一次冰雹过程的对流单体识别与防雹效果分析

利用2018年6月12—13日山东鲁西北地区一次冰雹过程的常规气象资料,分析了冰雹形成的天气形势和物理量指标条件以及防雹效果。结果表明：人工防雹作业前后雷达回波指标呈明显的下降趋势,其中VIL值、回波顶高指标变化分别平均下降49.9%、37.4%,冰雹概率由作业前99.3%下降到作业后的28.7%,回波强度、回波顶高、VIL值下降最大值分别为10 dBz、7 km、48 kg·m^-2。通过对比分析两个相似对流单体的发展演变,实施防雹作业的对流单体回波强度下降7 dBz、回波顶高下降3 km、VIL值下降11 kg·m^-2、冰雹概率出现剧烈波动,防雹作业后较作业前回波强度、回波顶高、冰雹概率下降速度明显加快,而没有实施防雹作业的对流单体雷达回波综合指标在编号期间变化幅度小,进一步证实了人工防雹作业有效。     

冰雹云雷达识别方法及防雹作业经验

总结了辽宁省40余年人工防雹工作积累的成果和经验,归纳了3种类型冰雹云的雷达回波特征以及利用回波形态、回波参量和综合指标对其进行雷达识别的方法,并结合冰雹云数值模拟结果,总结了对具有液态水累积区的雹云、对超级单体冰雹云和对多单体冰雹云实施人工防雹作业的一些经验,对于各地的科学防雹作业具有参考作用。     

一次冰雹云雷达回波演变分析及人工防雹作业

2003年7月5日曲靖境内出现一次强冰雹云天气过程.对711B数字化雷达回波演变、防雹作业进行综合分析表明,这是一次强单体对流云合并形成"带"状强冰雹云系的天气过程.在此次过程中雷达监测、防雹作业时机、用弹量把握的好坏,直接影响作业效果.     

两块冰雹云催化防雹效果分析

为了研究防雹技术、客观评价人工防雹效果和减轻冰雹灾害损失,采用物理效果检验方法中的对比方法,分析了2007年7月24日两块冰雹云防雹作业前后动态雷达回波特征.对雹云A实施防雹作业1次,最大回波强度减少10 dBz,45 dBz回波顶部高度降低0.8 km,云体加宽、减弱.平面显示,回波面积扩大,云体分裂,移动停止,并与...     

新疆阿克苏地区冰雹时空分布及雷达回波特征

利用"新疆气象灾情直报系统"冰雹灾情数据和阿克苏地区人工防雹作业信息,分析了阿克苏地区9县市2010—2019年冰雹天气的时间变化和空间分布特征,选用阿克苏地区9县市2009—2019年10场冰雹天气过程,应用美国Gibson Ridge Software LLC公司GR2Analyst雷达产品处理软件分析二次产品,得出以下结论:阿克苏地区近10 a平均每年出现冰雹14.5次,冰雹次数呈增多趋势,主要表现为春秋两季增多,5—7月冰雹天气高发,15—20时是冰雹易发时段,18—20时为高发时段,沙雅县和温宿县是阿克苏地区冰雹频发区。统计10个冰雹个例对流单体,1.5°仰角平均最大回波强度为50.7 dBZ、平均回波顶高为9.4 km、平均最大垂直液态水含量为12.8 kg·m^-2。超级单体风暴的雷达回波PPI上有"V"形缺口,垂直结构RHI有弱回波区或有界弱回波区。有界弱回波区或弱回波区面积越大、弱回波区上部回波越强、弱回波区高度越高,则冰雹越强,多单体风暴和单体风暴雷达回波的主要产品值明显小于超级单体。近10 a阿克苏地区人工防雹作业需关注春秋两季冰雹增多趋势,人工防雹作业高峰时段应集中在16—19时,比冰雹高发时段提前1~2 h。     

鲁西北地区一次秋季强对流天气的雷达识别分析

利用SA雷达探测和高空探空资料,结合防雹作业数据和灾情信息,对2016年9月11日发生在鲁西北地区的强对流天气过程中两个对流单体进行雷达识别分析。结果表明:两个对流单体发展迅速,在4-7个体扫(约25-45min)内,垂直液态水含量(VIL)分别跃增了27kg·m^-2、16kg·m^-2,达到64kg·m^-2、57kg·m^-2;在反射率因子图上都具有典型的冰雹回波特征:存在较明显的强回波墙、回波穹窿、有界弱回波区;实施防雹作业后,对流单体回波顶高、VIL、风暴质心高度、冰雹概率、强冰雹概率等指标持续下降,进一步证实了开展防雹作业可有效地减小降雹灾害。     

一次提前防雹试验及效果分析

为了科学实施人工防雹作业,减轻冰雹灾害损失,采用效果检验方法中的对比方法,分析了2007年7月24日两块冰雹云防雹作业前后711雷达回波的平面、高度变化,结果显示五次防雹作业后雷达图平面显示云团分散,高度显示云顶高度、45dBz高度均降低,这次高炮人工防雹作业有效,提前识别冰雹云、集中作业是防雹成功的关键。     

昭通一次多单体风暴冰雹灾害诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、高空探测资料、昭通多普勒天气雷达资料对2018年8月20日彝良县发生的冰雹灾害进行诊断分析,结果表明:①此次冰雹天气是一次多单体风暴造成的局地性强对流天气;②探空图上出现逆温层、喇叭口和垂直风切变等特征;③雷达回波表现出假尖顶回波、弱回波区等特征;④降雹前后垂直累积液态含水量(VIL)出现了跃增和陡降的现象;⑤防雹作业对对流风暴发展有抑制减弱效果,抓住合理的作业时机是取得防雹成败的关键。     

局地冰雹防御效果分析

利用2000年5月22日一次局地性冰雹过程的雷达回波资料，对防雹作业前后的回波进行对比分析，结果发现，作业后强回波面积明显减小、高度明显降低。说明人工防雹作业能够有效地遏制雹云发展，减轻或防止冰雹灾害。     

陇县防雹作业前后雷达回波变化分析

为了科学实施人工防雹作业,减轻冰雹灾害损失,采用对比方法,分析了2003-2007年5a人工高炮防雹作业前后711雷达回波的高度变化、45dBz回波高度变化、雷达回波强度变化,结果显示防雹作业后雷达高度显示上云顶高度平均降低1．26km、45dBz平均高度降低1．85km、雷达回波最大强度平均降低了6．0dBz,表明高炮人工防雹作业有一定的效果。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;