参考大气和大气质量守恒格式对气候模式月预报效果的改进试验

为了考查参考大气和大气质量守恒格式对气候谱模式月预报的改进能力,我们在国家气候中心气候谱模式中引入了这两个方案,选取了两个个例进行验证。对不同方案的月平均预报结果与实况进行了比较,并讨论了不同方案对高度场距平相关系数和均方根误差的影响。本文个例试验结果表明,这两个方案对月平均预报结果均有改进,参考大气方案的改进比大气质量守恒方案更为明显。     

用初始方程二层模式模拟一月和七月全球海平面气压场

用低分辨率的初始方程二层模式在给定下垫面温度下模拟了一月及七月全球海平面气压场,其中加热项主要是感热垂直输送。计算采用守恒的Lilly空间差分格式及Matsuno的时间差分格式。海平面气压的初值给成常数值,高空的风速及气温的初值给成纬向平均的气侯值。在数值模拟中,下垫面温度用一月及七月的气候实际值。计算的冬半球海平面气压与观测值相当一致,而夏半球的结果稍差些。本模式所求得的全球海平面气压场能与实况相比,结果并不差于高分辨率的复杂模式。     

土壤种类对气候影响的数值模拟

本文在有限区域5层模式中,引入修改后的土壤温度和土壤湿度的预报方法,进一步完善了模式,同时把积分区域内的陆地分成5种不同类型的下垫面,即:粘土牧草地、热带雨林气候下的土壤、沙漠、沼泽地和雪面,用此改进的5层模式模拟了下垫面对气侯的影响。模拟结果表明:模式大气对于陆地下垫面边界条件是敏感的,不同种类的下垫面,影响也不同。     

日本气象工作考察印象（3）

6日本气象厅的气侯业务日本气象厅对气候工作十分重视。1990年6月成立了气候资料中心,主要任务是控集全球气候资料和温室气体等资料,进行综合鳖理分析,定期向政府、大学、科研所以及世界气象组织提供.为加强和扩大气候资料捏集工作,成立了厄尔尼诺监测中心、温暖化变化中心,并高度注意对o:的监测.”气候研究工作由气象研究所气候研究部承担。在气候研究方面,目前主要开展了以下几个方面的工作:6.l利用数值模式进行气候和长期预报的研究,建立l～6个月长期预报动力数值预报模式,巳在业务上应用.6.2异常天气、气候变化机制的研究.对中、高纬大…     

美国国家环保局现行大气质量模式的特点和应用

现在,大气质量模式已成为美国环保机构实施大气质量管理的重要组成部分。本文介绍了美国国家环保局在《空气质量模式指南》和《大气污染应用模式用户网(UNAMAP)》中发布和推荐的有关模式的特点与应用。     

AMIP模式对大气经向质量输送的模拟评估

从描述南、北半球间大气经向质量传输的角度人手,考察IPCC第4次评估报告提供的8个AMIP大气环流模式对越赤道质量通量输送的模拟性能。结果表明:NCAR、MPI和UKMO模式模拟出的越赤道整层大气质量通量与观测大体相一致;MIROC3模拟的整层大气质量通量年循环与观测结果相去甚远,尤其在夏季模拟出较强的虚假向北大气质量输送;IAP模拟的整层大气质量通量年循环方向与观测结果在7个月份中相反;把垂直大气分为4层.各模式对700 hPa以下(I_1)和300-70 hPa(I_3)两层质量通量的模拟能力普遍较好;对700-300 hPa层(I_2)质量通量模拟结果偏差较大;除MIROC3外,其余模式基本能够模拟出70-10 hPa(I_4)大气质量通量的季节变化.显然,不仅南、北半球间大气存在质量交换,越过其他纬度同样存在着经向大气质量输送,无论冬季、夏季还是年平均,各模式对越过其他纬度(60°S-60°N)经向大气质量输送的模拟结果与观测差异明显。整体权衡,UKMO_HADGEMl在模拟越赤道大气质量通量方面表现突出,MPI_ECHAM5模式优势较明显;NCAR、GISS和GFDL 3个模式在某些压力层内具有较好的模拟水平;MIROC模式对整层、700-300 hPa层的模拟能力较低,而对700 hPa以下层和300-70 hPa层的模拟水平较高;IAP_FGOALS和CNRM模式在模拟越赤道大气质量通量方面存在一定的不足.     

美国现用大气质量模拟模式

一、前言根据《清洁空气法修正案》中“防止空气质量严重恶化”条款的规定,在一些重大的排放设施建成以前,要履行排放量批准手续,即对这些设施的大气质量影响作出预评价,因此,对大气质量模拟模式提出了更高要求。为了在模式的使用方面做到较为统一,1978     

湿地锐减下三江平原的气候变化

通过分析1961～2001年三江平原18个台站的气温、降水资料，揭示了三江平原的气候特征和气侯变化的基本事实，得出三江平原在随大背景场气候整体变化的形势下，大规模开垦导致湿地面积锐减而加剧了当地干热化程度的结论。     

青岛地区降水的Gamma分布模式

按照Strahler提出的世界气侯分类,青岛地区属于湿润大陆性气候。一般气候特征是:季节对比鲜明,天气变化剧烈、全年降水丰富。夏季由于热带海洋气团侵入,降水增多。冬季则受从北部源地频繁入侵的极地大陆气团控制。按照文献的分类,青岛地区属于温带季风型气侯,降水具有明显的季节性。在这种气候背景下、为了解青岛地区的降水特征,我们在本文中做了以下工作: 1:用二参数Gamma分布模式拟合青岛地区各月和年降水量分布,建立月和年降水量分布模式。     

广西三十年气候极值特征分析

本文根据“气象异常年表”规定的统计项目,对广西近三十年(1961—1990年)气候极值进行了分析,得出气温、降水、日照等要素气侯极值的时空分布特征。     

全球变暖背景下的气候服务

气候与人的关系密不可分.气候学本身就是人类认识自然、利用气候的科学.最近五十多年,地球气候明显地受到了人类活动的影响,而变化的气候又通过各种途径影响人类的生产和生活.21世纪人类必须高度重视并积极应对气候变化及与其相伴随的各种极端天气气候事件.通过进一步加强气候监测,加强气候科学研究和模式研发,迅速提升气候预测能力,并通过加强建立与用户之间的伙伴关系,建立气候服务系统,从而不断提高服务水平,以适应日趋严峻的气候变化.     

Adaptive Management of the Global Climate Problem: Bridging the Gap Between Climate Research and Climate Policy

To date the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has concerned itself with gathering a state of the art review of the science of climate change. While significant progress has been made in enhancing our integrated understanding of the climate system and the dynamics of the social systems that produce an array of potential greenhouse gases, it is also clear from the panel's reports how far the science community is from being able to present a dynamic and synoptic view of the climate system as a whole. Clear evidence of these complexities and uncertainties inherent in the climate system is evident in efforts aimed at designing robust policy interventions. In this paper, we argue that the adaptive management framework in ecosystem management may be a useful model for guiding how the IPCC can continue to be relevant both as a scientific establishment and as a policy-relevant scientific endeavor.     

Probabilistic Inference for Future Climate Using an Ensemble of Climate Model Evaluations

This paper describes an approach to computing probabilistic assessments of future climate, using a climate model. It clarifies the nature of probability in this context, and illustrates the kinds of judgements that must be made in order for such a prediction to be consistent with the probability calculus. The climate model is seen as a tool for making probabilistic statements about climate itself, necessarily involving an assessment of the model’s imperfections. A climate event, such as a 2^{^}C increase in global mean temperature, is identified with a region of ‘climate-space’, and the ensemble of model evaluations is used within a numerical integration designed to estimate the probability assigned to that region.     

基于气候资源向量的相对气候生产潜力模型研究

从气候状态向量的观点出发,借助于旋转主分量分析方法,计算各站气候资源向量.在此基础上,将光照、热量、水分等气候环境条件综合为气候资源向量并分别与某种作物的标准生长模式曲线线型建立差异(作物生态适宜度)比较关系,提出一种新的农业气候生产潜力模型.由此得到相对光合生产潜力、相对光热生产潜力和相对气候生产潜力,从而改进了原有...     

The Seasonal Climate and Low Frequency Oscillation in the Simulated Mid-Holocene Megathermal Climate

l.IntroductionThegoalofPMIP(PaleoclimateModellingIntercomparisonProject)istocomparethestate-ofthe-artclimatemodels'simulationsforthepastclimateonthebasisofthepaleoclimatedata.Oneofthemostinterestingperiodsisthemid-Holoceneduring8.5-3.OkaBPwiththemaximumin7.2-6.OkaBP(beforepresent)inChina(Shietal.,l992).Itwasre-vealedthatthetemPeraturewasl-4'Chigherandtheprecipitationwas4O%-loO%largercomparedtothepresentoverChina(Shietal.,l992;Anetal..l99l;Kongetal.,l99O,l99l).Therehavebeensomesimula…     

区域气候模拟研究

区域气候模拟是近几年发展起来的研究有限区域气候及气候变化的方法。由于区域气候模式较好地表示了地形和地表状况，同时包含较详细的陆地过程方案，因而能捕获许多大气环流模式难以分辨的区域尺度温度、降水分布和土壤水分变化特征。此外，区域气候模拟对于了解温室气体强迫可能导致的全球增暖在区域尺度上的特征及生态、环境效应也具有重要的意义。该文总结区域气候模式和模拟试验结果，并指出存在问题及今后研究的重点。     

我国短期气候动力预测模式系统的研究及试验

气候和气候异常对我国的国民经济发展具有重大影响,为提高短期气候预测的准确率,研究动力气候模式短期气候预测新技术至关重要.通过近5年的努力,建立了一套出月动力延伸预报模式,海气耦合的全球气候模式(AGCM+OGCM+海冰+高分辨率印度洋-太平洋海盆模式),区域气候模式季和年际尺度的业务动力模式组成的系统.初步把我国的短期气候预测水平由经验统计方法提高到定量和客观分析的水平上.在此基础上,已建成了一个具有物理基础的统计方法与气候动力模式相结合的综合气候预报系统.     

The Impacts of Climate Change on the Autumn North Atlantic Wave Climate

Abstract

In this study, we investigate the impact of global warming induced by possible climate change on the autumn winds, the related storm climate, and the wave climate over the North Atlantic Ocean. These analyses are based on a third-generation wave model, WAVEWATCHIII? and dynamically downscaled winds, obtained from the Canadian Regional Climate Model driven by the third version of the Coupled Global Climate Model (T47) from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis following the A1B climate change scenario of the Special Report on Emission Scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Compared with the present wave climate, represented as 1970–1999, the significant wave heights in the northeast North Atlantic will increase, whereas in other areas, such as the mid-latitudes, they will decrease, with associated changes in winds in the future climate (2040–2069). An analysis of inverse wave ages is used to suggest that wind-driven wave regimes tend to occur more frequently in the northeast North Atlantic and decrease in the mid-latitudes in the climate change scenario. The dominant North Atlantic storm-track region is estimated to shift northward, especially over the northern Northeast Atlantic, where the frequency of occurrence of the most intense cyclones is estimated to increase. We suggest that changes in storm densities are related to changes in the upper level steering flow in the atmosphere, which are the precursor to changes in the winds and ocean waves.     

Assessing the Impacts of Eurasian Snow Conditions on Climate Predictability with a Global Climate Model

On the basis of two ensemble experiments conducted by a general atmospheric circulation model (Institute of Atmospheric Physics nine-level atmospheric general circulation model coupled with land surface model, hereinafter referred to as IAP9L_CoLM), the impacts of realistic Eurasian snow conditions on summer climate predictability were investigated. The predictive skill of sea level pressures (SLP) and middle and upper tropospheric geopotential heights at mid-high latitudes of Eurasia was enhanced when improved Eurasian snow conditions were introduced into the model. Furthermore, the model skill in reproducing the interannual variation and spatial distribution of the surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies over China was improved by applying realistic (prescribed) Eurasian snow conditions. The predictive skill of the summer precipitation in China was low; however, when realistic snow conditions were employed, the predictability increased, illustrating the effectiveness of the application of realistic Eurasian snow conditions. Overall, the results of the present study suggested that Eurasian snow conditions have a significant effect on dynamical seasonal prediction in China. When Eurasian snow conditions in the global climate model (GCM) can be more realistically represented, the predictability of summer climate over China increases.