城市河流生态系统健康评价实例研究

通过对城市河流生态系统健康的内涵进行探讨,从胁迫-状态-响应3方面构建了指标体系,并利用综合指数法对许昌市5条河流生态系统健康状况进行了评价,结果表明：2001—2005年5条河流健康状况虽逐年均有不同程度的好转,但仍处于严重不健康-亚健康之间,河流污染严重、景观功能低下是主要的制约因素。     

江苏省生态资源现状调查及监测服务对策

通过调研分析得出江苏省气象部门生态环境监测评估业务涉及的领域主要是：农田生态系统、湿地生态系统、城市生态系统、森林生态系统、海洋生态系统五个主要方面。规划布5个农业生态监测站、4个林业生态监测站、5个湿地生态监测站、13个城市生态监测站、5个海洋生态监测站。对土壤状态、城市生态环境等七大类生态指标进行监测，向政府等有关部门提供土壤水分及城市生态气候监测和遥感监测信息等8大类几十种生态气象服务产品。     

聚焦长江大保护,推进江汉平原沿江湿地生态保护气象服务

万里长江,险在荆江。长江荆江段九曲回环,流域内河网密布、湖泊纵横,孕育出了典型的江汉平原沿江湿地生态环境。洪湖,是我国第七大淡水湖,湖北省第一大湖,“国际重要湿地”;天鹅洲麋鹿、白鳍豚国家级自然保护区,守护着两种国家一级保护动物;此外,“稻虾共生”、“双水双绿”、生态立体农业等湿地生态绿色农业发展模式均缘起江汉平原。江汉平原沿江丰富的湿地资源在发展农业、调节气候、涵养水源、净化水质、美化环境、维持生物多样性等方面发挥了极为重要作用,然而,随着气候变化和人类活动的影响,沿江湿地生态环境破坏与退化风险也突显出来,直接威胁长江流域生态安全,因此,迫切需要加强沿江湿地生态保护修复气象服务工作,助力长江大保护。荆州市气象局依托荆州农业气象试验站,长期关注湿地生态保护与湿地农业发展气象服务,近年来,通过开放合作、融合发展,与中国农业科学院、北京大学、浙江大学、武汉大学、中科院测量与地球物理研究所等单位联合开展湿地生态与农业气象服务关键技术研究,重点围绕气候变化对湿地生态与农业影响评估、生态功能修复气象评价、平湖湿地涝渍地开发、农业面源污染气象风险监测预报、稻田综合种养模式气象保障、湿地生态环境遥感监测评估、湿地生物多样性保护气象服务等方面进行了有益探索,取得了丰富的实践成果,发挥了气象职能作用。本期的主题为长江生态气象,主要汇总了荆州市气象局牵头成立的“江汉平原生态气象遥感监测技术协调创新中心”各成员单位在湿地生态与农业气象服务等方面最新研究成果,既有区域代表性,又可作为长江中下游地区乃至全国湿地生态保护气象服务工作的参考,服务“共抓长江大保护,不搞大开发,实现高质量发展”的战略部署。     

云南省陆地生态系统和土地利用类型的NDVI时空变化特征

研究不同陆地生态系统和土地利用类型的归一化植被指数(NDVI)时空变化特征,不仅可揭示基准年以来各生态系统和土地利用类型的变化情况,而且可为云南不同生态区的保护提供科学依据。基于SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI数据,利用一元回归和相关分析等方法,在ArcGIS平台下分析1999-2013年云南NDVI时空变化的基础上,以2000年云南陆地生态系统和土地利用为基准年,重点分析植被指数变化显著区域的各类陆地生态系统和土地利用类型NDVI的变化情况。结果表明,云南省国土面积六成以上区域的植被指数出现了显著的上升趋势,局部地区出现了下降趋势,其中,昆明、玉溪、红河、大理、德宏5个州(市)和曲靖市南部植被指数上升不明显,显著下降的区域主要是滇中地区;普洱市出现大面积连片上升区。植被指数上升的主要生态类型是农田、森林和草地生态系统,下降的是聚落、水体和湿地生态系统;从土地利用类型看,植被指数上升面积比例较高的是旱地、有林地、灌木林、疏林地和高覆盖度草地,下降面积比例较高的是城镇用地和其他建设用地。分析结果可为云南省生态保护提供科学依据。     

通辽市植被生态质量变化分析

为研究通辽市植被生态质量变化特征,文章利用MODIS归一化植被指数(NDVI)和气象监测资料,分析了通辽市2000—2019年生长季植被覆盖度、净初级生产力(NPP)以及植被生态质量指数变化特征,并分析了三者与气候因子的相关关系,以期为建设“生态通辽”提供决策依据。结果表明:(1)研究区生长季植被覆盖度平均值从2000年的36.26%上升至2019年的49.57%,平均每年增加0.54%;(2)研究区植被NPP平均值从2000年的198.04 gC·m-2增加到2019年的404.54 gC·m-2,平均每年增加8.63 gC·m-2;(3)研究区植被生态质量指数平均值由2000年40.28增加到2019年的70.87,平均每年增加1.25,2019年植被生态质量达到2000年以来最好;(4)研究区生长季植被覆盖度、植被NPP、植被生态质量指数与生长季平均气温呈不显著的负相关,与降水量呈极显著的正相关,表明降水量是研究区植被生态质量显著正向因子。     

洞庭湖气象生态服务:过去、现在和未来

正作为我国最大的内陆湖泊湿地生态系统之一,洞庭湖湿地具有极为重要的生态功能和经济价值,在全球气候变化的大背景下,洞庭湖生态受到多方面的影响,洞庭湖生物多样性保持、湿地气候调节、洪涝调蓄能力等均面临着挑战。通过分析过去70年洞庭湖湿地气候(图1)、水文与生态系统发展变化背景,梳理了围绕洞庭湖生态保护和修复开展气象服务的技术路线和服务成果,并展望了卫星遥感技术在洞庭湖湿地生态修复气象服务中的前景。     

主编语

生态气象学是一门交叉学科,它以包括大气环境在内的生态系统为主要研究对象,利用天气学、气候学、应用气象学、生态学原理与方法研究生态系统诸因子间的相互作用及变化规律。在全球气候变暖、生态环境问题日益突出的背景下,生物资源和土地资源退化等问题直接威胁到了人类的生存和可持续发展。考虑到未来气候变化的不确定性和负面影响,如何维持生态系统的健康演变,适应环境变化,需要将气象学和生态学结合起来开展交叉研究,探讨各相关要素相互作用的过程和因果关系,这是生态气象学需要探讨、解决的问题。水生生态系统是全球生态系统重要的组成部分。长江作为我国最长的河流,其流域的生态环境与天气、气候变化对于沿江区域的经济发展有着重要影响。特别是在“万里长江,险在荆江”的荆江流域,夏季的强降水使得这片素有“九曲回肠”之称的流域始终面临着洪水宣泄不畅、极易溃堤成灾的威胁。因此,研究该流域的生态气象特征,对于这里以农业、水产养殖业为特色的地方经济、及清洁环境和健康生态系统的维持具有重要的气象服务价值。近年来,湖北省荆州市气象局在生态气象领域做了大量工作,对一些科技问题进行了积极探索和总结,本期以“刊中刊”的形式集中刊登了依托于荆州市气象局的“江汉平原生态气象遥感监测技术协调创新中心”有关成员单位在湿地生态与农业气象等方面的最新研究文章。本期“进展报告:长江生态气象”在荆州市气象局的支持下,展示了该局科研业务人员独立或与高校等机构学者合作,在江汉生态气象方面近年来取得的主要成果。这些研究分别从产量预报(P36)、洪涝灾害(P51)、农作物遥感(P58、P72)、水体遥感(P85、P91)以及流域生态环境保护(P105)等不同角度阐述了生态气象领域在当地的研究进展,这些研究与长江流域生态保护与可持续发展问题密切相关。     

基于TM数据的湿地变化分析—以磴口县为例

利用2001、2006、2010年的TM遥感图像,采用目视解译的方法对磴口县湿地面积进行提取,结合气象数据,并对其变化进行分析。结果表明,2000—2010年,磴口县年降水呈现不及30a(1981—2010年)平均值的年份明显偏多,7—8月平均气温逐年上升;除内陆滩涂面积有所减少外,河流水体、湖泊坑塘水体以及湿地植被面积都有不同程度的增加,变化速率分别为2.06%、0.85%和4.65%,以湿地植被面积增加最为迅速。     

长江流域1982~2005年陆地水储量变化及时空分布特征

利用PER（Precipitation-Evaporation-Runoff）水量平衡方法结合大尺度陆面水文模型VIC(Variable Infiltration Capacity)模拟了长江流域1982~2005年陆地水储量的时空变化特征。结果表明：PER方法模拟的长江流域陆地水储量变化与重力卫星的观测试验(GRACE)结果呈现良好的一致性,显示该方法的合理性。长江流域在1982~2005年的多年平均气温、降水、蒸散发和径流分别为13.3 °C、1036.8 mm、459.4 mm和576.7 mm,陆地水储量季节和年际变率分别为23.3 mm和37.0 mm,水储量这24年变化的量级在200 mm左右。按照年代对1982~1990年、1991~2000年和2001~2005年这3个时段进行了统计分析,其多年平均气温分别为13.0、13.4和13.9 °C,多年平均降水分别为1031.6、1051.2和1017.4 mm;与此相应的多年平均蒸散发分别为459.8、459.9和457.7 mm,多年平均径流深分别为569.0、590.1和563.8 mm;长江流域陆地水储量的季节变率分别为21.8、26.8和22.9 mm,而年际变率分别为37.7、29.8和17.6 mm。相对于基准时段(1982~1990年),2001~2005年时段的增温速率远大于1991~2000年时段,但该时段降水却呈现减少趋势;然而两个时段的蒸散发变化不大,并且径流与降水变化趋势相同;流域平均来讲,与基准时段相比1991~2000年时段陆地水储量增加而在2001~2005年时段减少,这与降水的变化趋势相同。此外从空间分布来讲,1991~2000年和2001~2005年时段的水储量均在中部和西北呈现减少趋势,其余地区呈现增加趋势,特别地1991~2000年时段在东南地区的增加趋势尤其明显而2001~2005年时段流域的中部区域呈现明显的下降趋势,由此推断长江流域东南部水储量资源丰富,中部一些地区和西北部地区是储水量的脆弱区且对气候变化响应敏感。     

西北地区陆地生态系统植被状态参数业务化遥感研究

植被指数(NDVI)和叶面积指数(LAI)是两个非常重要的陆地生态系统植被状态参数.我们首先利用最大值(MVC)合成方法使用先进遥感数据如MODIS、AVHRR3等得到旬合成植被指数(NDVI),然后利用最新的经验方法针对不同的陆地生态系统类型反演得到叶面积指数,重点研究了我国沙尘暴发生频率较高的我国西北地区植被覆被状态及其变化情况.植被指数能够反映区域,乃至全球范围植被年季状态,用于监测陆地生态系统植物光合作用活动及其变化.植被指数作为一个基础参数能够用于计算反演更高级别的陆地生态系统状态参数.叶面积指数直接影响植被的光合作用,蒸腾作用的变化和陆面过程的能量平衡状态.在沙尘暴预测研究中使用的起沙过程模型需要将叶面积指数作为一个关键输入变量,另外,绝大多数生态过程模型模拟碳、水循环时也都需要将叶面积指数作为一个非常重要的输入变量.我们总结了最新的叶面积指数经验反演方法,针对6钟不同的陆地生态系统类型应用不同经验模型计算得到了叶面积指数.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;