1960-2009年咸宁市气候变化特征分析

利用1960-2009年咸宁市3个地面气象站气象资料,统计分析近50 a来该区域气温、降水等主要气候要素的年变化、四季变化及年代际变化的趋势特征。结果表明：近50 a研究区气温有上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.23℃/10a,年平均气温在20世纪90年代末发生突变。春秋季平均气温分别在2002年和1999年发生突变,夏季平均气温在2006年发生突变,冬季平均气温早在1990年发生突变。春季与秋季平均气温的变化比较一致,冬季平均气温对全球变暖响应最敏感,春秋与秋季对气候变暖的响应是比较敏感,而夏季对气候变暖的响应最为迟缓。近50 a年降水量呈波动但无明显增降的趋势,其中春夏两季变化趋势较为一致并有下降的趋势,且春夏降水量的变化主导着年降水量的变化;而冬季降水量有上升的趋势。通过对气温与降水变化趋势的比较,发现冬季对气候变化的响应最显著、其余季节无明显相关性。     

1960—2009年咸宁市气候变化特征

利用1960—2009年咸宁市3个地面气象站气象资料,统计分析近50 a来该区域气温、降水等主要气候要素的年变化、四季变化及年代际变化的趋势特征。结果表明：近50 a研究区气温有上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.23℃/10 a,年平均气温在20世纪90年代末发生突变。春秋季平均气温分别在2002年和1999年发生突变,夏季平均气温在2006年发生突变,冬季平均气温在1990年发生突变。春季与秋季平均气温的变化较一致,冬季平均气温对全球变暖响应最敏感,春季与秋季对气候变暖的响应较敏感,而夏季对气候变暖的响应最为迟缓。近50 a咸宁市年降水量呈波动但无明显增降的趋势,其中春夏两季变化趋势较为一致并有下降的趋势,且春夏降水量的变化主导着年降水量的变化;而冬季降水量有上升的趋势。通过对气温与降水变化趋势的比较,发现冬季对气候变化的响应最显著,其余季节无明显相关性。     

朔州市气温和降水变化特征分析

朔州市的年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温自20世纪70年代中期以来呈上升趋势，进入90年代后，这种趋势有所加快，尤其以冬季升温最为明显。年平匀气温以0．43℃／10a的速度上升；平均最低气温升温幅度明显高于平均最高气温；年平均降水量略呈下降趋势，主要是由夏季降水减少所致。     

毕节市气候变化特征分析

利用毕节市气象站1951-2008年的气温和降水量资料,采用滑动平均、趋势分析、小波分析等方法,分析了毕节市气温和降水量的变化特征。结果表明：①毕节市年平均气温的年代际变化为20世纪70-80年代为偏冷期,其余年代为偏暖期,其中1998年之后气温明显升高,21世纪头8a是58a来最暖的时期;年及各季平均气温均呈上升趋势,秋季增温明显,冬季次之。②降水量的年代际变化为20世纪80年代最少,21世纪头8a次少,其余年代为多雨期,其中以20世纪50年代降水最多,20世纪70年代次多;年及各季降水量均呈减少趋势,夏季减少明显,春季次少。③毕节市气候从20世纪90年代到21世纪呈现冷湿、暖干交替变化的趋势,未来几年气候存在冷湿的变化。     

近48a宁安市气温降水变化特征分析

基于牡丹江市宁安观测站1966-2014年的逐日平均气温、逐日最高气温、逐日最低气温和逐日降水资料,利用趋势分析、M-K突变分析和标准化降水指数(SPI)对宁安市的温度和降水的气候变化特征进行统计分析。结果表明:宁安市的年平均气温呈显著上升趋势,其气候倾向率为0.31℃/10 a;宁安市的平均气温在20世纪80年代的后期发生突变,1989年后宁安市平均气温上升趋势显著。在20世纪80年代后期最高气温发生突变,1996年后最高气温的上升趋势显著。最低气温在20世纪80年代前期发生突变,1983年后最低气温上升趋势明显。宁安地区的年降水量最多的年份是1970年,为1220.5 mm。1979年最少,仅有317.0 mm。宁安地区四季都有可能发生旱涝灾害,而雨涝灾害以夏季居多,干旱在秋冬季节更易发生。     

西安近63年气候变化特征综合分析

根据西安1951—2013年气温、降水,1971—2013年浅层地温,1981—2013年深层地温资料,采用线性倾向率、Mann-Kendall等方法分析西安气候变化。结果表明:1)西安近63a气温增温明显,降水缓慢波动下降;各层年平均地温呈升温趋势,160cm升温最大,15cm升幅最小。2)年及四季平均气温除夏季在20世纪70—80年代呈下降趋势,其余各年代际均呈上升趋势,21世纪后升温最为迅速;各年代际降水呈显著波动趋势。3)西安气候变暖主要表现在春、冬季;四季降水均有所减少,夏、秋两季降水量占年降水量的70%以上,主导年降水量的变化。4)西安年平均气温、地温20世纪90年代发生升温突变,与城市化快速发展时期相吻合。     

1954-2011年盐城市气温和降水变化特征

根据盐城市2个观测站点1954-2011年逐月平均气温和降水资料,采用线性趋势分析、M-K检验、滑动t检验等方法,分析了盐城市气温和降水的气候变化特征。结果表明:盐城市年平均气温以0.24℃/10a的速率显著增加,其中,春季的升温速率最大(0.32℃/10a),秋季和冬季次之(分别为0.27℃/10a和0.28℃/10a),夏季最小(0.08℃/10a)且不显著。年降水量以17.1 mm/10a的速率呈弱的下降趋势,春、夏、秋季降水量均呈弱的下降趋势,而冬季降水量则呈弱的增加趋势。全年和四季(除春季)平均气温在20世纪90年代后升高明显,进入21世纪后升温幅度明显加大。年降水量具有"减-增-减"的年代际变化特征,四季降水距平各自波动特征不同,春、夏季降水量偏多期在20世纪50年代中后期和90年代,秋季降水量偏多期在50年代中后期、60年代和80年代,冬季降水量偏多期为90年代以后,其余年代为降水量偏少期。年平均气温在1993年发生突变式增温,春、夏、秋、冬四季气温突变时间分别在1993年、2000年、1997年和1991年。全年和四季降水量都没有明显突变现象。     

冀中平原近50a气候变化特征

用统计方法对冀中平原地区1957—2004近50 a的气温和降水资料进行分析,发现:冀中平原年气温变化存在15 a和5 a左右的周期振荡,气候突变发生在20世纪80年代中期。冬季气温变化趋势与年气温变化趋势非常一致,夏季气温变化与年气温变化明显不同,春、秋季气温变化趋势与年气温变化趋势基本一致,目前,年气温和四个季节气温都处于升高偏暖时期,冬季气温上升比其他季节更为明显。冀中平原年降水存在10~15 a和4 a的短周期振荡,气候突变发生在1987年。春、秋、冬3个季节降水现在基本上都为增多趋势,与年降水变化趋势不一致,只有夏季降水变化趋势与年降水变化趋势比较一致,为减少的趋势。     

1961—2015年鄂温克旗气候变化特征分析

利用鄂温克旗1961—2015年的气象观测数据,采用Mann-Kendall突变检验结合滑动t检验方法,对鄂温克旗的气温和降水年序列进行了分析,以揭示鄂温克旗气候变化特征及其突变事实。结果表明:(1)1961年以来,鄂温克旗年平均气温呈波动上升趋势,从20世纪60年代的-2.37℃上升到21世纪初期的-0.59℃;(2)20世纪70、80和90年代,鄂温克旗属于多雨时段,年平均降雨量变化在330.0～360.0mm之间;21世纪初的10a的年平均降水量为281.0mm,气候呈现高温少雨的特征;(3)鄂温克旗年平均气温在1985年后有暖突变,1961—1982年,年平均气温呈下降趋势,自1983年呈增加趋势,尤其1990年以后,气温呈现显著升高的趋势;(4)鄂温克旗年降水量在2000年前后有突变,1978—2000年,年降水量呈现升高的趋势,2000以后年降水量逐渐下降;(5)春季、夏季、秋季、冬季平均气温都有暖突变,突变的时间分别为1985、1995、1987和1982年,春季气温与年气温变化趋势一致;四季中只有冬季降水量在1988年后发生突变,与年降水量变化同步。     

塔城盆地1961-2009年气候变化特征分析

根据新疆塔城盆地4个气象站1961—2009年实测资料,统计分析了塔城盆地49 a气温、降水的变化特征,结果显示:近49 a塔城盆地年、季平均气温呈显著增暖的趋势,尤其以秋、冬两季的增暖更为显著,对年际增暖的贡献较大。气温偏暖年多发生在20世纪80年代以后,气温偏冷年多发生在20世纪60、70年代。塔城盆地年降水量亦呈上升趋势,年降水最多年多出现在气温相对偏暖的20世纪90年代,而降水最少年多出现在气温偏低的60年代。降水量的显著性检验显示,四季中除冬季外均通过了0.01的显著性水平检验,表明春、夏、秋三季对塔城盆地年降水量增多都有贡献。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.