植被变化对2009年云南极端秋旱影响的数值模拟研究

利用Reg CM4模式对2009年云南极端秋旱开展了植被变化数值模拟试验。结果显示：Reg CM4对2009年云南极端秋旱具有较好的模拟能力,能够用于气候极端事件和植被变化气候影响的定量研究。植被退化和荒漠化导致降水减少、气温升高、比湿降低,大气状态更为干热化,试验情景下2009年云南极端秋旱加剧。植被变化导致云南上空700h Pa反气旋型偏差风场和500h Pa高度场异常升高是导致降水量减少的主要原因。荒漠化导致的干热化在范围、强度上都强于植被退化。     

The climate-population nexus in the East African Horn: Emerging degradation trends in rangeland and pastoral livelihood zones

Increasing climate variability and extreme weather conditions along with declining trends in both rainfall and temperature represent major risk factors affecting agricultural production and food security in many regions of the world. The rangelands of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia in the East African Horn remain one of the world's most food insecure regions, yet have substantially increasing human populations predominantly dependent on pastoralist and agro-pastoralist livelihoods. We identify regions where substantial rainfall decrease between two periods interrupted by the 1998 El Nino event (1981–2012) in the East African Horn is coupled with human population density increases. Vegetation in this region is characterized by a variable mosaic of land covers, generally dominated by grasslands necessary for agro-pastoralism, interspersed by woody vegetation. Recent assessments indicate that vegetation degradation is occurring, adversely impacting fragile ecosystems and human livelihoods. Using AVHRR and MODIS vegetation products from 1981 to 2012, we observe changes in vegetation patterns and productivity over the last decade across the East African Horn. We observe vegetation browning trends in areas experiencing reduced main-growing season precipitation; these areas are also concurrently experiencing increasing population pressures. We also found that the drying precipitation patterns only partially statistically explain the vegetation browning trends, indicating that other factors such as population pressures and land use changes might be responsible for the observed declining vegetation condition. Furthermore, we show that the general vegetation browning trends persist even during years with normal rainfall conditions such as 2012, pointing to potential long-term degradation of rangelands on which approximately 10 million people depend. These findings may have implications for current and future regional food security monitoring and forecasting as well as for mitigation and adaptation strategies in a region where population is expected to continue increasing against a backdrop of drying climate trends and increased climatic variability.     

大气环流系统组合性异常与极端天气气候事件发生

根据2008年1月我国南方发生的持续严重雨雪冰冻灾害、1998年长江流域的特大洪涝灾害和2009/2010年冬季云南的极端干旱灾害的分析结果,再次强调指出,对于一些小概率的极端天气气候事件的发生,大气环流系统的组合性异常起着极其重要的作用。对于2008年的严重雨雪冰冻灾害的发生,多个大气环流系统的组合性异常包括:乌拉尔山阻塞高压和贝加尔湖-巴尔喀什湖的横槽,这为不断有冷空气从西路向南爆发提供了条件;东亚和日本地区的高度正异常使得北方冷空气的势力不是很强,适于锋面在我国南岭及其以北地区较长时间停留,为持续降水确立了背景;西太平洋副高偏强和偏西也对冷空气的向南推进起了阻挡作用;印-缅槽的持续偏强和西太平洋副高的偏强共同使暖湿空气源源不断地输送到华南地区,有利持续降水的发生,为冰冻造成了条件。对于1998年夏季长江流域的特大洪涝的发生,多个环流系统的异常包括:夏季西南季风涌的活动,西太平洋副热带高压活动,北方冷空气活动和青藏高原对流系统东传的共同作用。对于2009/2010年冬季云南的极端干旱灾害的发生,多个环流系统的异常包括:对流层高层中东地区副热带西风急流减弱,影响Rossby波的活动,不利于青藏高原-孟加拉湾槽的建立;西太平洋副热带高压偏强、位置略为偏南,对低层水汽输入云南起到抑制作用;NAO的负异常所导致的遥相关波列异常,使得东亚北方冷空气活动偏东,不易到达云南地区,还使得南支槽偏弱,暖湿气流也不易到达云南地区。ENSO虽然对中国天气气候变化有相当重要的影响,但并非每次异常天气气候事件的发生都是它的直接影响。对于ENSO影响必须具体分析,才能决定它在异常事件、特别是极端天气气候事件中的确切作用。     

2003年云南夏季罕见高温干旱的诊断研究

2003年夏季云南出现了历史上罕见的大范围异常高温干旱天气,是自1961年以来云南最严重的夏季高温干旱天气之一,影响范围、持续时间及危害程度仅次于1983年。是20世纪80年代中期云南进入气温偏暖期后的一次夏季极端气候事件,打破多项历史纪录。利用高度、OLR、TBB等资料对此次气候灾害过程进行了诊断分析。发现西太平洋副热带高压持续稳定且偏强偏西,季风低压偏弱偏西,云南TBB值偏高,降水云系较少,OLR值偏高,对流活动抑制,云南正好处于东、西两个垂直环流圈的下沉气流控制区是形成高温干旱的主要原因。     

2009/2010年冬季云南严重干旱原因的进一步分析

为了揭示2009/2010年冬季云南出现严重干旱灾害的原因,本文利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及云南省台站降水资料计算得到的云南冬季降水指数,讨论了在北半球冬季(12～2月)北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation,简称NAO)和云南省降水(旱涝)之间的联系.分析结果表明,在1961/19...     

2009—2010年贵州秋、冬、春季干旱气象要素与环流特征分析

利用2009年9月—2010年5月贵州88个气象站地面观测资料,800个自动气象站温度、降水资料以及NCEP再分析资料,分析了持续干旱过程中的大尺度环流背景及气象要素分布特征,同时运用气候干湿指数、综合气象干旱指数对此次持续干旱程度进行了模拟。结果表明,贵州此次持续干旱天气主要发生在西太平洋副热带高压呈带状分布,强度偏强、位置偏西、南支系统偏弱及冷空气活动路径偏北偏东的环流条件下。在干旱期间,贵州西部地区气温为正距平,降水为负距平,空气相对湿度为38%～73%,气候干湿指数<0.6;东部地区气温除2009年11月和2010年4～5月为负距平外,其余月份均为正距平,降水基本上为负距平,空气相对湿度为60%～81%,除2009年11月和2010年4～5月气候干湿指数>1.0外,其余月份均<0.6。总体上,贵州西部地区的旱情较东部地区严重。     

安徽省MODIS干旱监测技术研究

为了更有效地监测安徽省农业干旱,以安徽省半湿润区、过渡区为研究对象,利用MODIS资料,在对比分析了基于植被供水指数和温度植被干旱指数两种干旱监测方法基础上,结合已业务应用的农业干旱指标累积湿润指数,开展安徽省分时段的晴空遥感干旱监测研究,建立并确定了部分时段半湿润区、过渡区的MODIS植被供水指数和温度植被干旱等级标准,同时结合当地台站监测土壤墒情对干旱监测进行检验。结果表明,作物生长季节VSWI、TVDI与累积湿润指数存在相关性,两种方法建立指标和模型可以用来分时段进行区域干旱监测,得出了初夏旱TVDI更适合于研究区域的干旱监测。     

2004年广东省干旱灾害遥感监测应用研究

针对广东省气候湿润、植被覆盖度高的特点,以NOAA/AVHRR资料为数据源,采用植被供水指数法,对2004年广东省发生的50年来最严重的一次干旱灾害进行遥感动态监测,并结合土地利用分类数据,采用掩膜技术提取干旱分类信息.研究结果表明,10月上旬全省部分地区出现旱情,10月下旬全省受旱总面积达到峰值,占全省面积的72.6%;11月上旬后期受旱面积有所减少,中旱、重旱区域有所增加,其后旱情总体呈减缓趋势,但在12月中旬出现了短暂的增加趋势.以11月上旬为例的干旱灾害分类研究还表明,水田、旱地、灌木、林地等不同的用地类型,其受旱比例依次递减.该研究结果较好地反映了本次干旱灾害的空间分布及发展过程,为相关部门进行干旱灾情评估、制定和实施抗旱减灾措施提供了科学依据.     

Characteristics of the Regional Meteorological Drought Events in Southwest China During 1960–2010

An objective identification technique for regional extreme events(OITREE) and the daily compositedrought index(CI) at 101 stations in Southwest China(including Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Chongqing)are used to detect regional meteorological drought events between 1960 and 2010. Values of the parameters of the OITREE method are determined. A total of 87 drought events are identified, including 9 extreme events. The 2009–2010 drought is the most serious in Southwest China during the past 50 years. The regional meteorological drought events during 1960–2010 generally last for 10–80 days, with the longest being 231days. Droughts are more common from November to next April, and less common in the remaining months.Droughts occur more often and with greater intensity in Yunnan and southern Sichuan than in other parts of Southwest China. Strong(extreme and severe) regional meteorological drought events can be divided into five types. The southern type has occurred most frequently, and Yunnan is the area most frequently stricken by extreme and severe drought events. The regional meteorological drought events in Southwest China have increased in both frequency and intensity over the study period, and the main reason appears to be a significant decrease in precipitation over this region, but a simultaneous increase in temperature also contributes.     

NOAA/AVHRR 资料在青海省牧区草场旱情监测中的应用

文章介绍了遥感监测草场旱情的原理,提出了利用距平植被指数和干旱指数确定干旱区和干旱等级的方法。应用此方法评估1995年青海省牧区草场旱情,与农业气象旬报的旱情分析吻合较好。     

2004年中国长江以南地区严重秋旱特征及其同期大气环流异常

利用2004年8～10月的中国160台站降水资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料，分析了2004年秋季发生在中国长江以南地区的严重干旱（简称2004年长江以南秋旱）前兆和发展特征以及秋旱持续期间的东亚大气环流异常。结果表明:2004年长江以南秋旱是以8月在广西境内出现小范围干旱为前兆，9月扩展到长江以南中部地区，10月遍及整个长江以南地区而达到鼎盛的一个发展过程。2004年长江以南秋旱事件的发生、发展和鼎盛期都受到了同期东亚大气环流异常的很大影响:2004年秋季东南亚上空的整层经向水汽输送出现了显著的负异常，说明2004年秋季长江以南地区上空的整层水汽在经向上由南向北的输送减弱而从北向南的输送加强；850 hPa水汽输送的异常加强了从北向南的水汽输送，从而影响了秋旱的发展。结合2004年秋旱持续期间850 hPa 流场异常分析，2004年秋季850 hPa的流场在台湾海峡附近上空出现了一个气旋性的异常环流，它导致了西南水汽及其与越赤道气流和东南水汽的混合气流（10°N～20°N, 135°E～150°E）在向北的输送路径上发生改变，并且此混合气流进入内陆从而加强了大陆上空由北向南的干冷气流，进一步影响了秋旱的发展。通过分析850 hPa等压面上的垂直速度场发现:秋旱同期长江以南地区下沉气流异常，这种天气形势不利于降水的产生。2004年秋季长江以南地区受到了闭合高压——西太平洋副热带高压（简称西太副高）的长期控制，形成少雨的天气。除此之外，中高纬地区脊区前方和槽区的后方易于冷空气的南下输送， 这在很大程度上也促使了秋旱的发展。     

准全球陆表干旱严重程度的多传感器遥感监测方法研究

在全球气候变暖的背景下,持续的干旱事件将对生态系统和人类社会产生不利影响。尽管存在多源卫星遥感资料及多种干旱指数,然而区域和全球尺度干旱事件的监测仍具有挑战。采用TRMM（Tropical RainfallMeasuring Mission）数据量化降水异常、MODIS（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）和陆表温度（Land Surface Temperature,LST）数据表征植被生长异常,构建了一种兼顾降水异常和植被生长状况异常的多传感器陆表干旱严重程度指数（Multi-sensorsDrought Severity Index,MDSI）。结果表明:MDSI 能够准确检测准全球范围（50°S～50°N,0°～180°～0°）的气象干旱事件,如亚马逊流域2005 和2010 年干旱、中国川渝地区2006 年干旱、中国云南2010 年干旱、非洲东部2011 年干旱、2012 年美国中部干旱等;MDSI 与PDSI（Palmer Drought Severity Index）呈现出大致相同的干湿空间格局,并且MDSI 有助于湿润地区干旱程度的检测。     

山东省干湿转换期土壤水分MODIS遥感监测

由于2012年春夏过渡时期山东省降水时空分布不均,前期全省大部分地区出现旱情,后期降水偏多。为及时掌握干旱分布及变化情况,利用MODIS地表温度数据(MOD11A2)和植被指数数据(MOD13A2),结合土壤水分自动站的实测数据,采用温度植被干旱指数法,构建了LST-NDVI、LSTEVI特征空间,反演了2012年6~7月山东省干湿转换期的土壤水分,分析了干旱空间分布及变化特征。结果表明:LST-NDVI特征空间反演精度为82.95%,LST-EVI特征空间反演精度为84.33%,精度提高了1.66%。前期山东省中南部、西部出现旱情并以轻旱为主,后期由于降水旱情明显缓解,干旱面积减少了65 427 km2。基于MODIS数据利用温度植被指数法在本区域进行干旱监测是可行的。     

2019年4～6月云南持续性高温天气的大气环流异常成因

2019年4～6月云南省发生了历史罕见的持续性极端高温天气,并引发了严重气象干旱。本文利用1961～2019年逐日温度和大气再分析等资料以及CESM-LE计划（Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble Project）模式模拟结果,分析了历史同期云南极端高温天气发生的环流特征,探讨了2019年云南破纪录持续性高温的成因。历史极端高温日的合成分析表明,云南地区对流层上层显著异常反气旋伴随的强下沉异常和到达地表太阳辐射增加,是引发该区域极端高温天气的主要成因。该异常反气旋的形成主要源自北大西洋经东欧平原、西西伯利亚平原向东亚传播的高纬度罗斯贝波和经北非、黑海、伊朗高原向东亚传播的中纬度罗斯贝波之间的相互作用。2019年极端高温的强度和与之相应异常反气旋出现自1961年以来的最强。外强迫导致的增暖对2019年极端暖异常强度的贡献约为37.51%,同时对类似2019年以及更强极端暖事件发生概率的贡献为56.32%,内部变率对该事件也具有重要贡献。2019年4～6月北极涛动（Arctic Oscillation,AO）和ENSO事件分别处于历史极端负位相和暖位相。一方面,在AO强负位相影响下,极地上空深厚的位势高度正异常向南伸至东欧平原,有利于高纬度波列和云南上空的反气旋异常增强。另一方面,ENSO事件暖位相加强了西北太平洋异常反气旋环流,令西北太平洋副热带高压增强西伸至我国内陆地区,维持了云南上空反气旋异常。两者的共同作用,造成了2019年4～6月云南上空持续的深厚异常反气旋,云南地区继而出现持续性极端高温事件。     

基于植被供水指数的农田干旱遥感监测研究

应用1995-2000年NOAA卫星资料，结合广西贵港市的数字化土地利用信息，通过时序分析方法找出典型作物代表区，并计算各典型代表区的平均、最大、最小VSWI（Vegetation Supply Water Index；植被供水指数）特征值，归纳分析水田和旱地的干旱指标，继而根据典型代表区的平均VSWI值划分旱情等级，生成农田旱情遥感图像，评估干旱情况。试验表明，该方法可用于湿润、半湿润地区的农田干旱遥感监测。     

Spatiotemporal patterns of drought at various time scales in Shandong Province of Eastern China

The temporal variations and spatial patterns of drought in Shandong Province of Eastern China were investigated by calculating the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) at 1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-month time scales. Monthly precipitation and air temperature time series during the period 1960–2012 were collected at 23 meteorological stations uniformly distributed over the region. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was used to explore the temporal trends of precipitation, air temperature, and the SPEI drought index. S-mode principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify the spatial patterns of drought. The results showed that an insignificant decreasing trend in annual total precipitation was detected at most stations, a significant increase of annual average air temperature occurred at all the 23 stations, and a significant decreasing trend in the SPEI was mainly detected at the coastal stations for all the time scales. The frequency of occurrence of extreme and severe drought at different time scales generally increased with decades; higher frequency and larger affected area of extreme and severe droughts occurred as the time scale increased, especially for the northwest of Shandong Province and Jiaodong peninsular. The spatial pattern of drought for SPEI-1 contains three regions: eastern Jiaodong Peninsular and northwestern and southern Shandong. As the time scale increased to 3, 6, and 12 months, the order of the three regions was transformed into another as northwestern Shandong, eastern Jiaodong Peninsular, and southern Shandong. For SPEI-24, the location identified by REOF1 was slightly shifted from northwestern Shandong to western Shandong, and REOF2 and REOF3 identified another two weak patterns in the south edge and north edge of Jiaodong Peninsular, respectively. The potential causes of drought and the impact of drought on agriculture in the study area have also been discussed. The temporal variations and spatial patterns of drought obtained in this study provide valuable information for water resources planning and drought disaster prevention and mitigation in Eastern China.     

基于FY3/MERSI数据的辽宁省植被指数重建及时空变化分析

为建立中国风云三系列气象卫星长时间序列归一化植被指数数据集,选用滤波和函数拟合方法,针对林地、湿地、水稻、玉米、大豆、城市和水体7类地物开展数据重建效果定量分析,确定最佳数据重建方法,并在辽宁省开展时空变化分析。结果表明：非对称高斯函数拟合法（Asymmetric Gaussians,AG）、Savitzky-Golay滤波法（SG）、双Logistic函数拟合法（Double Logistic,DL）和时间序列谐波分析法（Harmonic Analysis of Time Series,HANTS）四种方法均表现出相对较好的去噪能力。SG方法对噪声比较敏感,HANTS方法在低值区受噪声影响大。AG和DL方法平滑效果较好,DL方法的峰值更接近于原始峰值。在高植被覆盖区和季节性作物区,SG方法相关系数最高（>0.93）、均方根误差最低（< 0.1）;在城市和水体低植被指数区,HANTS方法相关系数最高,为0.87,但四种方法的均方根误差均在0.06左右,差别不大。综合考虑曲线和定量分析结果,选取SG方法进行辽宁省植被指数数据集数据重建。辽宁省植被指数数值高低的空间分布与下垫面植被类型相符合,东部山区林地植被指数最高,达到0.75以上。2009-2020年,辽宁省NDVI年均值存在波动,不同地物植被指数变化存在差别,水体和城市植被指数变化相对较小,旱田作物（玉米、大豆）的植被指数受干旱年的影响植被指数变化稍大。辽宁省主要粮食作物植被指数年内均呈单峰分布,与一年一熟型吻合,均在8月上旬达到最大值。     

Extreme drought event of 2009/2010 over southwestern China

The extreme drought of 2009/2010 over southwestern China is the driest event with the lowest percentage rainfall anomaly and the longest non-rain days during winter season (October–February) in the past 50?years, and also the severest one with the lowest percentage rainfall anomaly at the same period since 1880. The drought domain is characterized with anomalous warming and drying in the mid-lower troposphere as well as an evident anomalous subsidence. The favorable circulation anomalies for this drought are associated with the following two factors. One is the strongest negative-phase Arctic Oscillation during 2009/2010 winter that accompanies with a weakened Middle East Jet Stream (MEJS), the cyclonic anomaly over Arabian Sea (AS), the anticyclonic anomaly over Tibet and the cyclonic anomaly over Lake Baikal. The weakened MEJS, the AS cyclonic anomaly and the Tibet anticyclonic anomaly weaken the Southern Branch Trough (SBT) that directly decreases the moisture transport toward the southwestern China; the cyclonic anomaly over the Lake Baikal causes a deepened and westward shifted East Asian Major Trough (EAT) so that dry cold air behind the EAT easily invades down to southwestern China. The AS cyclonic anomaly favors the westward extension of Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH). The westward extension of WPSH is also associated with the second factor that is the El Nino Modoki event during 2009/2010 autumn–winter. The intensification and westward extension of WPSH enhance the local subsidence, weaken the SBT and exacerbate this drought.     

THE INTERANNUAL AND DECADAL VARIABILITY OF PRECIPITATION FOR YUNNAN PROVINCE IN RAINY SEASON AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH TROPICAL UPPER LAYER HEAT CONTENT

Based on the monthly precipitation data of 126 observation stations from 1961 to 2000 in Yunnan Province, the interannual and decadal variability of precipitation in rainy seasons are studied by using wavelet analysis. It is shownthat there is a 2 - 6 year oscillation at the interannual time scales and a quasi-30 year oscillation at the decadal time scales. These periodic oscillations relate to the distribution of tropical heat content. When the precipitation is much more (less) than normal, the upper seawater is colder (warmer) in almost all the tropical Indian Ocean, and warmer (colder) in the western Pacific as well ascolder (warmer) in the eastern Pacific. The key areas of the anomaly heat content distribution that have significant correlation to the Yunnan precipitation inrainy season are in the southern hemispheric Indian Ocean with a dipole patternin the winter as well as in the deep basin of the South China Sea (SCS) before the Yunnan rainy season begins. Therefore, the anomalous distributions of the heat content in the southern Indian Ocean and the SCS in winter are good indicators for predicting drought or flood in Yunnan Province in the following rainy season.     

2009年秋至2010年春我国西南地区严重干旱的成因分析

我国西南地区从2009年秋季到2010年春季发生了严重干旱,这次干旱无论持续时间和发生区域或降水减少程度都是近50年来所罕见的,因而本文利用ERA-40再分析资料和海温资料从热带西太平洋和热带印度洋热力异常对热带西太平洋和南亚上空大气环流的影响来分析了这次西南地区干旱发生的成因。分析结果表明:从2009年秋到2010年春季,热带西太平洋和热带印度洋处于升温状态,它使得热带西太平洋上空产生反气旋异常环流,造成了西南气流异常在我国东南沿海加强,而华南和华中地区上空处于低槽控制,因而在高原东部为槽后西北气流和下沉气流所控制,造成了从孟加拉湾来的水汽很难到达云贵高原,从而引起了此区域降水长期偏少。并且,分析结果还表明了中高纬度地区的环流异常对此次严重干旱也有重要影响。由于从2009年冬季到2010年春季中高纬度准定常行星波传播的极地波导偏强,而低纬波导偏弱,这导致波的E-P通量在60°N附近对流层和平流层为辐合,而在35°N附近对流层中、上层为辐散,从而引起纬向平均西风在60°N附近对流层和平流层减弱,而在35°N附近对流层中、上层加强,造成了北极涛动(AO)为很大的负值。由于AO为负值,东亚冬季冷空气活动强且路径偏东,使得到达西南地区冷空气偏弱,从而引起西南地区持续性严重干旱的发生。