基于人工触发闪电试验雷电流的频谱分析

通过对人工触发闪电试验实测雷电流的初始连续电流、8次回击以及回击间的连续电流等过程的数据进行FFT傅里叶变换,获得雷电流频谱参数,再对频谱参数进行累加分析,得出频谱特征,为雷电流频谱研究提供参考。分析结果表明实测雷电流幅值和能谱主要集中在1 MHz以下频段,在0~100 kHz频段与标准雷电波形8/20(μs)频谱很接近,均为50%以上。对于通信系统,可通过LC分流法阻止1 MHz以下频率的电波侵入,能消除掉90%以上的闪电电涌能量。     

0.1~40 MHz地闪、 云闪及NBE事件的辐射场频谱特征分析

利用宽带傅立叶分析法对2008年7月30日和8月4日两次雷暴过程中, 距离观测点5~20 km范围内的55次负地闪回击过程, 33次云内闪电过程以及20次双极性窄脉冲事件（NBE）的电磁辐射信号进行了观测分析, 得到地闪回击、 云闪放电初始阶段以及双极性窄脉冲事件在0.1~40 MHz频带宽度下的电磁辐射能量谱密度。结果表明, 这三类闪电放电过程的辐射频谱波形均呈现出随频率增加、 幅值减小的趋势, 但在辐射强度和衰减速率上存在一定的差异。负地闪回击幅频波形在6~28 MHz频段上衰减速率相对缓慢; 云闪初始阶段在全频带上始终遵循f-1.2~f-1.4之间的衰减率递减, 且其频谱幅值与地闪回击的辐射能量谱幅值相差不大; NBE事件在0.1~40 MHz频带中辐射能量谱幅值基本都明显大于其他两类闪电放电过程, 特别是在10 MHz以上的HF、 VHF频带上其差异可达到20 dB。     

标准雷电波形的频谱分析及其应用

标准雷电波频谱分析可以获悉其电压、电流在不同频段的振幅、能量等分布，为防雷器件和电子设备的标准波形7中击试验以及基层雷电防护工作提供技术参考。选取常用的8／20（μs）、10／350（μs）波形、后续雷击0．25／100（μs）波形和国家标准推荐雷电试验波形（10／200、4／300、1．2／50、10／700（μs）），通过连续傅立叶变换计算了不同波形的振幅、能量的频谱变化，并与自然闪电辐射场的频谱进行了比较。结果表明雷电电流波形的振幅和能量主要集中在低频部分，振幅频谱主要集中在1MHz以下，能量主要集中在几kHz到几百kHz；半峰值时间t2是雷电波振幅和能量频谱分布的主要因素，t2的大小决定了低频部分的谐波丰富程度。这些结论在雷电防护设计和应用中起到一定的参考作用。     

通信基站电力电子设备雷电自主监测和主动防御系统

当前常见浪涌保护器(SPD)的通用做法为,当电气过载时,脉冲电压超过系统最大额定电压值,具有非线性电压-电流(V-I)特性的分流单元会在过电压状态时表现出极小的阻抗,在正常情况下却是极大的阻抗值。该类方法是基于浪涌电流/电压波形参数设计,通过多级协调防护达到最终保护目的。介绍的防御系统则是针对具备UPS备用电源的电力电子设备设计,该系统基于侦测闪电先导发展过程中的连续电流脉冲特征,以微秒动作量级的开关在闪电袭击地面之前实现被保护设备与外界切断,形成"孤岛"而达到防护目的,在1～ 2 s,即本次闪电过程结束后,再恢复外界电源供电。从而达到极大程度的降低防护设计、器件等与浪涌电流/电压波形参数的关联,此外该系统无需多级防护,可降低当前雷电多级防护设计的难度,从而达到提高防护效果的目的。     

雷电过程中大气电场信号处理方法探究

基于天津市蓟州区大气电场探测数据和闪电定位数据，利用功率谱分析、小波降噪和快速傅里叶变换等信号处理方法，分析了雷电天气过程中地面大气电场变化特征。结果表明，雷电过程中大气电场能量主要集中在低频部分，利用sym5小波函数进行7层或8层分解，提取的低频信号能够反映大气电场的主要变化特征。在首次闪电发生前1小时，大气电场的频谱幅值起伏变化明显，且远高于非雷电天气电场频谱幅值。通过欧氏距离判别法，判断大气电场频谱特征更接近雷电天气还是非雷电天气，可为雷电预报预警提供参考。     

一次触发闪电先导头部引起的低压架空线路SPD过电压特征

为了研究闪电先导头部对低压架空线路的感性过电压的影响,在广州野外雷电试验基地架设试验线路,基于一次人工触发闪电,对架设的安装氧化锌SPD的低压架空配电线路的感应过电压和闪电快电场的特征进行分析。通过分析得出如下结论:(1)每次回击在SPD残压前都有明显的初始正极性脉冲出现,脉冲峰值234.8~1 463.5 V,平均值757.3 V;(2)低压架空线路的感应过电压初始正极性脉冲变化可以分成3种不同的类型,分别为波动型、突变型和振荡型,正极性过电压脉冲幅值与先导向地面发展的电场变化密切相关。     

基于多因素分析埋地电缆耦合雷电过电压

该文针对目前不能定量连续性的给出埋地电缆不同环境因素下雷击过电压变化趋势的缺陷,利用2.6/50μs计算理论雷电流波形,建立埋地电缆和闪电通道几何关系模型,主要研究了埋地电缆不同埋地深度、雷击点水平距离、电缆接地间隔因素对金属护套层和金属芯线间产生雷电感应过电压的影响,定量的分析出埋地电缆最合适的安装环境因素。研究表明,埋地深度在0.5～2.5 m的范围内,其埋地电缆绝缘外护套层和金属护套层间感应电压递减幅度较大,与孤立物体水平距离大于20 m时,电缆上雷击感应过电压较小,且在2 km处做一次防雷接地,雷电过电压趋于平缓变化趋势。     

自然闪电条件下不同结构屏蔽体内磁场的观测与特征

设计了4个规格一致、材料不同的屏蔽体,对自然闪电条件下4个不同结构屏蔽体内部的磁场变化特征进行了观测研究。试验期间共采集了5次自然闪电共14次回击的屏蔽体内部磁场波形,分析发现,砖混结构内部磁场与真实雷电流波形10/350特征基本一致,但少部分波形有明显的波动特性,这可能与特殊的闪电回击事件、试验现场环境和设备等多方面因素有关;钢混结构和格栅结构内部磁场波形特征相似,在回击阶段出现幅值较高的初始峰值,持续时间很短,回落后缓慢上升,到次峰及恢复零值持续时间较长,两者的峰值也基本相同;全金属结构内部磁场波形与以上3种结构屏蔽体波形特征有明显区别,在回击产生时有明显的初始峰值,很快回落,并出现反极性磁场变化的特征,恢复零值后磁场基本消失。     

广东野外雷电综合观测试验十年进展

雷电野外科学试验是认识雷电发生、发展物理过程及其致灾机理的重要途径,也是开展真实雷电电磁环境下雷电防护技术测试的重要方式。自2006年开始,中国气象科学研究院和广东省气象局在广州野外雷电试验基地,持续合作开展了雷电野外综合观测试验,在人工触发闪电和自然闪电物理过程及其雷电防护技术测试试验等方面取得了若干研究结果。十年期间共成功触发闪电94次,回击电流峰值最大值为42 kA,平均值为16 kA;分析给出了自然闪电预击穿过程电场变化脉冲特征类型和差异;观测发现高建筑物上行连接先导可达几百米甚至超过1 km,其发展速度可达106 m/s量级,下行先导与上行连接先导的连接呈多样性;雷电防护技术测试试验表明人工触发闪电近距离电磁场耦合在架空线路上的感应电压达到千伏量级,多回击、长连续电流和地电位抬升是造成浪涌保护器(SPD)损害的主要因素;闪电定位系统探测性能的评估结果显示粤港澳闪电定位系统的闪电和回击的探测效率分别为96%和89%,定位误差算术平均值为532 m,回击电流强度的估算值约为真实值的0.63倍。     

基于自然闪电下的限压型SPD残压特征分析

选取2017年6月15日和7月8日的2次人工引雷试验人工触发闪电数据,对采集系统记录了2次有明显残压波形的数据进行分析,结果表明:2次人工触发闪电的平均回击雷电流幅值为11.00kA,平均雷电流波形10%~90%的上升时间为0.24μs,平均雷电流的半峰宽度为10.98μs,平均雷电流的回击波形10%~90%的上升陡度38.20GA/s。2次人工触发闪电的平均残压持续时间为387.1μs,残压峰值平均值为969.4V,残压平均值为759.6V。自然闪电通常具有多回击、回击间隔时间短、放电过程复杂多样等特点,有可能破坏SPD热稳定性,加速老化,甚至可能被击穿;而该试验中SPD没有被损坏,主要是因为:人工触发闪电造成架空线路近距离发生闪电感应,尽管SPD的残压值高,但是电流比较小,所以SPD承受的能量不大。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;