探空资料在地面云观测中的应用

云的观测在地面观测中非常重要,为了提高地面人工观测云的准确性,利用气象台站的探空资料,对相应时段的地面观测数据中的低、中、高三族云进行校对应用,增加目测云的准确性,减少因人为因素而造成的观测误差;并阐明探空资料应用于地面云观测中的可行性。     

云观测记录简单化模式化的原因分析与对策建议

1引言云的观测是地面气象测报业务中的重要项目,虽然已安装了自动仪器,但云、能、天仍然是测报工作中目力观测的项目,云的观测是目测项目中最难的。云的观测主要包括判定云状、估计云量、测定云高和选定云码。其中判定云状是云的观测中最关键的,只     

浅谈暗夜云的观测

1 引言 云的观测是观测学中的重要组成部分,也是目测中较为困难的一个项目。尤其是暗夜云与白天云相比,观测难度就更大了。但是只要我们不断总结积累观测经验,是可以提高夜间云的观测能力及目测水平的。下面,我们从几个方面谈谈漆黑夜间云的观测体会。供同行参考。     

准确判定云状的方法

云状不仅反映当时大气的运动、稳定程度和水汽状况,也是预示未来天气变化的重要特征之一。正确观测分析云的变化,是了解大气物理状况,掌握天气变化规律的一个重要因素,也是为预测天气和气象服务提供依据的重要手段。因此,每位观测员都必须高度重视并能正确观测云。

     

天气系统变化在云的观测中的指示作用

1 引言 云的观测是地面气象观测的一项重要内容,正确辨别云状、云量、云高及确定云码对飞机航行、人工影响天气和天气预报都有重要意义.在地面气象观测中,云为目测项目,因此极易受到人为因素的影响.根椐天气系统变化,为综合分析云的发生和发展提供了一些依据,以保证云观测的准确性.     

浅谈暗夜云的观测

云的观测是观测学中的重要组成部分，也是目测中较为困难的一个项目。尤其是暗夜云与白天云相比，观测难度就更大了。但是只要我们不断总结积累观测经验，是可以提高夜间云的观测能力及目测水平的。下面，我们从几个方面谈谈漆黑夜间云的观测体会。供同行参考。     

云观测记录简单化模式化的原因分析与对策建议

1引言云的观测是地面气象测报业务中的重要项目,也是目测项目中最难的。云的观测主要包括判定云状、估计云量、测定云高和选定云码。其中判定云状是云的观测中最关键的,只有云状判定正确才能选定正确的云码。但云状观测记录中时常     

浅谈如何提高云的观测质量

1引言 云的形态是复杂多变的,云的观测是地面气象测报业务中的一个重要项目。随着高科技在气象观测中的不断投入和气象观测仪器的不断更新,很多观测项目都实现了自动化,而云的观测却仍然依靠目测。云的观测因以目测为主,观测难度最大,观测员的主观判断起决定作用,观测员所具备的观测理论知识和实践经验,以及复杂天气下的分析判断能力等都直接影响着云的观测质量。     

如何提高云的观测水平

1　提高云的观测水平云是大气中水汽凝结 (凝华 )成水滴、过冷水滴、冰晶或它们的混合组成的可见悬浮物。云的生成、外形特征、量的多少、分布及其演变 ,不仅反映了当时大气的运动、稳定程度和水汽状况等 ,而且也是预示未来天气变化的重要征兆之一。正确观测分析云的变化 ,是了解认识大气物理状况 ,掌握天气变化规律的一个重要因素。也是预报天气的重要手段。但是 ,近几年来 ,由于种种原因 ,云的观测日趋简单化 ,如Ｎｓ、Ａｃ云中Ａｃｌｅｎｔ、Ａｃｃａｓｔ、Ｃｉ云中的Ｃｉｎｏｔ、Ｃｉｕｎｃ和Ｃｓｎｅｂｕ及Ｃｃ云 ,现在很难看到 ,有的…     

激光云高仪与可见光测云仪观测试验对比

选取激光云高仪观测的云高和可见光测云仪观测的云量,通过对比两种地面云观测设备观测数据在相同条件下的差异,分析不同要素对设备观测性能的影响,结果表明:在相同观测条件下,两种地基云观测设备的观测结果不同;激光云高仪和可见光测云仪受雾、霾、降水等天气现象以及云物理特性的影响,云观测数据会出现的漏报和误报的现象;激光云高仪还受自身探测高度和垂直分辨率的影响,对高云和薄云的捕获率较差。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...