Sea surface temperature anomaly in the tropical North Atlantic during El Niño decaying years

Based on reanalysis data from 1979 to 2016, this study focuses on the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly of the tropical North Atlantic (TNA) in El Niño decaying years. The TNA SST exhibits a clear warm trend during this period. The composite result for 10 El Niño events shows that the TNA SST anomaly reaches its maximum in spring after the peak of an El Niño event and persists until summer. In general, the anomaly is associated with three factors—namely, El Niño, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and a long-term trend, leading to an increase in local SST up to 0.4°C, 0.3°C, and 0.35°C, respectively. A comparison between 1983 and 2005 indicates that the TNA SST in spring is affected by El Niño, as well as the local SST in the preceding winter, which may involve a long-term trend signal. In addition, the lead–lag correlation shows that the NAO leads the TNA SST by 2–3 months. By comparing two years with an opposite phase of the NAO in winter (i.e., 1992 and 2010), the authors further demonstrate that the NAO is another important factor in regulating the TNA SST anomaly. A negative phase of the NAO in winter will reinforce the El Niño forcing substantially, and vise versa. In other words, the TNA SST anomaly in the decaying years is more evident if the NAO is negative with El Niño. Therefore, the combined effects of El Niño and the NAO must be considered in order to fully understand the TNA SST variability along with a long-term trend.摘要基于1979年到2016年多种再分析资料, 本文分析了El Niño衰减年热带北大西洋的海温异常. 结果表明, 热带北大西洋海温在此期间呈显著变暖趋势. 10次El Niño事件的合成结果表明热带北大西洋海温异常在El Niño事件峰值之后的春季达到最大值, 并持续到夏季. 一般而言, 这种异常与三个因子有关, 即El Niño, 北大西洋涛动和长期趋势, 能分别导致局地海温上升0.4°C, 0.3°C和0.35°C. 1983年和2005年的对比分析表明, 尽管El Niño强度对春季北大西洋海温起到决定性作用, 与长期趋势密切相关的前冬海温也很重要. 此外, 超前-滞后相关结果表明北大西洋涛动超前海温约2–3个月. 比较两个冬季相反位相北大西洋涛动的年份 (即1992年和2010年) , 表明北大西洋涛动也能调制北大西洋海温异常. 冬季负位相北大西洋涛动能显著增强El Niño的强迫影响, 反之亦然. 换言之, 如果北大西洋涛动与El Niño位相相合, 衰减年北大西洋海温异常才更为显著. 因此, 为全面理解热带北大西洋海温变化, 除长期趋势外, 还必须考虑El Niño和北大西洋涛动的综合影响.     

春季北大西洋三极型海温异常变化及其与NAO和ENSO的联系

利用1951—2016年HadISST逐月海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)资料,NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及1958—2016年美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,WHOI)提供的OAFlux数据集,运用经验正交函数分解(Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF)和偏相关分析等统计方法,研究了春季北大西洋海温异常的主要特征及其与春季NAO和前期冬季ENSO联系。结果表明:春季北大西洋海温异常EOF的第一模态是自北而南出现的三极结构的海温距平型,其方差贡献率为35.7%。春季北大西洋三极型海温异常的形成主要受到春季NAO主导作用,还受到前期冬季热带中东太平洋海温异常的影响。消除前期冬季Niňo3.4的影响后,春季北大西洋三极型海温异常指数与同期北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation,NAO)指数的偏相关系数分别为0.50,通过了99%置信度水平的显著性检验。消除春季NAO的影响后,春季北大西洋三极型海温异常指数与前期冬季Niňo3.4指数的偏相关系数为-0.26,通过了95%信度水平的显著性检验。春季NAO正(负)位相引起的海表风场和海表湍流热通量的异常,进而激发出正(负)位相的北大西洋三极型海温异常。前期冬季ENSO事件可以引起春季大气环流异常和热带外海温异常,进而调制春季NAO对北大西洋三极型海温异常的影响。     

El Ni?o衰减年夏季西太平洋副热带高压的季节内变化

本文分析了El Ni?o衰减年夏季西太平洋副热带高压（副高）的季节内变化,发现其季节内变化存在两种模态,一种是6～8月的一致偏西,另一种是6～7月偏西,而8月逆转为偏东,其中偏西模态的异常要远大于偏东模态。对偏西模态而言,由于热带北大西洋海温正异常的强迫影响,激发出一个从北大西洋经过欧亚大陆高纬度到东亚的遥相关,抑制了暖池地区的对流,东亚地区位势高度增加,从而导致副高加强西伸。在偏东模态下,热带印度洋海温异常演变与偏西模态类似,但强度偏低,同时热带北大西洋海温正异常在4月达到峰值后衰减,导致两大洋对8月暖池地区对流的抑制作用减弱。此外,由于6～7月暖池海温持续升高,在局地海气相互作用下,8月暖池对流发展,位势高度场降低,从而造成副高减弱东退。因此,副高8月异常主要取决于热带北大西洋海温异常。在预测El Ni?o 衰减年副高异常变化时,要综合考虑两大洋海温异常的影响。     

利用大气环流模式模拟北大西洋海温异常强迫响应

北大西洋地区的海温异常能够在多大程度上对大气产生影响，一直是一个有争议的问题。作者利用伴随北大西洋涛动出现的海温异常对大气环流模式CAM2.0.1进行强迫，考察了模式在冬季（12月、1月和2月）对三核型海温异常的响应。通过与欧洲中期天气预报中心提供的再分析资料的对比，发现该模式可以通过海温强迫在一定程度上再现具有北大西洋涛动特征的温度场和环流场。在北大西洋及其沿岸地区，模式模拟出了三核型的准正压响应，与经典的北大西洋涛动型大气异常是一致的。模式结果与北大西洋地区大气内部主导模态的差别主要体现在两个方面:一是异常中心位置多偏向于大洋上空，在陆地上的异常响应强度很弱；二是高纬地区对海温异常的响应不显著，没有强迫出与实际的大气模态相对应的异常中心，表明该地区海洋的反馈作用较弱。     

2020年江淮流域超强梅雨年际异常的驱动因子分析

利用观测诊断和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了2020年江淮流域6～7月超强梅雨年际异常的环流特征和驱动因子。结果表明:（1）2020年梅雨期长度和江淮流域总降水量均为1961年以来第一位,超强梅雨主要与西北太平洋异常反气旋（WNPAC）的异常偏强和异常西伸有关,WNPAC为江淮流域梅雨期持续的强降水提供了充沛的水汽来源;（2）2019年11月至2020年3月,赤道中东太平洋发生一次弱的中部型El Ni?o事件,本次事件持续时间短、强度偏弱,不足以激发和维持2020年梅雨期异常偏强的WNPAC,而春、夏季热带印度洋和热带北大西洋海温异常持续偏暖是WNPAC异常偏强和西伸的主要驱动因子;（3）热带印度洋暖海温在其东部的西太平洋激发出大气Kelvin波响应,造成了纬向风变化的不均匀分布,通过埃克曼抽吸,抑制了局地对流活动,驱动了WNPAC的生成;而热带北大西洋暖海温则引起局地对流活动增强,导致热带北大西洋上空上升运动和热带中部太平洋下沉运动增强,在西北太平洋上空激发异常的低空反气旋;热带印度洋和热带北大西洋暖海温对2020年6～7月WNPAC异常偏强均有显著的正贡献。     

Teleconnected influence of North Atlantic sea surface temperature on the El Ni?o onset

Influence of North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on tropical Pacific SST anomalies is examined. Both summer and winter North Atlantic SST anomalies are negatively related to central-eastern tropical Pacific SST anomalies in the subsequent months varying from 5 to 13?months. In particular, when the North Atlantic is colder than normal in the summer, an El Ni?o event is likely to be initiated in the subsequent spring in the tropical Pacific. Associated with summer cold North Atlantic SST anomalies is an anomalous cyclonic circulation at low-level over the North Atlantic from subsequent October to April. Corresponded to this local response, an SST-induced heating over the North Atlantic produces a teleconnected pattern, similar to the East Atlantic/West Russia teleconnection. The pattern features two anticyclonic circulations near England and Lake Baikal, and two cyclonic circulations over the North Atlantic and near the Caspian Sea. The anticyclonic circulation near Lake Baikal enhances the continent northerlies, and strengthens the East-Asian winter monsoon. These are also associated with an off-equatorial cyclonic circulation in the western Pacific during the subsequent winter and spring, which produces equatorial westerly wind anomalies in the western Pacific. The equatorial westerly wind anomalies in the winter and spring can help initiate a Pacific El Ni?o event following a cold North Atlantic in the summer.     

北大西洋年际变率的海气耦合模式模拟II：热带太平洋强迫

利用一个全球海气耦合模式(BCM),结合观测资料,讨论了热带太平洋强迫对北大西洋年际气候变率的影响。研究表明,BCM能够相对合理地模拟赤道太平洋的年际变率模态及相应的海温距平型和大气遥相关型,尽管其准3年的振荡周期过于规则。来自数值模式和观测上的证据都表明,北大西洋冬季海温的主导性变率模态,即自北而南出现的“- -”的海温距平型,受到来自热带太平洋强迫的显著影响,其正位相与赤道中东太平洋冷事件相对应。换言之,赤道太平洋暖事件的发生,在太平洋-北美沿岸激发出PNA遥相关型,进而通过在北大西洋产生类似NAO负位相的气压距平型,削弱本来与NAO正位相直接联系的三核型海温距平。北大西洋三核型海温距平对热带太平洋强迫的响应,要滞后2—3个月的时间。     

山东冷暖冬划分及其与ENSO的关系

基于1961—2020年山东省122站逐月平均气温资料、NOAA逐月海表温度资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析大气环流资料,对山东强弱冷暖冬年进行了划分,分析了ENSO对山东冬季气温变化的影响.结果表明:山东冬季气温上升趋势明显,在20世纪80年代中期由偏冷阶段进入偏暖阶段,近年波动明显;去趋势项后,59 a中出现4个强...     

有无El Ni?o影响下热带北大西洋春季增暖的差异及可能成因

热带北大西洋(Northern Tropical Atlantic,NTA)海温异常(sea surface temperature anomaly,SSTA)对美洲乃至全球的气候变率有着重要影响。利用再分析资料对NTA的暖SSTA进行诊断,分析有、无El Ni?o影响下春季增暖的差异以及可能的成因。结果表明,与El Ni?o有关的情形中关键区(5~25 °N,10~60 °W)平均春季SSTA为0.55 ℃,无El Ni?o情形是0.37 ℃;前者与冬季的显著正偏差出现在NTA,后者主要发生在NTA的东侧,且正偏差的数值较小。El Ni?o激发的热带外Rossby波活动通过加强北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation,NAO)负位相,引起El Ni?o峰值后NTA海域显著的西风异常,暖Kelvin波加热NTA对流层大气,增强其容纳水汽的能力,减小海-气界面的垂直湿度梯度,两者共同作用使海表蒸发减弱,在NTA春季呈现显著暖SSTA。与El Ni?o无关的情形中,NTA SSTA的变化主要受热带海-气反馈过程的调制,其与热带外NAO的季节内振荡有关,NAO的季节平均负位相较弱,异常西风值较小,同时海-气垂直湿度梯度异常增大,使春季NTA的增暖较弱。      

An Asymmetric Spatiotemporal Connection between the Euro-Atlantic Blocking within the NAO Life Cycle and European Climates

This paper examines an asymmetric spatiotemporal connection and climatic impact between the winter atmospheric blocking activity in the Euro-Atlantic sector and the life cycle of the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO) during the period 1950–2012. Results show that, for positive NAO(NAO+) events, the instantaneous blocking(IB) frequency exhibits an enhancement along the southwest–northeast(SW–NE) direction from the eastern Atlantic to northeastern Europe(SW–NE pattern, hereafter), which is particularly evident during the NAO+decaying stage. By contrast, for negative NAO(NAO-)events, the IB frequency exhibits a spatially asymmetric southeast–northwest(SE–NW) distribution from central Europe to the North Atlantic and Greenland(SE–NW pattern, hereafter). Moreover, for NAO-(NAO+) events, the most marked decrease(increase) in the surface air temperature(SAT) in winter over northern Europe is in the decaying stage. For NAO+events, the dominant positive temperature and precipitation anomalies exhibit the SW–NE-oriented distribution from western to northeastern Europe, which is parallel to the NAO+-related blocking frequency distribution. For NAO-events, the dominant negative temperature anomaly is in northern and central Europe, whereas the dominant positive precipitation anomaly is distributed over southern Europe along the SW–NE direction. In addition, the downward infrared radiation controlled by the NAO's circulation plays a crucial role in the SAT anomaly distribution. It is further shown that the NAO's phase can act as an asymmetric impact on the European climate through producing this asymmetric spatiotemporal connection with the Euro-Atlantic IB frequency.     

超强El Ni?o事件的多样性及其对东亚夏季风降水的影响

利用1979—2017年美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)重建海温逐月资料(ERSST V5)、气候预报中心(CPC)的Ni?o3.4指数、NCEP/NCAR再分析风场资料以及CMAP降水资料,将1979—2017年Ni?o3.4指数超过2 ℃的El Ni?o事件,定义为超强El Ni?o事件。根据超强El Ni?o事件的定义,从近40年(1979—2017年)选取出三个超强El Ni?o事件(1982—1983年、1997—1998年和2015—2016年)。首先运用海温距平资料,分析超强El Ni?o事件的多样性特征,然后根据这三个超强El Ni?o事件发生年与次年的夏季降水距平,讨论东亚夏季风降水对超强El Ni?o事件多样性的响应差异。研究表明,即使是同为超强的El Ni?o事件,由于其不同的分布特征,东亚夏季风降水的响应场表现出明显的不同。在此基础上,从环流异常、850 hPa风场异常以及副高的变化等方面讨论了这两者之间的联系。      

Interdecadal Modulation of AMO on the Winter North Pacific Oscillation-Following Winter ENSO Relationship

It is known that the wintertime North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) is an important extratropical forcing for the occurrence of an El Ni?o?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event in the subsequent winter via the “seasonal footprinting mechanism” (SFM). This study reveals that the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) can notably modulate the relationship between the winter NPO and the following winter ENSO. During the negative AMO phase, the winter NPO has significant impacts on the following winter ENSO via the SFM. In contrast, the influence of the winter NPO on ENSO is not robust at all during the positive AMO phase. Winter NPO-generated westerly wind anomalies over the equatorial western Pacific during the following spring are much stronger during negative than positive AMO phases. It is suggested that the AMO impacts the winter NPO-induced equatorial westerly winds over the western Pacific via modulating the precipitation climatology over the tropical central Pacific and via modulating the connection of the winter NPO with spring sea surface temperature in the tropical North Atlantic.     

Cause of Extreme Heavy and Persistent Rainfall over Yangtze River in Summer 2020

Record-breaking heavy and persistent precipitation occurred over the Yangtze River Valley (YRV) in June-July (JJ) 2020. An observational data analysis has indicated that the strong and persistent rainfall arose from the confluence of southerly wind anomalies to the south associated with an extremely strong anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific (WNPAC) and northeasterly anomalies to the north associated with a high-pressure anomaly over Northeast Asia. A further observational and modeling study has shown that the extremely strong WNPAC was caused by both La Ni?a-like SST anomaly (SSTA) forcing in the equatorial Pacific and warm SSTA forcing in the tropical Indian Ocean (IO). Different from conventional central Pacific (CP) El Ni?os that decay slowly, a CP El Ni?o in early 2020 decayed quickly and became a La Ni?a by early summer. This quick transition had a critical impact on the WNPAC. Meanwhile, an unusually large area of SST warming occurred in the tropical IO because a moderate interannual SSTA over the IO associated with the CP El Ni?o was superposed by an interdecadal/long-term trend component. Numerical sensitivity experiments have demonstrated that both the heating anomaly in the IO and the heating anomaly in the tropical Pacific contributed to the formation and maintenance of the WNPAC. The persistent high-pressure anomaly in Northeast Asia was part of a stationary Rossby wave train in the midlatitudes, driven by combined heating anomalies over India, the tropical eastern Pacific, and the tropical Atlantic.     

Impacts of different types of El Niño and La Niña on northern tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature

The present study investigates the dependence of the northern tropical Atlantic (NTA) sea surface temperature (SST) response to El Niño and La Niña events on the decay time and amplitude of tropical Pacific SST anomalies. It is found that the NTA SST response to La Niña events displays a notable difference between late and early decaying events, similar to that in response to El Niño events, but with a weaker signal. Latent heat flux is a dominant term in the NTA SST change in preceding winter-early spring in both El Niño and La Niña events and in the difference of the NTA SST anomaly between late and early decaying El Niño and La Niña events. The zonal and meridional advections have an opposite effect on the NTA SST warming in late decaying El Niño events. Although the warming in the NTA region is similar in late decaying moderate and strong El Niño events, the distribution of the SST anomalies in the mid-latitude North Atlantic Ocean shows a notable difference between the two types of late decaying El Niño events. The SST anomalies also display difference in the early decaying weak and moderate El Niño events. Surface heat flux differences are largely attributed to wind differences.     

Theories on formation of an anomalous anticyclone in western North Pacific during El Niño: A review

The western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone (WNPAC) is an important atmospheric circulation system that conveys El Niño impact on East Asian climate. In this review paper, various theories on the formation and maintenance of the WNPAC, including warm pool atmosphere–ocean interaction, Indian Ocean capacitor, a combination mode that emphasizes nonlinear interaction between ENSO and annual cycle, moist enthalpy advection/Rossby wave modulation, and central Pacific SST forcing, are discussed. It is concluded that local atmosphere–ocean interaction and moist enthalpy advection/Rossby wave modulation mechanisms are essential for the initial development and maintenance of the WNPAC during El Niño mature winter and subsequent spring. The Indian Ocean capacitor mechanism does not contribute to the earlier development but helps maintain the WNPAC in El Niño decaying summer. The cold SST anomaly in the western North Pacific, although damped in the summer, also plays a role. An interbasin atmosphere–ocean interaction across the Indo-Pacific warm pool emerges as a new mechanism in summer. In addition, the central Pacific cold SST anomaly may induce the WNPAC during rapid El Niño decaying/La Niña developing or La Niña persisting summer. The near-annual periods predicted by the combination mode theory are hardly detected from observations and thus do not contribute to the formation of the WNPAC. The tropical Atlantic may have a capacitor effect similar to the tropical Indian Ocean.     

北大西洋海表面温度锋与大西洋风暴路径及大气大尺度异常的关系研究

运用NCEP、Had ISST再分析资料,北大西洋涛动(NAO)月指数序列,探讨了海表面温度(SST)锋的时空变化特征,揭示了北大西洋SST锋的主要气候变率及其与北大西洋风暴轴和大气大尺度环流异常的关系。研究表明,剔除季节循环后的SST锋显示其最主要变率为锋区的向南/北摆动,其对应的风暴轴发生相应的西南/东北移动,并同时在北大西洋上空对应一个跨海盆的位势高度负/正异常。这种环流异常可引起高纬度海平面气压(SLP)的反气旋/气旋式环流,这有利于增强海表面风对大洋副极地环流的负/正涡度异常输入,进一步减弱/加强了高纬度上层冷水向SST锋区的输送。北大西洋SST锋的另一主要模态为锋区在南北方向的分支和合并。当SST锋异常在40°N~45°N以单支形式加强时,对流层位势高度场和SLP南北梯度增大,对应NAO正位相,此时风暴轴也为单支型;同时SLP异常场促使冰岛附近具有气旋式风应力异常,亚速尔地区具有反气旋式风应力异常,导致副极地环流和副热带环流均加强,增加高纬度冷水和低纬度暖水在锋区的输入,从而进一步增强40°N~45°N附近的SST锋区。当SST锋异常在40°N~45°N纬带南北发生分支时,风暴轴也同时出现北强南弱的南北分支,此时对应了负位相NAO,来自北南的冷暖水输送减弱,SST锋也发生减弱分支。此外,位于大洋内区的SST锋东端也存在一个偶极子型的模态,尽管其解释方差相对较小,但仍与偏东北的NAO型具有显著相关。谱分析表明,北大西洋SST锋与风暴轴具有1~3年和年代际共振,与中高纬大尺度环流也存在周期1~3年的共变信号,其中准一年共变信号体现了SST锋和NAO之间的对应关系。进一步诊断分析表明,SST锋上空的近表层大气斜压性和经向温度梯度随着SST锋的增强而增强,经向热通量的向北输送导致涡动有效位能的增加;海洋的非绝热加热产生更强的垂直热量通量,这有利于涡动有效位能释放成为涡动动能,从而表现为该区域的风暴轴加强,并进一步影响风暴轴中的天气尺度扰动与下游大尺度环流异常的相互作用过程。     

Changes of Air–sea Coupling in the North Atlantic over the 20th Century

Changes of air–sea coupling in the North Atlantic Ocean over the 20 th century are investigated using reanalysis data,climate model simulations, and observational data. It is found that the ocean-to-atmosphere feedback over the North Atlantic is significantly intensified in the second half of the 20 th century. This coupled feedback is characterized by the association between the summer North Atlantic Horseshoe(NAH) SST anomalies and the following winter North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO). The intensification is likely associated with the enhancement of the North Atlantic storm tracks as well as the NAH SST anomalies. Our study also reveals that most IPCC AR4 climate models fail to capture the observed NAO/NAH coupled feedback.     

2015/2016厄尔尼诺事件的衰减位相及其对应的西北太平洋环流异常

利用季节平均Had ISST海温、CMAP降水及NCEP风场数据,分析了2015/2016超级厄尔尼诺衰减期的特征及其对应的西北太平洋大气环流异常。结果表明:2015/2016厄尔尼诺事件除了成熟位相冬季强度大以外,还具有在随后春季衰减快,到夏季就消亡的特征。伴随着厄尔尼诺的迅速衰减,西北太平洋有较强的反气旋环流异常维持。厄尔尼诺衰减位相与西太反气旋异常存在相互作用。一方面,由于此次厄尔尼诺事件强度强,衰减期热带印度洋有显著的暖海温异常从冬季一直维持到夏季,有利于西太反气旋的增强和维持。另一方面,西太反气旋环流异常的维持及其南侧东风异常的发展使得中东太平洋正海温异常减弱,令厄尔尼诺事件快速衰退。此外,通过与1982/1983和1997/1998年比较发现,这三次超强厄尔尼诺事件虽强度相当,但衰减位相及与之相联系的西太反气旋异常都不尽相同。1982/1983事件衰减慢,维持时间长,对应的西太反气旋强度弱。而1997/1998事件衰减快,维持时间短,对应的西太反气旋强度在春季和夏季都强盛维持。2015/2016事件的衰减速度明显快于1982/1983事件,对应的西太反气旋也强于1982/1983事件,由于2015/2016事件增暖中心偏向于中东太平洋,而这里是厄尔尼诺衰减过程中负海温异常最先出现的区域,因此尽管2015/2016事件中西太反气旋异常的强度弱于1997/1998事件,但衰减速度及衰减位相维持时间与1997/1998相当。本文研究结果表明厄尔尼诺衰减与西太反气旋异常之间的关系较为复杂,需进一步研究。     

Atmospheric response to the North Atlantic Ocean variability on seasonal to decadal time scales

The NCEP twentieth century reanalyis and a 500-year control simulation with the IPSL-CM5 climate model are used to assess the influence of ocean-atmosphere coupling in the North Atlantic region at seasonal to decadal time scales. At the seasonal scale, the air-sea interaction patterns are similar in the model and observations. In both, a statistically significant summer sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly with a horseshoe shape leads an atmospheric signal that resembles the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during the winter. The air-sea interactions in the model thus seem realistic, although the amplitude of the atmospheric signal is half that observed, and it is detected throughout the cold season, while it is significant only in late fall and early winter in the observations. In both model and observations, the North Atlantic horseshoe SST anomaly pattern is in part generated by the spring and summer internal atmospheric variability. In the model, the influence of the ocean dynamics can be assessed and is found to contribute to the SST anomaly, in particular at the decadal scale. Indeed, the North Atlantic SST anomalies that follow an intensification of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) by about 9 years, or an intensification of a clockwise intergyre gyre in the Atlantic Ocean by 6 years, resemble the horseshoe pattern, and are also similar to the model Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). As the AMOC is shown to have a significant impact on the winter NAO, most strongly when it leads by 9 years, the decadal interactions in the model are consistent with the seasonal analysis. In the observations, there is also a strong correlation between the AMO and the SST horseshoe pattern that influences the NAO. The analogy with the coupled model suggests that the natural variability of the AMOC and the gyre circulation might influence the climate of the North Atlantic region at the decadal scale.     

西太平洋暖池对流三类显著月际变化及其成因

基于1979～2018年观测的向外长波辐射（outgoing longwave radiation, OLR）资料和其他多种再分析资料,发现西太平洋暖池对流存在3类显著的月际变化。第一类为OLR在6月和8月为负异常而7月为正异常;第二类与第一类完全相反;第三类为OLR在6～7月为正异常,8月为负异常。3类月际变化与ENSO循环的背景有关,前两类发生在较弱的La Ni?a年和El Ni?o发展年,与春季暖池海温异常有关。当前一个月海温偏高时,后一个月对流偏强,造成局地海温降低,偏低的海温又反过来抑制了后一个月的对流发展,因此暖池地区局地海气相互作用在这两类月际变化中起到关键作用。与前两类不同的是,第三类月际变化发生在El Ni?o衰减年,与春季热带印度洋海温偏高有关。热带印度洋海温偏高造成印度附近对流在6～7月间增强,通过东传Kelvin波抑制了暖池对流发展。同时,印度附近对流偏强造成8月印度洋海温降低和对流减弱,对暖池对流的影响因而减弱。另一方面,6～7月暖池对流偏弱造成8月暖池海温升高,结果造成暖池对流增强。因此,第三类月际变化受到热带印度洋强迫以及暖池地区局地海气相互作用的共同影响。