电涌保护器工作原理及安装

防雷工作实践中发现,众多的雷电灾害事故都是由雷电波通过电源线和信号线侵入,并在上面形成雷电暂态过电压造成的,而且呈逐年上升的趋势。对此,常用的防护措施是安装电涌保护器(SPD),其作用就是将雷电暂态过电压限制在设备或系统所能承受的电压范围内,或将强大的雷电流泄流入地     

雷电对建筑物内电子设备的危害

由雷电流产生危害的方式出发,从暂态电位抬高、回路感应过电压、线路感应过电压、耦合过电压四个方面进行详细分析,明确了雷电流产生危害的起因及形式,阐明了雷电对建筑物内电子设备危害的具体原因及危害原理,为如何做好雷电防护提供技术基础。     

标准雷电波形的频谱分析及其应用

标准雷电波频谱分析可以获悉其电压、电流在不同频段的振幅、能量等分布，为防雷器件和电子设备的标准波形7中击试验以及基层雷电防护工作提供技术参考。选取常用的8／20（μs）、10／350（μs）波形、后续雷击0．25／100（μs）波形和国家标准推荐雷电试验波形（10／200、4／300、1．2／50、10／700（μs）），通过连续傅立叶变换计算了不同波形的振幅、能量的频谱变化，并与自然闪电辐射场的频谱进行了比较。结果表明雷电电流波形的振幅和能量主要集中在低频部分，振幅频谱主要集中在1MHz以下，能量主要集中在几kHz到几百kHz；半峰值时间t2是雷电波振幅和能量频谱分布的主要因素，t2的大小决定了低频部分的谐波丰富程度。这些结论在雷电防护设计和应用中起到一定的参考作用。     

低压配电线路直击雷过电压暂态分析

利用电磁暂态仿真软件ATP-EMTP建立直击雷过电压仿真模型,模拟雷电流直接击中导线和击中杆塔情况下产生过电压的过程,分析了绝缘子闪络电压、杆塔冲击接地电阻以及导线悬挂高度等影响低压配电线路直击雷耐雷水平的因素,提出了提高低压配电线路耐雷水平的防护措施。     

屏蔽措施在自动气象站雷电防护设计中的使用

介绍了自动气象站的组成结构和雷电侵入到自动气象站系统的几种主要途径,分析了雷电流在信号传输系统中引起的共模过电压和差模过电压对自动气象站设备的影响,并提出了一个有效的防护手段,即采用铁质金属管对线缆进行完整屏蔽,从而使得雷电对自动气象站的影响降低到最低水平.     

两级雷击电涌保护器配合的过电流和过电压变化特征

通过对电气系统受两级雷击电涌保护器（surge protective divice,SPD）配合保护下的过电流和过电压变化特性的分析研究,建立过电压两级保护线路的瞬态Kirchhoff方程组,对各SPD、级间电缆（或解耦器）和负载的端电压、电流进行模拟计算,绘制时序波形图,获得两级SPD（首级为火花间隙、次级为压敏电阻）配合保护下的雷击过电流的分流特性和负载过电压变化特性,为雷击过电压过电流的多级保护提供理论分析方法,可供电气系统多级雷电防护工程设计参考。     

一种雷电感应过电压的快速算法及其精度检验

本文基于B-P方程、Rusck方程和Agrwal耦合模型,开发出一种架空线雷电感应过电压的时域快速算法.利用该算法研究了不同参数对雷电感应过电压的影响,并利用2-DFDTD算法对其计算精度进行全面检验.结果表明:①首次回击电流产生的感应过电压的峰值较大,波头陡度小;继后回击电流产生的感应过电压的峰值较小,而波头陡度更大...     

新型人工引雷专用火箭及其首次引雷实验结果

成功研制了一种新型的人工引雷专用火箭, 火箭箭体结构采用了新型复合材料, 质量轻, 并具有空中抛伞和放线功能。利用新型火箭和全新的雷电流及同步电磁场测量技术, 在2009年的山东人工引雷实验 (SHATLE2009) 中成功引发负极性云对地放电过程3次, 共包括6次大电流回击过程, 采用0.5 mΩ的大功率同轴分流器和宽带光纤传输技术测量到了0.1 μs时间分辨率的雷电流波形、以及距雷电通道30 m、60 m和480 m处的电磁场和6000 f/s的高速摄像观测资料。6次回击的电流峰值分布范围为11.2～16.3 kA, 几何平均值12.8 kA; 半峰值宽度为7.4～34.9 μs, 几何平均值21.6 μs; 10%～90%峰值的上升时间为0.5～1.4 μs, 几何平均值1.0 μs。成功的人工引发雷电实验证明新型引雷火箭安全性能好、可靠性高, 其成功研制为雷电物理过程和效应的研究, 以及雷电流波形资料的积累提供了重要的技术手段, 对制定具有我国自主知识产权的雷电防护标准等具有重要的应用价值。     

计算机机房的防雷与接地系统

针对雷电入侵机房的途径和危害,采取相应的防雷设计;机房的防雷设计包括外部防护和内部防护,外部防护主要指机房所在的建筑物的防雷保护,内部防护包括屏蔽、等电位连接和共用接地系统、过电压防护和综合布线等措施。     

基于人工触发闪电试验雷电流的频谱分析

通过对人工触发闪电试验实测雷电流的初始连续电流、8次回击以及回击间的连续电流等过程的数据进行FFT傅里叶变换,获得雷电流频谱参数,再对频谱参数进行累加分析,得出频谱特征,为雷电流频谱研究提供参考。分析结果表明实测雷电流幅值和能谱主要集中在1 MHz以下频段,在0~100 kHz频段与标准雷电波形8/20(μs)频谱很接近,均为50%以上。对于通信系统,可通过LC分流法阻止1 MHz以下频率的电波侵入,能消除掉90%以上的闪电电涌能量。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.