陕西省农业气象信息系统

陕西省农业气象信息系统业务平台是从气象要素信息的采集、气象条件的分析评价、农业气象指标查询、陕西省农业种植的布局和生产信息提取、农业气象周年服务计划和未来天气气候预测信息的获取等研制开发的。系统根据需求完成对气象和农业信息自动化处理，实现对气象要素的定性、定量分析。系统在生成数据表格的基础上，形成不同地理信息背景的气象和农业信息图形图像产品，实现农业生产的前期、当前和未来气象信息的全面快速提取和分析，进行有计划有针对性的农业气象服务。     

冬小麦气候适宜诊断指标确定方法探讨

在考虑土壤水分和降水对冬小麦各生长发育阶段影响不同的基础上,构建了冬小麦水分适宜度计算方法,结合冬小麦温度适宜度和日照适宜度计算模型,建立了冬小麦气候适宜度计算模型.利用不同时段的气候适宜度与冬小麦气象产量的关系,采用加权平均构建了冬小麦播种至某一发育阶段的气候适宜指数.利用历史气候适宜指数最大值、平均值、最小值和冬小麦观测试验资料,建立了冬小麦播种至某一发育阶段的气候适宜程度诊断阈值;并利用该阈值,建立了冀、鲁、豫地区冬小麦播种至某一发育阶段的气候适宜、基本适宜和不太适宜诊断指标,对提升农业气象定量评价服务具有十分重要的意义.     

玉米品种精细化布局气象服务技术

针对兴安盟玉米生产中气候资源利用不合理现状,在建立玉米品种资源数据库和精细化气候资源(80m×80m)推算模型基础上,区分不同耕地类型和有无灌溉条件分类建立了玉米品种布局精细化气候指标,并开发了操作简单的服务系统.结果能够提供任意地区玉米品种优选方案和任意玉米品种的适宜种植地区,为最大限度合理利用气候资源、实现增产增收提供气象服务.     

国家级现代农业气象业务技术进展

农业气象业务技术是开展农业气象服务的基础和前提,因此,农业气象业务技术的研发一直是国家级农业气象业务服务的核心工作。近年来,国家级农业气象业务技术已逐步迈向精细化、定量化,涵盖了农业气象监测评价、作物产量预报、农业气象灾害监测评估与影响预报、农用天气预报、农林病虫害发生发展气象等级预报等诸多领域。随着农业气象业务技术的发展,支撑农业气象服务的客观产品更加丰富和多样化,既有站点产品,又有格点产品,涵盖了日、周、月、季、年等不同时间尺度。以农业气象指标、数理统计模型、作物生长模拟、卫星遥感、地理信息系统、大数据等技术为核心的国家级农业气象业务平台（CAgMSS）已成为全国农业气象业务系统的重要品牌。面向现代农业发展对气象服务日益增长的需求,精细化、精准化的农业气象灾害监测与风险评估技术、作物长势评估与产量预报综合集成技术、农业应对气候变化技术以及农业气象大数据挖掘与人工智能技术将是未来国家级农业气象业务技术发展的重点。     

中国农业气象服务典型案例总结

随着农业产业结构与种植结构的调整以及气候变化和极端气候事件的增多,农业生产中出现了不少新的农业气象问题,因此,中国气象局批准实施了“中国农业气象服务典型案例总结”业务建设项目,旨在系统收集20世纪90年代以来中国各地农业气象服务的典型案例,总结农业气象服务的经验和不足,探求可拓展的农业气象服务新领域,     

中国农业气象业务系统(CAgMSS)设计与实现

中国农业气象业务系统(CAgMSS)是基于C/S架构,研发的面向国家级和省级农业气象服务的业务工作平台,主要包括农业气象监测评价、作物产量预报、灾害监测评估、农用天气预报等子系统,是农业气象业务的基础性软件。系统融合现代信息技术和农业气象业务技术,实现了全部子系统数据管理、模型运算、产品制作等业务流程的一体化。系统采用大型关系型数据库规范了农业气象各类业务数据,基于插件技术集成各项业务功能,实现多元数据、多指标、多模型在农业气象监测、评价、预报等领域的综合应用,提高了农业气象产品的定量化、精细化、客观化水平。系统于2012年投入业务应用,基于该系统制作的农业气象情报、作物产量气象预报、农业气象灾害影响评估、关键农时农事气象保障等服务产品,在指导全国农业生产和防灾减灾中发挥了重要作用,明显提高了农业气象业务能力和业务工作效率。     

东北地区玉米整地、播种和收获气象适宜度评价模型

天气、土壤条件影响玉米整地、播种和收获作业的质量及作业效率,进而影响到苗情、产量和生产成本,东北地区相关的农业气象要素是土壤湿度、土壤解冻深度、温度、日雨量和风力等.根据气象、土壤条件对玉米整地、播种和收获的影响,用模糊隶属函数建立了这些农事活动气象适宜度评价函数及其农业气象指标,用权重法分别建立了整地、播种和收获综合气象适宜度评价模型.检验结果表明,这些模式和指标符合实际,可以用于相关农事活动的气象适宜度评价业务.在气温和降水等气象要素预报的基础上,该模型还可以用于相关农事气象适宜度和适宜期的预报.     

我国农业气象业务的现状、问题及发展趋势

概述了国内农业气象业务的发展和现状,指出目前我国农业气象业务存在的主要问题,并根据现代农业经济发展需求,分析了未来10年我国农业气象业务发展趋势和现代农业气象业务建设的主要任务。经过40多年的发展建设,目前我国农业气象业务建设和服务工作都取得了可喜的进展,但还存在监测基础落后、服务面不广、产品科技含量不足等现实问题;今后应加强现代农业气象业务体系建设,重点是拓展服务领域,加强基础建设和系统开发,加强与决策和生态等相关业务的融合;服务业务要向多元化和精细化发展,提升服务业务能力。     

近30年渭南夏玉米气候适宜度研究

根据渭南市11个国家气象站1991—2020年逐日气象数据,结合夏玉米农业气象观测站的生育期资料,利用气候适宜度模型来分析渭南市夏玉米不同生育期的温度、日照、降水和气候适宜度特征,以及全生育期各种适宜度的时空分布规律。结果表明：降水是影响渭南夏玉米产量的主要气候因子;乳熟至成熟期渭南夏玉米易受连阴雨天气影响,日照适宜度最小,对产量和品质造成影响;北部温度适宜度最大,南部降水和光照适宜度最大,总体气候适宜度从北向南逐渐增大,南部最适宜种植夏玉米。     

县级农业气象服务平台研制---以阳谷为例

针对阳谷县现代农业气象服务需求,依托阳谷县气象局官方网站,基于气象观测和农业气象服务业务,利用MySQL数据库,通过J2EE开发平台和的MVC框架,研发了“阳谷县农业气象服务平台”。该平台可实现中短期天气预报、农业气象观测资料、农业气象服务产品等信息的实时发布,同时具有气象科普和政策法规宣传,以及需求信息反馈等功能,为农业生产管理者和决策者提供精细化信息服务。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.