地面气象观测系统中的数据取样及处理

1 前言在大气测量中,人们总希望测量到的气象参数能反映出代表较长时间间隔和较大面积上的大气特征。在人工观测中,测量是在一个特定的时间区段内,逐个对要素进行观测的,这样就很难避免各要素在时间上的不同步,也很难避免大气中高频干扰的混迭。自动测量系统则不同,它可以在极短的时间内,对各要素进行巡测,并可通过多次取样、适当选择平均时段和平均方式,取得观测值的平均值,这样就能削弱所不需要的高频周期性振动,从而得到较为理想的实时和     

数值模式初值的敏感性程度对四维同化的影响

用著名的Ｌｏｒｅｎｚ系统作了共轭变分同化的数值试验。发现随着模式对初值敏感性程度的增加，用这种方法得到和模式相协调的初始场愈来愈困难，直到某些情况下的完全失败。这表明四维同化和可预报期限是联系在一起的。另一方面，随着方程不精确程度的增加，变分同化的效果愈来愈差，直到所做的预报无任何意义可言。如果在做变分同化的同时对模式参数也进行反演，就可使得基于Ｌｏｒｅｎｚ系统所做的预报效果大大提高。     

GWDO参数化在内蒙古东部地区一次暴雨天气的模拟分析

文章以2011年7月24—26日发生在内蒙古东部地区大兴安岭山脉西侧、宝格达山脉南部的一次大到暴雨天气为例,利用WRF3.3.1中尺度模式对这一过程进行数值模拟,探讨地形重力波拖曳(GWDO)参数化方案对山区暴雨的模拟能力,以及本次暴雨的发生机制。通过模拟结果与实况对比分析后得出:①模式中考虑了GWDO参数化方案较好地模拟了此次强降雨的中心位置和落区及强度,根据暴雨过程中大尺度环流形势及其演变状况,较好地得出切变线暴雨以及地形重力波拖曳能导致上升运动加强,并使得暴雨范围相对集中。而未考虑此方案的控制试验没能模拟出此次暴雨,其在中心位置和降水强度方面都与实况差别较大。②通过流场、涡度场等物理量场的对比分析,比较合理地模拟出了地形对气流的影响,从而使山区暴雨的模拟效果更接近于实况。     

轨线不稳定与误差增长

从一般的谱展开方程出发，详细推导了误差增长方程。结果表明误差增长率主要由准确解的切线性方程所决定，扰动非线性平流作用不产生方差意义下的误差增长，而只起分配误差的作用。轨线不稳定是产生误差增长的根本原因。文中提出了计算轨线不稳定增长率的方法。这一方法也适合于时间演变状态不稳定问题的讨论，对Ｌｏｒｅｎｚ系统的轨线不稳定计算表明了理论分析的正确及其意义。     

舟山市高温天气气候特征分析

文章利用1954～2000年舟山市定海观测站6～9月气温资料，分析了舟山市高温天气的气候特征，并通过谐波分析发现高温天气年际振荡的周期性。发现副热带高压的强弱和位置与高温天气有很好的对应关系，其他一些因子正是通过影响副热带高压的强弱和位置，从而影响高温天气的出现。     

按Lorena精确公式和近似公式计算有效位能制造

以时空域为函数研究了按Ｌｏｒｅｎｚ所定义大气中精确的有效位能制造的近似的有效位能制造公式。大气中有效位能的制造是由非绝热加热场和温度场决定。这个加热场通过使用每天四次的ＥＣＭＷＦ的１９８６－１９９２年７个１月份和１９８５－１９９１年７个７月份的初值化分析资料，用余差法进行估计。     

城市化对兰州气温变化影响的定量分析

利用兰州市70年来的气温记录,采用城郊对比的方法定量的研究了城市化对兰州气温的影响。利用主成分分析的方法提取气温变化的主要控制因子——低温控制因子、高温控制因子。利用两个控制因子的城郊对比,定量的揭示城市化对城市气温变化的影响。另外任何区域气候变化不仅有城市化等人为因素的影响,而且带有大范围的气候背景的影响,所以在讨论城市发展对气温的影响之前,首先通过滑动t-检验研究了兰州市气温变化的大的趋势,得出兰州城市气温的11年变化周期,对于这一现象初步认为这与太阳的黑子活动的周期性有关。     

降水与副热带高压位置和强度变化的数值模拟

利用国家气象中心的T63业务数值模式,通过不同的对流潜热加热的敏感性试验,研宄降水对西太平洋反气旋中、短期运动的影响.结果表明,非绝热加热在垂直方向的不均匀将引起加热区附近风场的变化,从而影响到副热带高压位置和强度的改变.而副热带高压的变化又会反过来影响降水区位置的变化.由此证明,在中短期过程中,降水与副高之间存在着相互作用.     

不连续参数诊断系统变化方法在夏季降水预报中的应用

目前，天气预报业务中使用的主要是天气学方法及数值预报方法，这些方法都是建立在大气是连续流体这一理论基础上的。欧阳首承提出了运动流体的不连续理论：运动流体可随时间演化为不连续，运动形式可通过“溃变”向相反的形式转变，这种运动形式的转变也就是天气系统的转变，是天气预报的核心。基于这一思想，欧阳首承设计了体现信息不连续特征的参数，进行天气系统的直接诊断。1995年汛期我们引进了该方法，对影响辽宁省汛期降水的西太平洋副热带高压以及其他天气系统作了诊断分析。     

Windows98启动文件的配置

本文介绍两个Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ 98启动程序。1　ＳｙｓｅｄｉｔＳｙｓｅｄｉｔ为Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ \Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ下的可执行文件 ,在资源管理器中可以找到它 ,也可以在开始菜单中点击运行。Ｃｏｎｆｉｇ.ｓｙｓ、Ａｕｔｏｅｘｅｃ .ｂａｔ对于Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ 98系统来说是可有可无的 ,建议删除。不用担心 ,Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ 98可以管理好自己 ,除非你的机器有Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ 98不能识别的硬件 ,才需要在Ｃｏｎ ｆｉｇ .ｓｙｓ中加入它的驱动程序。Ｗｉｎ .ｉｎｉ主要是用来控制Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ 98用户窗口环境下一些字体、边界的设置 ,其实利用控制…     

Chaos of a simple coupled system generated by interaction and external forcing

Summary ?This paper is concerned with the chaotic behavior of a coupled system consisting of two components, one representing the atmosphere and the other representing the ocean. The system is expressed as a highly truncated spectral model and for each component, the spectral model is similar to that of Lorenz (1963). Interactions between the two components are permitted, which lead to the temporal variation of surface temperature and hence that of a critical model parameter (the Rayleigh number). The emphasis of the paper is placed upon the chaotic behavior arising from the interactions between the two components and from periodic external forcing. Numerical tests are carried out to show that through interactions, the chaotic behavior of one component may result in chaos of the other even if the latter is otherwise stationary or periodic. It is shown that chaos may also occur if the system is forced periodically at certain frequencies. This study indicates that a new mechanism for chaos exists for coupled systems which are subject not only to internal fluid dynamic nonlinear interactions, but also to interactions between different components and external forcing. Received July 24, 2001; revised March 25, 2002     

The effect of aspect ratio on the bifurcation properties of a double parallel-connection Lorenz system

A double parallel-connection (DPC) Lorenz system is developed by performing spectrum truncation of the Galerkin series expansion of the two-dimensional Rayleigh-Benard convection equation. Analyses of the equilibrium states indicate that a convective roll stems from a flow with a given wavenumber first losing its stability for a particular aspect ratioβ after a stable laminar flow gets unstable; whenβ has the valueβ _c able to deprive synchronously two flows with different wavenumbers of stability, occurrences of convective rolls with different wavenumbers depend entirely on the initial conditions, in good agreement with the relevant experimental results. The calculations of the unstablized rolls show that, with a smallerβ (as compared withβ _c), the DPC Lorenz system has the same bifurcation properties as the ordinary Lorenz system; for a moderateβ, the system has very complicated periodic, quasi-periodic and phase-locking motions; for a largerβ, it results in intermittent chaos and causes mean flows with different numbers of vortices to occur alternately with time. All these indicate thatβ has substantial effect on the two Lorenz systems coupled through parallel connection in their interaction and the results.     

有速度切变时,Lorenz系统中浑沌的特点

Lorenz方程中引进切变以后,对普朗特数为0.7的大气可以出现浑沌。 速度切变在一定情况下起阻尼作用,有切变时比无切变时湍流发生的临界莱雷数要高。 浑沌是一种非周期的现象,它在相空间中的轨迹是混乱的。 通向湍流的道路有很多种。切变较小时为普通湍流形态;切变较大时是间歇湍流形态;切变适中时为短暂层流状态。 有速度切变时的浑沌对大气湍流的研究有很大的实际意义。     

有关大气湍流的几个问题

浑沌(chaos)概念的提出,有关大气湍流的若干问题有深入讨论的必要。根据我们近几年研究对如下问题提出自己见解,供深入讨论:确定的动力系统可以描述大气湍流,大气湍流可以用有限维动力系统来研究,速度切变?u/?z有两重性,稳定层结下可以出现湍流,Lorenz方程的意义及局限性,湍流发生     

The transition of a multi-dimensional lorenz system

A multi-dimensional Lorenz system, which includes thirty-three amplitude equations describing time evolu-tion of convection, is derived from two-dimensional Boussinesq equations by using the Galerkin method. Its transition is studied by numerical solution. It is found that, with Rayleigh number increasing from zero to one hundred, five different types of motion appear one after another as follows: stationary motion, periodic motion, quasiperiodic motion with two-fundamental frequencies, quasi-periodic motion with three fundamental frequencies, and chaotic motion. By comparing with the Lorenz model and Curry's fourteen-dimensional model, it is shown that as retained modes increase, the critical values of transition become larger and the types of bi-furcation change. The results of dynamic behavior happen to be in agreement with the IIIa route of the Gollub and Benson experiments.     

用遗传算法重构副热带高压特征指数的非线性动力模型

用遗传算法从离散时间序列资料中反演重构了非线性动力模型。首先, 用Lorenz系统的时间积分数据进行模型重构试验，随后，对十年平均的副热带高压形态指数时间序列进行动力模型参数反演和仿真预报试验。结果表明，遗传算法具有的全局搜索和并行计算优势能够较为准确地描述和刻画副热带高压活动，能对副高活动进行较为准确的描述与建模，是诊断和预测副热带高压等复杂天气系统活动的一条有效途径。     

Comment on “Study on the reliable computation time of the numerical model using the sliding temporal correlation method”

The paper, “Study on the reliable computation time of the numerical model using the sliding temporal correlation method,” was published in Theoretical and Applied Climatology. In that work, the sliding temporal correlation analysis is employed to investigate the predictable time of two typical chaotic numerical models, namely the Lorenz system and the Chen chaotic system. However, it has been recently shown by us when using a linear scaling in time and state variables that generically, the Chen system is only a particular case of the Lorenz system, with time reversion if the parameter c is positive. Consequently, to study the Chen chaotic system is simply to consider the Lorenz system integrated backwards.     

Characterizing atmospheric surface layer turbulence using chaotic return map analysis

Nonlinear time series analysis methods are used to investigate the dynamics of mechanical and convective turbulences in the atmospheric surface layer flow. Using dynamical invariant analysis (e.g. correlation dimension, Lyapunov exponent and mutual information) along with recurrence quantification analysis (e.g. recurrent rate, determinism, average diagonal length of recurrence plot, etc.) of the vertical wind component data, it is confirmed that a convective turbulence is a lower order manifold in its phase space exhibiting higher degree of organization than a mechanical turbulence. Applying a quasi-one-dimensional chaotic return map technique, the topological differences between the mechanical and convective turbulences are explored. These quasi-one-dimensional return maps are produced using the local maxima of the first principal component of the reconstructed turbulence data. A comparison of the probability distribution of the local maxima of a forced Lorenz model with the turbulence data indicates the possible existence of a stable fixed point for both type of turbulences. Furthermore, dynamically the mechanical turbulence is found to resemble an unforced Lorenz model whereas the convective turbulence resembles a forced Lorenz model.     

基于慢特征分析对连续系统的外强迫提取

外强迫随时间的变化对于非平稳系统的影响十分重要,如何从该系统中重构或提取外强迫信息则成为研究其中动力学特征的关键所在。本文基于慢特征分析方法（Slow Feature Analysis,SFA）以连续系统（改变的Lorenz系统）为参考模型,分别讨论在周期型强迫、减弱的周期型强迫、指数衰减型强迫、伴随指数衰减的周期型强迫等条件下,SFA方法对模型中不同强迫信号的提取能力。结果显示,SFA方法能够提取作用于连续系统中的外强迫信息,其提取效果与外强迫的强度、噪声以及嵌入维数m有关:对于越弱的外强迫或者存在越强的噪声干扰,提取效果越差,提取信号中将出现虚假的高频波动;嵌入维数m的增大能在一定程度上提高外强迫信号的提取效果。试验还表明,作用在单一变量上的外强迫会将其驱动信息嵌入于系统中,因此,可以通过SFA分析方法从其他变量中提取其外强迫信号。     

Analysis and Application of Multiple-Precision Computation and Round-off Error for Nonlinear Dynamical Systems

This research reveals the dependency of floating point computation in nonlinear dynamical systems on machine precision and step-size by applying a multiple-precision approach in the Lorenz nonlinear equations. The paper also demoastrates the procedures for obtaining a real numerical solution in the Lorenz system with long-time integration and a new multiple-precision-based approach used to identify the maximum effective computation time （MECT） and optimal step-size （OS）. In addition, the authors introduce how to analyze round-off error in a long-time integration in some typical cases of nonlinear systems and present its approximate estimate expression.