基于Faster R-CNN的食品图像检索和分类

面向食品领域的图像检索和分类等方面的研究成为多媒体分析和应用领域越来越受关注的研究课题之一.当前的主要研究方法基于全图提取视觉特征,但由于食品图像背景噪音的存在使得提取的视觉特征不够鲁棒,进而影响食品图像检索和分类的性能.为此,本文提出了一种基于Faster R-CNN网络的食品图像检索和分类方法.首先通过Faster R-CNN检测图像中的候选食品区域,然后通过卷积神经网络（CNN）方法提取候选区域的视觉特征,避免了噪音的干扰使得提取的视觉特征更具有判别力.此外,选取来自视觉基因库中标注好的食品图像集微调Faster R-CNN网络,以保证Faster R-CNN食品区域检测的准确度.在包括233类菜品和49 168张食品图像的Dish-233数据集上进行实验.全面的实验评估表明：基于Faster R-CNN食品区域检测的视觉特征提取方法可以有效地提高食品图像检索和分类的性能.     

一种基于场景合成和锚点约束的SAR目标检测网络

随着深度学习方法在计算机视觉领域的崛起,如何将其应用于具有全天时、全天候等优点的SAR图像也成为一大研究重点.相较于传统图像,SAR图像由于其难判读、应用人群较少等原因难以获得大量标注数据.本文提出一种基于场景合成和锚点约束的SAR图标检测方法.通过区域生长算法和阈值法对SAR车辆目标及其阴影进行分割,然后随机嵌入SAR复杂场景中的合理区域来合成目标检测数据集.针对SAR车辆目标的几何特性、图像分辨率参数,对Faster-RCNN中的锚点大小进行约束,减少不符合SAR车辆目标检测框尺寸的候选框,大量约简冗余计算,提升训练、测试效率及精度.     

基于注意力特征提取网络的图像描述生成算法

针对解决图像描述生成中对浅层图像特征利用不充分、图像目标间关系提取不足的问题,提出一种基于注意力图像特征提取的图像描述生成算法.通过语言模型上下文信息对不同深度图像特征进行自适应注意力权重分配,使带有注意力的图像特征参与指导图像描述生成,提升了图像描述生成的效果.在MSCOCO测试集中所提算法的BLEU-1和CIDEr得分分别达到0.752和0.934,从而验证了所提算法的有效性.     

面向智能驾驶视觉感知的对抗样本攻击与防御方法综述

现如今,深度学习已然成为机器学习领域最热门的研究方向之一,其在图像识别、目标检测、语音处理、问答系统等诸多领域都取得了巨大成功.然而通过附加经过特殊设计的细微扰动而构造出的对抗样本,能够破坏深度模型的原有性能,其存在使许多对安全性能指标具有极高要求的技术领域,特别是以视觉感知为主要技术优先的智能驾驶系统,面临新的威胁和挑战.因此,对对抗样本的生成攻击和主动防御研究,成为深度学习和计算机视觉领域极为重要的交叉性研究课题.本文首先简述了对抗样本的相关概念,在此基础上详细介绍了一系列典型的对抗样本攻击和防御算法.随后,列举了针对视觉感知系统的多个物理世界攻击实例,探讨了其对智能驾驶领域的潜在影响.最后,对对抗样本的攻击与防御研究进行了技术展望.     

浅谈天气预报节目电脑图像合成技术

图像合成属图像处理范畴。图像合成需有信号的来源 ,然后对其进行加工处理。图像可来源于录像带的视频素材或二维卡通、三维动画系统所生成的连续图像信号 ,亦或通过扫描仪、台式摄像机输入的画幅。输入的图像信号最终均以数字图像形式存于硬盘中 ,以便计算机读取以及加工处理。典型的图像合成系统由计算机硬件与合成软件及输入输出设备组成。例如 ,笔者现在用的图像合成系统的硬件设备为 :由奔 3 5 0 MHZCPU、 1 2 8MB内存、 SCSI口的 1 8GMB硬盘和视频捕获卡组成的计算机图形工作站及SONY1 60 0 / 1 80 0编辑机 ;合成软件为 :运…     

图像多标签学习的研究概述

随着图像大数据的爆发,特别是用户贡献数据的飞速增长,图像样本的语义内容越来越丰富,标签信息也随之越来越复杂.因此图像多标签学习的研究是近年来学术圈和产业界的研究热点之一,涌现了大量表现优异的方法和技术.基于此,本文将对近年来图像多标签学习上的研究成果进行总结.首先,对多标签学习进行简单介绍,并详述其主流方法的分类;随后,针对目前大数据时代的数据特性,总结了多标签学习面临的新的技术难点及其对应的解决方案;最后,在应用层面上介绍了多标签学习在医学、计算机科学等领域的应用实例.     

基于FY 3D的MERSI全球晴空数据合成技术

FY-3D极轨气象卫星作为最新一代的极地轨道气象卫星,其图像数据包含了丰富的植被、河流、山区等地表信息,对陆地资源调查、地表类型变化监测等具有重要作用。但几乎每轨遥感图像大约有2/3区域都被云雾覆盖,无法直接获取云层下的地表信息用于产品应用。本文研究晴空数据合成技术,首次提出反射率最小合成法、植被指数最大合成法和西格玛合成法的3个标准联合运用的晴空合成技术,利用先进的多时次气象卫星遥感数据合成技术,自动生成FY-3D中分辨率光谱成像仪(MERSI-II)250m分辨率晴空遥感数据,较好地实现了云和云阴影的去除,生成的晴空效果良好,具备了后续应用的价值。     

建立天空场景的模拟算法

建立真实感的天空场景,在环境仿真和气象现象模拟中,有着极其重要的应用价值,也是计算机可视化研究中的难题。首先通过确定色彩层次模型,改进基于中点的变位方法生成基本云图,然后使用基于图像的方法进行云图映射,最后融合气象信息要素等过程生成天空背景,并采用光照叠加、背景合成及色彩调整等方法,产生千姿百态、形象逼真的天空场景图。可在多种气象现象的模拟仿真,纹理贴图的产生以及气象信息可视化系统的开发等方面发挥重要的作用。     

图像特征检测与匹配方法研究综述

几十年来,图像特征检测与匹配一直是图像处理的最核心领域之一,是计算机视觉的基石.没有特征检测与匹配就没有SLAM、Sfm、AR、通用图像检索、图像配准、全景图像等视觉任务.本文在回顾几十年来的经典检测算法的基础上,阐述了引用最新的以深度学习为首的机器学习算法后,在本领域取得的最新进展,包括特征点、局部特征子、全局特征子、匹配及优化、端到端框架等所有关键点,展示了算法各自的优缺点.总而言之,面对工业界的宽基线、实时、低算力检测的要求,图像特征检测和匹配仍然是一项未能完整攻克的任务,融合特征点、局部特征子、全局特征子、匹配及优化的多任务全局框架成为未来发展的趋势.     

基于复杂网络的城市公交网络研究综述

近年来,基于复杂网络理论的城市公交网络研究得到了人们的广泛关注,相关的研究成果有助于深入理解城市公交网络的运行机理,并为这类网络的设计、优化与控制提供帮助.首先介绍了城市公交网络的研究背景、城市公交系统的网络描述和相关的网络概念.然后从网络的静态特性分析、演化生成建模、行为研究和应用研究等方面对国内外的研究现状进行了总结和分析.最后,总结并讨论了当前基于复杂网络的城市公交网络的研究状况与发展机遇.     

Global action networks: Agents for collective action

Global action networks (GANs) are civil society initiated multi-stakeholder arrangements that aim to fulfill a leadership role for systemic change in global governance for sustainable development. The paper develops a network approach to study some of these GANs as motivators of global collective action and investigates how in their interaction processes the actors involved create the organizational capacity for collective change. Based on a variety of case studies, the paper highlights crucial factors determining the performance of GANs; among them the characteristics of the issue field and the development stage of the GAN. The analysis also shows how GANs play two crucial roles, sometimes in combination, sometimes successively. These are labelled as the broker and entrepreneur role. The paper concludes with some conditions for collective action that are underexposed in collective action theory.     

Ice Nucleation of Cirrus Clouds Related to the Transported Dust Layer Observed by Ground-Based Lidars over Wuhan,China

Cirrus clouds related to transported dust layers were identified on 22 occasions with ground-based polarization lidar from December 2012 to February 2018 over Wuhan (30.5°N, 114.4°E), China. All the events occurred in spring and winter. Cirrus clouds were mostly located above 7.6 km on top of the aloft dust layers. In-cloud relative humidity with respect to ice (RH_i) derived from water vapor Raman lidar as well as from ERA5 reanalysis data were used as criteria to determine the possible ice nucleation regimes. Corresponding to the two typical cases shown, the observed events can be classified into two categories: (1) category A (3 cases), in-cloud peak RH_i ≥ 150%, indicating competition between heterogeneous nucleation and homogeneous nucleation; and (2) category B (19 cases), in-cloud peak RH_i < 150%, revealing that only heterogeneous nucleation was involved. Heterogeneous nucleation generally took place during instances of cirrus cloud formation in the upper troposphere when advected dust particles were present. Although accompanying cloud-top temperatures ranged from –51.9°C to –30.4°C, dust-related heterogeneous nucleation contributed to primary ice nucleation in cirrus clouds by providing ice nucleating particle concentrations on the order of 10^?3 L^?1 to 10² L^?1. Heterogeneous nucleation and subsequent crystal growth reduced the ambient RH_i to be less than 150% by consuming water vapor and thus completely inhibited homogeneous nucleation.     

BCCAGCM模式在神威·太湖之光系统的优化

开展气象数值模式在神威·太湖之光系统的移植与优化,对研究模式与新型计算架构的适应性有重要意义。该文以BCCAGCM模式为研究对象,将其移植到神威·太湖之光全国产异构众核计算系统,进行性能分析,对模式动力框架和物理过程计算结构进行调整,将计算核心段采用OpenACC技术进行众核加速优化,大量代码进行算法重构。结果表明:各核心段计算效率基本达到未优化的3倍左右,最高可达14倍左右,将各核心段集成,形成异构众核集成版本,可正确、稳定运行,计算误差合理。在不同并行规模,采用从核对模式整体计算进行加速效果比较稳定,基本保持在1.9倍,26000核并行规模动力试验并行效率约70%,其他试验约为57%。     

白洋淀水陆不均匀地区能量平衡特征分析

应用2005年9月在河北白洋淀地区进行的大气边界层综合观测实验资料, 对水陆不均匀地表条件下的白洋淀地区陆地的能量平衡特征进行了分析。结果表明: (1) 该地区存在能量不闭合现象。涡动相关法得到的感热、 潜热之和仅为有效能的75%, 其中涡动相关法得到的潜热通量为Bowen比法得到的潜热通量的70%, 而涡动相关法得到的感热通量为Bowen比法得到的感热通量的77% 。 (2) 地表潜热通量和感热通量随着净辐射的变化而变化。但潜热通量明显比感热通量大, 净辐射主要消耗于地表的水汽蒸发。 (3) 该地区白天的Bowen比平均在-0.4~0.4之间, 总体平均为0.131。受天气条件影响较大, 有明显的日变化, 午后15:00以后近地面层会出现逆温, Bowen比变为负值。 (4) 能量闭合程度有一定的日变化, 随着太阳高度角的增大而增大。     

基于生成对抗网络的音乐标签自动标注

针对如何快速有效地对音乐信息进行查询、检索和组织的问题,提出了一种基于生成对抗网络模型的多标签音乐自动标注系统.通过音乐自动语义标注技术,可以提高音乐检索系统的性能.利用LDA方法对音乐标签进行聚类以获取主题类别,再通过生成对抗网络,找到音乐的音频特征与语义特征之间的映射关系.应用于CAL500数据集的5次交叉验证实验结果表明,该方法的综合性能指标与现有方法相比有较大的提升.     

Heat Flux Apportionment to Heterogeneous Surfaces Using Flux Footprint Analysis

Heat flux data collected from the Baiyangdian Heterogeneous Field Experiment were analyzed using the footprint method. High resolution (25 m) Landsat-5 satellite imaging was used to determine the land cover as one of four surface types: farmland, lake, wetland, or village. Data from two observation sites in September 2005 were used. One site (Wangjiazhai) was characterized by highly heterogeneous surfaces in the central area of the Baiyangdian: lake/wetland. The other site (Xiongxian) was on land with more uniform surface cover. An improved Eulerian analytical flux footprint model was used to determine "source areas" of the heat fluxes measured at towers located at each site from surrounding landscapes of mixed surface types.In relative terms results show that wetland and lake areas generally contributed most to the observed heat flux at Wangjiazhai, while farmland contributed most at Xiongxian. Given the areal distribution of surface type contributions, calculations were made to obtain the magnitudes of the heat flux from lake, wetland and farmland to the total observed flux and apportioned contributions of each surface type to the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Results show that on average the sensible heat flux from wetland and farmland were comparable over the diurnal cycle, while the latent heat flux from farmland was somewhat larger by about 30-50 W m-2 during daytime. The latent and sensible fluxes from the lake source in daytime were about 50 W m-2 and 100 W m-2 less, respectively, than from wetland and farmland. The results are judged reasonable and serve to demonstrate the potential for flux apportionment over heterogeneous surfaces.     

Heat flux apportionment to heterogeneous surfaces using flux footprint analysis

Heat flux data collected from the Baiyangdian Heterogeneous Field Experiment were analyzed using the footprint method. High resolution （25 m） Landsat-5 satellite imaging was used to determine the land cover as one of four surface types： farmland, lake, wetland, or village. Data from two observation sites in September 2005 were used. One site （Wangjiazhai） was characterized by highly heterogeneous surfaces in the central area of the Baiyangdian： lake/wetland. The other site （Xiongxian） was on land with more uniform surface cover. An improved Eulerian analytical flux footprint model was used to determine “source areas” of the heat fluxes measured at towers located at each site from surrounding landscapes of mixed surface types. In relative terms results show that wetland and lake areas generally contributed most to the observed heat flux at Wangjiazhai, while farmland contributed most at Xiongxian. Given the areal distribution of surface type contributions, calculations were made to obtain the magnitudes of the heat flux from lake, wetland and farmland to the total observed flux and apportioned contributions of each surface type to the sensible and latent heat fluxes. Results show that on average the sensible heat flux from wetland and farmland were comparable over the diurnal cycle, while the latent heat flux from farmland was somewhat larger by about 30-50 W m-2 during daytime. The latent and sensible fluxes from the lake source in daytime were about 50 W m-2 and 100 W m-2 less, respectively, than from wetland and farmland. The results are judged reasonable and serve to demonstrate the potential for flux apportionment over heterogeneous surfaces.     

Modeling Study of the Impact of Heterogeneous Reactions on Dust Surfaces on Aerosol Optical Depth and Direct Radiative Forcing over East Asia in Springtime

The spatial distributions and interannual variations of aerosol concentrations,aerosol optical depth(AOD) ,aerosol direct radiative forcings,and their responses to heterogeneous reactions on dust surfaces over East Asia in March 2006-10 were investigated by utilizing a regional coupled climate-chemistry/aerosol model. Anthropogenic aerosol concentrations(inorganic+carbonaceous) were higher in March 2006 and 2008,whereas soil dust reached its highest levels in March 2006 and 2010,resulting in stronger aerosol radiative forcings in these periods.The domain and five-year(2006-10) monthly mean concentrations of anthropogenic and dust aerosols,AOD,and radiative forcings at the surface(SURF) and at the top of the atmosphere(TOA) in March were 2.4μg m-3,13.1μg m-3,0.18,-19.0 W m-2,and-7.4 W m-2,respectively.Heterogeneous reactions led to an increase of total inorganic aerosol concentration;however,the ambient inorganic aerosol concentration decreased,resulting in a smaller AOD and weaker aerosol radiative forcings.In March 2006 and 2010,the changes in ambient inorganic aerosols,AOD,and aerosol radiative forcings were more evident.In terms of the domain and five-year averages,the total inorganic aerosol concentrations increased by 13.7%(0.17μg m-3) due to heterogeneous reactions,but the ambient inorganic aerosol concentrations were reduced by 10.5%(0.13μg m-3) .As a result,the changes in AOD,SURF and TOA radiative forcings were estimated to be-3.9%(-0.007) ,-1.7%(0.34 W m-2) ,and-4.3%(0.34 W m-2) ,respectively,in March over East Asia.     

A theoretical analysis of the effects of surface heterogeneity on the fluxes between ground and air

Summary The computation of the fluxes between ground surface and air in atmospheric models is based on the assumption that the surfaces parameters are horizontally homogeneous. In reality, the surface is heterogeneous, inducing a difference between the computed and realistic fluxes. Assuming that the distributions of temperature and humidity of the surface are normal, the difference of the fluxes for homogeneous and heterogeneous surface is found theoretically. The results show that the effect of the heterogeneity on the radiation flux is small, but attains a certain degree on the sensible and latent heat fluxes. However, this effect on the heat fluxes is not great when the standard deviation of the distribution of the surface parameters also is small. Only in case of great standard deviation, the difference may attain several W/m² even the order of magnitude of 10 W/m². Usually the computed sensible and latent heat fluxes are slightly greater for the heterogeneous case than that for homogeneous case, but when the interaction between the temperature and humidity of the surface is considered, the reverse is true. Received January 18, 2001 Revised July 31, 2001     

Cooperative interaction of rich and poor can be catalyzed by intermediate climate targets

International climate negotiations that aim at reducing global greenhouse gas emissions are strongly influenced by a conflict between rich and poor countries and by a lack of consensus about the urgency of emission reduction measures. We have previously in an experimental game characterised the implied challenge of avoiding dangerous climate change as the “collective-risk social dilemma”. Here we introduce heterogeneous wealth and two time horizons into the collective-risk social dilemma game. We show that rich players are willing to substitute for missing contributions by the poor, provided the players collectively face intermediate climate targets that, if not reached, are potentially followed by simulated intermediate costly climate risks. However, despite some increase in the contributions of the rich against the final collective target, the final target is reached less often than the intermediate target. Our results provide experimental evidence that similar, intermediate time horizons between climate risks and climate change mitigation planning are a necessary, though not sufficient, component of successful climate negotiations.