的垂直切变有关,垂直切变越大,斜压波增长越快。不同的基流.扰动有不同的增长率。对于某个确定的基流,斜压波在各个时刻的特性仅取决于初始扰动。斜压扰动发展到一定程度,形成大的风速和等温线密集区,即产生锋。     

稳定的和不稳定的斜压行星波

本文采用两层模式,初步地应用“时空同化”的自然观,引进空间不稳定性观点,把空间不稳定性和时间不稳定性结合起来,研究振幅随纬度变化的斜压行星波的存在范围和其稳定性;得出了稳定的和不稳定的斜压行星波及其空间不稳定判据,并对传统的斜压行星波不稳定理论和判据作出鉴定,重新提出了斜压行星波时间不稳定判据,并讨论其物理含义;还得出了高层和低层斜压行星波相互强迫振动的机制以及不同纬度间扰动振幅的关系。     

切变东风基流和非绝热加热对热带扰动的作用

文中用斜压模式讨论了东风水平切变基流和非绝热加热对热带扰动的影响,指出:基本气流的切变有使西传波动加速,东传波动减速的倾向;切变会造成赤道Rossby波的不稳定发展;加热激发的赤道强迫波可以是垂直传播波.      

评“稳定的和不稳定的斜压行星波”的研究

谢义炳教授在八十年代初期,发表了关于“稳定的和不稳定的斜压行星波”的论文(以下简称H_3)。在论文引言中说到Rossby波和不稳定斜压波的矛盾;文中提出所谓“空间不稳定”的概念;并在结语讨论中说:这一研究的“所得结果,实质上否定了传统的斜压不稳定理论的基本观点……”。众所周知,自从四十年代,赵九章、Charney和Eady等开创性地提出斜压行星波理论后,几十年来继续发表的研究是极为可观的,但从未看到否定了传统的斜压不稳定理论基本观点的研究。因此H_3引起人们的兴趣。     

斜压罗斯贝波非线性问题的研究

本文利用两层斜压准地转模式，讨论了波－流相互作用问题，得到以下结论：（１）当大气中基本流切变较大时，波流间能量交换明显。切变较小时，波幅变化较小；（２）在较小的基本流切变下，波动可出现稳定的平衡态，此平衡态多为相当正压状态；（３）斜压波在发展过程中，温度场和流场之间具有制约关系     

1991年江淮梅雨暴雨与亚洲季风的关系

利用实际大气参数取值进行尺度分析，求得斜压半地转模式中非线性斜压Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的非频散周期解的存在条件与解。给出了能够描述非线性特性波动的无量纲拟能效ε，由此推导了非线性特征波动的波速公式及波参数间的一些诊断关系。     

斜压大气中尺度横波扰动的发展

为探索带状中尺度扰动发生发展的可能性及其对深厚对流云团的启动和组织作用。本文利用准动量无辐散二维模式讨论了斜压切变基流上中尺度横波扰动的发展问题。首先导出波能密度和波作用量，然后利用ＷＫＢ方法分析了波包的传播，建立波作用量方程，进而从波作用量方程出发，分别讨论了大气中各种层结下横波型扰动发展的物理背景条件。     

地面资料在侦测暴雨天气过程中的应用

利用地面常规观测资料和自动站加密温度资料以及卫星云图资料,分析了2005年7月6—7日和7月9—10日发生在江淮流域及其附近的两次暴雨过程的地面要素分布特征,发现强降水带分布在非锋性斜压带和斜压槽附近。然后利用NCEP再分析资料,用第二类热成风螺旋度和非地转湿矢量诊断解释了非锋性斜压带和斜压槽产生强降水的动力机制,结果表明在地面非锋性斜压带和斜压槽处易发生锋生和斜压现象,从而诱发强降水。     

污染物大尺度垂直输送的理论研究

从大尺度动力学的观点讨论了污染物进入自由大气后的垂直输送问题, 重点讨论了绝热条件下中性波及斜压不稳定波引起的垂直运动对污染物的垂直输送以及非绝热情况下由剩余环流引起的垂直运动对污染物的垂直输送, 并从波作用对垂直运动贡献的观点,指出了平流层内由于波作用引起的非局地的下沉运动对污染物垂直输送的控制作用, 最后还指出以往对垂直运动诊断研究的一些成果也是对污染物垂直输送有贡献的因素。     

非线性斜压不稳定问题中的摩擦和对流凝结加热作用

本文用β平面两层准地转斜压模式,讨论了具有摩擦耗散作用和对流凝结加热作用的斜压不稳定有限振幅问题,并对所得的有限振幅斜压波的振幅控制方程进行了数值积分。结果指出,在无耗散作用时,斜压不稳定波的振幅是周期振荡的。当摩擦耗散作用仅存在于下层时,不稳定波振幅最终趋于一个为零的平衡态;当上下层都存在摩擦耗散时,对流加热强度较弱(即m~*<1),则存在着一个振幅为零,另外两个为非零的多平衡态,而扰动波振幅最终趋于非零的平衡态。对流加热较强时(即m~*≥1),则仅存在振幅为零的单个平衡态,扰动波振幅最终趋于这个平衡态。     

DISCONTINUOUS OSCILLATION IN THE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND INDEX CYCLE

By using a low-order,two-layer baroclinic quasi-geostrophic model,a nonlinear system including the interaction between a thermal forced wave,a transient wave and zonal flow is studied. Under the conditions of near-resonance and weak baroclinic instability,the features of solution in phase space are discussed with the analytical methods of multiple scale and discontinuous oscillation.The results show that the dynamic coupling between forced wave and transient wave is responsible for the physical mechanism of the non-uniform index cycle of the atmospheric circulation.     

The global energy cycle of stationary and transient atmospheric waves: Results from ECMWF analyses

Summary The role of stationary (monthly mean) and transient (departure from monthly mean) waves within the atmospheric energy cycle is examined using global analyses from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the period 1980–1987. Only January and July averages are considered.It is confirmed that planetary stationary waves are basically baroclinic. Their contribution to the globally averaged energy cycle of the atmosphere is comparable to that of the transient waves. In January they contribute about 40% to the baroclinic conversion (CA) from zonal mean to eddy available potential energy. Local values for the northern hemisphere even show a predominant role of the stationary wave conversions over those originating from transient waves. Part of the available potential energy of stationary waves (A _SE) is converted to kinetic energy by warm air rising and cold air sinking. Nonlinear energy conversion, which can be interpreted as destruction of stationary temperature waves by transients, is the second sink forA _SE. The order of magnitude of these two processes is similar.Barotropic nonlinear conversions, though negligible in the global average, reveal large conversion rates between the mean positions of the polar and the subtropical jets. Their orientation is suggestive of a tendency to increase stationary wave kinetic energyK _SE at its local minimum between the jets at the expense of the synoptic scale transients.While all terms of the energy cycle related to stationary waves reveal a predominance of the planetary scale (zonal wave numbers 1–3) transient waves are governed by synoptic scale waves (zonal wave numbers 4–9) only with respect to the baroclinic and barotropic conversions: a significant amount of transient wave energy (50% for the global average ofA _TE) is due to planetary scale waves.With 15 Figures     

A Quantitative Method of Detecting Transient Rossby Wave Phase Speed: No Evidence of Slowing Down with Global Warming

Based on the Complex Empirical Orthogonal Functions(CEOFs) of bandpass-filtered daily streamfunction fields, a quantitative method of detecting transient(synoptic) Rossby wave phase speed(RWPhS) is presented. The transient RWPhS can be objectively calculated by the distance between a high(or low) center in the real part of a CEOF mode and its counterpart in the imaginary part of the same CEOF mode divided by the time span between two adjacent peaks(or bottoms) of two principal component curves f...     

Effect of Baroclinicity on Vortex Axisymmetrization. Part Ⅰ:Barotropic Basic Vortex

The barotropic and baroclinic disturbances axisymmetrized by the barotropic basic vortex are examined in an idealized modeling framework consisting of two layers. Using a Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approach, the radial propagation of a baroclinic disturbance is shown to be slower than a barotropic disturbance, resulting in a slower linear axisymmetrization for baroclinic disturbances. The slower-propagating baroclinic waves also cause more baroclinic asymmetric kinetic energy to be transferred directly to the barotropic symmetric vortex than from barotropic disturbances, resulting in a faster axisymmetrization process in the nonlinear baroclinic wave case than in the nonlinear barotropic wave case.     

Effect of Baroclinicity on Vortex Axisymmetrization.Part Ⅰ：Barotropic Basic Vortex

The barotropic and baroclinic disturbances axisymmetrized by the barotropic basic vortex are examined in an idealized modeling framework consisting of two layers.Using a Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approach,the radial propagation of a baroclinic disturbance is shown to be slower than a barotropic disturbance,resulting in a slower linear axisymmetrization for baroclinic disturbances.The slower-propagating baroclinic waves also cause more baroclinic asymmetric kinetic energy to be transferred directly to the barotropic symmetric vortex than from barotropic disturbances,resulting in a faster axisymmetrization process in the nonlinear baroclinic wave case than in the nonlinear barotropic wave case.     

斜压气流中波包的演变及其对外压不稳定波的激发

把斜压气流中的短波槽看成波包，并把波包作为准地转模式的初值进行研究，发现波包的结构对其演变有重要影响，初始阶段急流轴下面向西倾斜的波包能够获得较快的发展，而向东倾斜的波包则是衰减的，这与ＷＫＢＪ方法得出的结论［１］是一致的，但是无论西倾还是东倾的波包，除了其自身随时间的演变外，还会激发出斜压不稳定波动，而且随着扰动的发展，不稳定斜压波会逐步在扰动中占主导地位。由此可以解释某些中纬度气旋的发生发展问题。     

The effect of barotropic shear on baroclinic instability Part II: The initial value problem

The effect of barotropic shear on baroclinic instability has been investigated using both a linear quasi-geostrophic β-plane channel model and a multilevel primitive equation model on the sphere when a nonmodal disturbance is used as the initial perturbation condition. The analysis of the initial value problem has demonstrated the existence of a rapid transient growth phase of the most unstable mode. The inclusion of a linear barotropic shear reduces initial rapid transient growth, although at intermediate times the transient growth rates of the sheared cases can be larger than in the unsheared case owing to downgradient eddy momentum fluxes. Certain disturbances can amplify by factors of 4.5–60 times (for the L₂ norm), or 3–30 times (for the perturbation amplitude maximum), as large as disturbances based on the linear normal modes. However, linear horizontal shear always reduces the amplification factors. The mechanism is that the shear confines the disturbance meriodionally and therefore limits the energy conversion from the zonal available potential energy to eddy energy. The effect of barotropic shear on the transient growth is not changed much in the presence of either thermal damping or Ekman pumping. Nonmodal integrations of baroclinic wave lifecycles show that the energy level reached by eddies is not very sensitive to the structure of the initial disturbance if the amplitude of the initial disturbance is small. Although in some cases the eddy kinetic energy level reached by the wave integrated from nonmodal disturbance can be 25–150% larger than the normal mode integrations, barotropic shear, characterized by large shear vorticity with small horizontal curvature, always reduces the eddy kinetic energy level reached by the wave, confirming the results of normal mode studies.     

非纬向基本气流的斜压不稳定

本文用分层两层模式研究了在一般非纬向基本气流情况下的斜压不稳定。通过比较分析,给出了基本气流对斜压不稳定的影响,结果表明,在非纬向基本气流情况下,更有利于出现斜压不稳定。 将非纬向基本气流的斜压不稳定理论用于高纬度地区的大气运动,说明了高纬度地区常见的小扰动强烈发展,是切变基本气流所驱动的一种“涡旋波”的斜压不稳定。     

2016年梅雨期间长江中下游强降水与对流层上层斜压波包的关系

2016年6—7月,长江中下游地区发生了自1998年以来最严重的强降水事件,造成了重大的经济损失。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国2479站逐月及逐日降水资料,研究了2016年梅雨期间长江中下游地区降水与欧亚大陆对流层上层斜压波包活动的关系,并诊断了两者之间的信息流向。结果表明,梅雨期间的高频斜压波动具有明显的下游频散效应。波动起源于黑海,沿西北—东南方向于3—4 d后传至长江中下游地区。斜压波包为长江中下游地区强降水的发生提供了必要的能量。波作用通量矢量的分布表明,梅雨期间逐日均有来自西风带上游的扰动能量向长江中下游流域传播。而梅雨期间降水与斜压波包的信息流关系表明,二者之间存在信息传递。因此,3—4 d并源于黑海附近的斜压波包活动是2016年长江中下游梅雨期间异常降水的成因。这些结果为深刻认识长江中下游地区强降水事件发生的成因和有效预测提供了线索。      

对流层上层斜压波包活动与2003年江淮流域梅雨的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析和中国740站逐日降水资料, 研究了2003年淮河流域梅雨期间对流层上层斜压波动的传播情况。结果发现, 斜压波组织成波包向下游传播且具有明显的下游频散效应。波动起源于巴尔喀什湖西北侧, 沿着西北－东南向的路径向东南传播, 传至江淮流域大约需要3天。斜压波包所带来的扰动能量为江淮流域暴雨的发生发展提供了必要的能量积聚。通过与1998和1997年这两个梅雨年份的比较, 发现1998年异常强梅雨年的斜压波包的活动特征与2003年的相似, 但在梅雨降水非常偏少的1997年, 未发现有明显的斜压波包向下游的传播。