On large-scale transport of dust storms and anthropogenic dust-falls over east Asia observed in central Korea in 2009

Dust air pollution has been routinely monitored in central Korea for the last two decades. In 2009, there were eight typical episodes of significant dust loadings in the air: four were caused by dust storms from deserts in Mongolia and Northern China, while the remaining were typical cases of anthropogenic air pollution masses arriving from the Yellow Sea and East China. These natural dust loadings occurred with cool northwesterly airflows in the forward side of an intense anticyclone coming from Mongolia and Siberia. The mean concentrations of the four natural dustfall cases for TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 were 632, 480 and 100 μg m^?3, respectively. In contrast, the anthropogenic dust-pollution episodes occurred with the warm westerly and southwesterly airflows in the rear side of an anticyclone. This produced a favorable atmospheric and chemical condition for the build-up of anthropogenic dust air pollution in the Yellow Sea. The mean concentrations of the four anthropogenic dust loadings for TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 were 224, 187 and 137 μg m^?3, respectively. The contents of fine dust loadings of PM2.5 were comparatively high in the cases of anthropogenic air pollution. High atmospheric concentrations of fine particles in the atmosphere cause poor visibility and constitute a health hazard. Satellite observations clearly showed the movement of dust-pollution masses from Mongolia and Northern China and from the Yellow Sea and East China that caused these dust pollution episodes in Korea.     

Satellite and ground observations for large-scale air pollution transport in the Yellow Sea region

Large-scale air pollution transport (LSAPT) in the Yellow Sea region and their inflow onto the Korean Peninsula were observed through satellite images and ground measurements. LSAPT includes regional continental air-masses saturated with pollutants originating from China and subsequently landing on or passing through the Korean Peninsula. It is also possible to identify the distribution and transport patterns of LSAPT over the Yellow Sea. The ground concentrations for PM10, PM2.5 and CO measured at Cheongwon, located in the centre of south Korea, were compared with NOAA satellite images. Notably, the episodes observed of the LSAPT show a PM2.5 to PM10 ratio of 74% of the daily maximum concentrations. However, cases of duststorms were clearly distinguished by much higher PM10 concentrations and a ratio of 30% of PM2.5 to PM10 for daily maximum concentrations. For the episode on January 27, 2006, the inflow of a regionally polluted continental air-mass into the central and southwestern regions of the Korean Peninsula was observed sequentially at various ground observatories as well as by satellite. The north airflow dissipated the clouds over Mt. Halla on Jeju Island and further downwind, reducing air pollution and creating a von Kármán vortex.     

MJO对2018年华北夏季降水的影响

本文基于华北夏季降水资料和热带大气季节内振荡（Madden–Julian Oscillation，简称MJO）指数、NCEP/NCAR（美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心）再分析环流资料，采用多种统计方法分析MJO与2018年华北夏季降水的关系及影响机制。结果表明:（1）MJO与华北夏季降水有密切的联系。虽然MJO不能移到较高纬度直接影响华北夏季降水，但MJO对流区的气旋会在其北侧激发出反气旋环流，这对“气旋—反气旋对”在缓慢东移过程中，处于较高纬度的反气旋会直接影响华北夏季降水。即MJO会间接影响华北夏季降水，表现为当夏季MJO进入5、6位相时，华北地区夏季会出现明显降水过程，但降水强弱与MJO振幅大小有关。（2）影响机制方面。在850 hPa，伴随MJO的“气旋—反气旋对”的东移，它会造成华北夏季偏南风水汽输送加强（对应RMM1）或东南风水汽输送加强（对应RMM2），从而有利于降水过程发生。在500 hPa层，MJO通过中层扰动向中高纬的传播，诱导副热带高压移到朝鲜半岛附近并加强，对西来高空槽形成阻挡作用，有利于华北地区产生上升运动，从而有利于华北夏季降水过程发生。（3）可以用MJO制作华北夏季延伸期降水过程预报。     

2008年北京奥运会期间污染控制效果数值模拟——以个例分析为例

利用2007和2008年北京地区空气质量监测资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析了北京地区空气动力学当量直径小于等于10μm颗粒物(PM10)污染过程与天气形势及天气系统之间的关系。结果表明:西太平洋热带气旋路径对北京地区发生PM10污染具有预示作用,即当热带气旋北上并在朝鲜半岛或日本登陆的情况下,北京地区一般受持续均压场等弱中尺度天气系统控制,这种中尺度天气系统不利于污染物的扩散,因此北京地区经常发生区域性的PM10空气污染事件。在2007年9次台风北上登陆朝鲜半岛或日本的过程中,北京地区伴随发生了9次PM10污染过程,预示准确率达100%,2008年的预示准确率也达到了80%以上。为了说明北京奥运会期间污染控制措施对改善北京空气质量有实际效果,利用中国科学院大气物理研究所区域空气质量模式NAQPMS,采用无控制措施源和有控制措施源,对2008年北京残奥会期间一次西太平洋北上型热带气旋天气条件下的空气质量状况进行了数值模拟试验,揭示了此次过程北京地区未发生PM10空气污染的原因。     

2000年两次沙尘暴天气过程的分析研究

本文根据探空资料（TTAA），利用数值模式的客观和诊断分析结果、高空气象探测数据处理系统（T－lnp图）及天气图进行天气形势、物理量场的定量分析及单站气象要素的演变分析等对2000年4月4－6日两次沙尘暴天气过程进行了分析。结果表明：两次沙尘暴过程的形成是由于生成于蒙古地区的蒙古气旋进入东北后强烈发展，在华北、东北、内蒙南部地区形成大范围的强西北风而引起的。地面锋线及高空槽后都为偏北大风区，强劲的空中风使沙尘迅速向前方扩展。地面锋线与850、700、500hPa槽线上、下位置重合较好，槽后各层均存在大风区及下沉运动区，二者配合有利于高层动量下传，形成地面辐散大风直接导致了沙尘暴的形成。陡峭的锋面使得锋前有强励的上升气流，将沙尘粒子源源不断地输送到高空，使地面和空中沙尘连成一体。利用高空气象探测数据处理系统对探空资料（TTAA报）处理的结果表明：整层大气比较稳定，对流不易发展。近地面大气较干燥，无法形成降水，疏松的沙土易被大风扬起，这也是沙尘暴形成的主要原因之一。     

Aerosol properties at gosan in Korea during two pollution episodes caused by contrasting weather conditions

We analyzed aerosol optical and chemical properties over Northeast Asia for two pollution episodes caused by contrasting weather conditions, stagnant anticyclone (November, 2011) and fastmoving continental outflow associated with migratory cyclone/anticyclone (February, 2003). Pollution levels were significantly high and even comparable with heavily polluted urban cities in China and Korea even though these levels were from the episodic measurements since Gosan is an internationally well-known remote background site. Space-borne MODIS measurements clearly show that the pollution plume with high aerosol optical depth (AOD) overlaid and very slowly moved over Northeast Asia during the stagnation episode. On the other hand, a strong synoptic wind transported the plume from eastern China to its downwind regions during the continental outflow episode. The two pollution episodes showed discriminative aerosol chemical compositions associated with different source characteristics. Concentrations of nss (non-sea-salt)-sulfates and ammonium in the continental outflow episode were almost two times higher than those in the stagnation episode due to the influence of anthropogenic emissions from China. A higher fraction of nitrate, accompanied with an increase of carbonaceous species in the stagnation episode, was attributable to vehicular emissions originated from Korea.     

造成北京PM10重污染的二类典型天气形势

利用北京空气质量监测资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析了北京发生PM10重污染的天气形势。研究表明:1)虽然北京地区PM10重污染(API指数3级以上)每年只有10 d左右,但与之关联的轻微或轻度空气污染(API指数3级)天数,却可能占全年3级污染总天数的40%-50%。因此,分析研究造成北京PM10重污染的天气形势,对于空气污染的预警预报以及污染源的控制和管理,都具有十分重要意义。2)通过海平面气压场的主观分析,确定了二类北京PM10重污染的典型天气形势,即高压南下东移阻滞型和与北上台风(或热带低压)相关联的弱高压控制型,并指出了后者在2008年奥运会期间,对开展北京空气污染预报和污染控制的指导作用。     

2019年广东前汛期连续暴雨与大气季节内振荡的联系

为了做好连续回流暴雨的中期与延伸期预报,采用小波分析、Lanczos时间滤波器等方法研究了2019年广东前汛期降水与大气季节内振荡的关系,分析了4～5月发生在西南部的两次连续回流暴雨的平均环流场及其低频传播特征的差异,并与6月广东北部锋面型连续暴雨进行对比分析。结果表明,4～5月两次以阳江为中心的西南部连续暴雨及前汛期降水均具有准23 d振荡,它们分别为有、无明显冷空气影响的连续回流暴雨且对应的大气环流场及低频传播特征具有明显的不同:4月12～14日连续回流暴雨期间,500 hPa中高纬度具有稳定的“西阻”和“东阻”,使冷空气不断地从东海入海高压的南部东移南下,925 hPa形成以阳江为中心相对干冷的强东南风与来自南海中南部从中南半岛转向的暖湿偏南风的辐合渐近线;而5月23～26日连续回流暴雨期间,500 hPa华东—东海—黄海为稳定高压坝,广东长时间处于高原槽前西南气流中,地面上处于东海出海变性高压脊西南部及北部湾西南低槽前,925 hPa形成以阳江为中心来自孟加拉湾的强偏南风与珠江口以东东南风的辐合渐近线。来自我国中部（东海以东）低频反气旋南侧（西南侧）逐渐加强南传的低频东北风（东南风）与从140°E附近的西太平洋西传（孟加拉湾东传）到广东并加强的低频北风（南风）汇合在广东西南部,并有（无）与从南海中北部北传的低频气旋北侧低频东风相遇,导致4月12～14日（5月23～26日）有（无）明显冷空气影响的连续回流暴雨发生。而6月广东北部为东亚深槽引导的冷空气与来自孟加拉强盛西南风交汇所产生的锋面型连续暴雨,来自我国中部、孟加拉湾分别逐渐加强向南、向东传播到达广东的低频西南风,与来自中纬度低频反气旋外围的干冷东北风交汇在江南或南海北部,导致广东北部6月9～13日连续暴雨的发生。     

东亚夏季风指数的年际变化与东亚大气环流

文中从夏季东亚热带、副热带环流系统特点出发 ,定义了能较好表征东亚夏季风环流年际变化的特征指数 ,并分析了东亚夏季风指数的年际变化与东亚大气环流及夏季中国东部降水的关系。文中定义的东亚夏季风指数既反映了夏季东亚大气环流风场的变化特征 ,也较好地反映了夏季中国东部降水的年际变化特征。此外 ,还探讨了东亚夏季风指数变化的先兆信号     

2010年1月鄂东一次暴雪过程中尺度分析

利用常规观测资料及NCEP／GFS再分析资料,对2010年1月5—6日发生在湖北东部的暴雪过程进行中尺度分析。结果表明：500hPa北支槽后干冷空气配合南支槽前西南暖湿气流形成的冷暖交汇以及850hPa低涡北抬发展是产生暴雪的主要天气背景;200hPa高空急流、700hPa西南急流、925hPa东北气流、850hPa气流汇合区、700hPa及850hPa露点锋、锋生次级环流、风向随高度强烈顺转的垂直风切变以及地面中尺度辐合区的有利空间配置,对暴雪预报具有重要指示意义。此外,在上述研究的基础上对此次暴雪过程的三维物理模型进行了总结。     

2007年3月3—5日辽宁特大暴雪过程物理量诊断分析

通过对2007年3月3—5日辽宁历史罕见特大暴雪过程天气形势及物理量场分析,探讨了同期的天气形势特征及相关物理量场与暴雪落区的对应关系。结果表明:500 hPa阶梯槽和地面江淮气旋是此次过程的主要影响系统。对流层中低层辐合、高层辐散及来自2个源地的充沛水汽在有利环流背景下汇合并被抬升是产生暴雪天气过程的主要原因。强降雪出现在850 hPa涡度和200 hPa散度大值区内。温度平流的强弱及冷暖过渡带位置能够较好地反映出降水的强度及落区。     

盐城市发生大暴雨的天气类型分析

按500 hPa形势,盐城市大暴雨的天气类型可划分为台风型和副高边缘型两大类。发生大暴雨时一般副高较强,高空有低槽或切变线,有明显的冷暖气流辐合区。系统深厚,高、中、低层配合较好。地面天气系统主要有冷锋、静止锋、气旋、低压倒槽。     

影响山东的黄淮气旋暴雨落区分析

应用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料,对比分析了山东两次春季黄淮气旋暴雨落区异同点。发现春季影响山东的黄淮气旋暴雨区集中出现在气旋中心北侧的偏东风中,且主要位于东北气流中。暴雨区偏北的程度,与影响系统的后倾程度及我国东北地区是否存在高压有关。当系统明显后倾时,锋面坡度小,暖湿气流沿锋面向北爬升的更远,暴雨区更偏北;当我国东北地区存在高压时,其南侧东北气流经渤海侵入850 hPa低涡后部,与低涡前东南气流在风向上渐近辐合,在低涡北侧产生辐合中心,从而产生暴雨区。此外,地面东北风形成的冷垫,有利于南方暖湿气流向北爬升。实际暴雨落区预报中,需综合分析系统的空间结构、周围系统的影响及温度场的配置等。     

西江流域面雨量与区域大气环流型关系

利用Lamb-Jenkinson大气环流分型方法,对西江流域1971—2015年逐日平均850 hPa和500 hPa高度场进行环流客观分型,分析流域降水天气环流型出现概率及主导环流型变化特征,探讨主导环流型对西江流域总面雨量和子流域面雨量的贡献率及环流型配置与降水的关系。结果表明:当850 hPa为西南风型、500 hPa为西风型时,流域出现降水天气的概率最大;850 hPa气旋型和500 hPa西风型对年总面雨量和各子流域面雨量的贡献率均为最大,且对东部子流域面雨量的贡献率大于西部子流域,850 hPa南风型与500 hPa反气旋型的环流配置是西部子流域秋季降水偏多的主导环流型配置;春季850 hPa气旋型与500 hPa西风型、夏季850 hPa气旋型与500 hPa西风型、秋季850 hPa南风型与500 hPa反气旋型、冬季850 hPa西南风型与500 hPa西风型的环流配置时,出现强降水天气的概率分别为18.7%,21.1%,4.0%和2.0%,即夏季最大,其次为春季,冬季最小。近45年,850 hPa气旋型、500 hPa西风型对流域年总面雨量的贡献率呈增加趋势,是西江流域面雨量呈偏多趋势的主导环流型。     

华南前汛期MCS的活动特征及组织发展形式

利用卫星云图Tbb资料、常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,按照Jirak对中尺度对流系统(MCS)的分类方法,将华南MCS分为MCC(中尺度对流复合体)、PECS(线状或长条状MCS)、MβCCS和MβECS(即β尺度的MCC和β尺度的PECS)4种类型,对华南前汛期MCS的时空变化特征、发生发展的组织形式和天气学背景进行了分析。结果表明:PECS是华南地区MCS的主要发展形式。4—6月MCS的发生个数逐月增多。MCS的日变化呈单峰型,主要集中于下午到上半夜形成,傍晚到半夜之间发展成熟。但具体到不同的4种类型,其日变化特征有一定差异。MCS活动分布特征与地形没有明显对应关系,全区都可有PECS发生。MCS主要以东移为主,其次的移动方向4种不同类型分别略有不同。MCS的发生发展有3种主要天气形势:500 hPa槽前西南风场型、850 hPa切变线南侧的西南风场型和地面低槽配合的Ⅰ型;500 hPa西北风场型、850 hPa切变线型和地面低槽配合的Ⅱ型;500 hPa西风槽过境型、850 hPa切变线南侧的西南风场型和地面低槽配合的Ⅲ型。孤立发展和合并增长是华南MCS的主要组织发展形式。     

连续雾霾天气污染物浓度变化及天气形势特征分析

利用MICAPS资料、地面观测资料、NCEP资料和衡水市环境监测站细颗粒物(PM2.5)及PM10浓度资料,对2013年1月衡水市出现的连续雾霾天气从PM10及细颗粒物浓度演变、雾霾天气污染物浓度与地面要素关系、中低层环流形势特征进行了分析,结果表明:1)雾霾天气期间06:00(北京时间,下同)至07:00和16:00至21:00为PM10和细颗粒物浓度较低时段,PM10最大值出现在15:00,细颗粒物最大值出现在02:00,两者并不同时达到极值。2)雾霾天气污染物浓度与地面湿度并不是简单的正相关或负相关关系,还和许多其它因素有关。3)衡水市污染源主要来源于工业污染源、扬尘污染、冬季燃煤采暖、局部污染源及区域性污染。4)雾霾天气相对湿度和能见度基本呈负相关,气压变化不大,风向频率最多为北到东北风,平均风速一般都在2 m/s以下。雾日时大部分时段为雾和霾的混合物。5)重污染日期间500 hPa为平直偏西气流或西北偏西气流,没有明显的槽脊活动。而污染较轻的时段500 hPa为明显的西北气流控制或有槽脊活动。6)雾霾天气期间大部分日数08:00在850hPa以下都存在逆温层;地面气压场偏弱,尤其河北平原一带基本为均压场。最后对雾霾天气影响及对策进行了简单探讨。     

2001—2010年大连地区暴雪天气与雷达回波特征分析

利用2001—2010年大连市7个市区县观测站冬季降水资料、常规观测资料和大连新一代天气雷达（CINRAD/SC型）回波资料,对发生在此期间8次暴雪过程环流形势分析的基础上,对雷达回波特征进行分析。结果表明：造成大连地区暴雪天气的环流形势,在500 hPa高空上多与东亚大槽建立前自中国华北伸向黄淮地区的高空槽有关,在地面上则与经华北南部和江（黄）淮地区东移或北上气旋（倒槽）与北方南下冷高压在大连附近交绥有关。雷达回波速度场以＂暖式切变＂型最多;该类型的降水强度,随南北气流的增强、风切变的增大和切变层在边界层和对流层低层的抬升与暖平流的匹配而加强;随西南气流在边界层和对流层低层减弱与冷平流的出现而减弱。研究结果可为预报冬季暴雪天气提供参考。     

THE IMPACT OF MID-LATITUDE CIRCULATION OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE TRACK OF TYPHOON OVER THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC

There is a close relationship between variation of middle latitude synoptic system over theTibetan Plateau and movement of typhoon over the Northwest Pacific.This paper tries to discussthe mechanism of it through the numerical simulation and dynamic diagnosis.25-year statistical results during the period from 1970 to 1995 indicate that the relationshipbetween middle latitude circulation over the Plateau and the track of typhoon over the NorthwestPacific are as follows.When longwave trough in 500 hPa isobaric surface over the Plateau.it isfavourable to typhoon's westward movement:on the contrary,large scale anticyclone over thePlateau is favourable to typhoon's recurvature.We simulated the typhoon under these two flowpatterns with MM5 model.Numerical simulation results showed that:(a)Longwave trough on500 hPa surface over the Plateau makes subtropical high extended westward so as to typhoon southto high moves westward in easterly steering flow.(b)Anticyclone over the Plateau will bringabout the longwave trough developing along the east coast of Asia,it'will usually cause typhoonrecurring in front of the developed trough.In addition,the results of dynamic diagnosis show the physical mechanism on impact ofsynoptic system over the Plateau on the downstream synoptic system,that is,the transport ofdisturbance kinetic energy over the upstream Plateau makes the downstream trough developed.And then it affects the steering flow of typhoon.Because of existence of the high ridge over thePlateau.the energy transport channel moves to north.On the contrary,the trough exists over thePlateau,the energy transport channel moves to south.The southerly in front of trough over thePlateau and the southerly in the east part of typhoon transport low potential vorticity of lowlatitude into subtropical high.That is beneficial to development of subtropical high and affectstyphoon's movement.These results fully reflect the impact of interaction between mid-latitude andlow latitude on synoptic system.     

冬季北太平洋爆发性气旋的天气气候特征

本文利用1975—1984年12—2月北太平洋爆发性温带气旋资料以及500 hPa天气图，概括出气旋爆发式加强前12小时五种环流型，即北美高压型（NAH）、东太平洋高压型（EPH）、中太平洋高压型（MPH）、白令海阻高型（BBH）、太平洋低压型（PL）。以NAH型和EPH型出现的机会最多，稳定时间最长，并且在这两种天气形势下气旋最易发展。另外本文还分析了气旋爆发后的路径趋势，指出在形势稳定期，气旋爆发后的路径亦稳定；在形势调整期，气旋后期路径随太平洋长波系统的演变而变化。     

THE IMPACT OF MID-LATITUDE CIRCULATION OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE TRACK OF TYPHOON OVER THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC*

There is a close relationship between variation of middle latitude synoptic system over the Tibetan Plateau and movement of typhoon over the Northwest Pacific.This paper tries to discuss the mechanism of it through the numerical simulation and dynamic diagnosis.25-year statistical results during the period from 1970 to 1995 indicate that the relationship between middle latitude circulation over the Plateau and the track of typhoon over the Northwest Pacific are as follows.When longwave trough in 500 hPa isobaric surface over the Plateau.it is favourable to typhoon's westward movement:on the contrary,large scale anticyclone over the Plateau is favourable to typhoon's recurvature.We simulated the typhoon under these two flow patterns with MM5 model.Numerical simulation results showed that:(a)Longwave trough on 500 hPa surface over the Plateau makes subtropical high extended westward so as to typhoon south to high moves westward in easterly steering flow.(b)Anticyclone over the Plateau will bring about the longwave trough developing along the east coast of Asia,it'will usually cause typhoon recurring in front of the developed trough.In addition,the results of dynamic diagnosis show the physical mechanism on impact of synoptic system over the Plateau on the downstream synoptic system,that is,the transport of disturbance kinetic energy over the upstream Plateau makes the downstream trough developed.And then it affects the steering flow of typhoon.Because of existence of the high ridge over the Plateau.the energy transport channel moves to north.On the contrary,the trough exists over the Plateau,the energy transport channel moves to south.The southerly in front of trough over the Plateau and the southerly in the east part of typhoon transport low potential vorticity of low latitude into subtropical high.That is beneficial to development of subtropical high and affects typhoon's movement.These results fully reflect the impact of interaction between mid-latitude and low latitude on synoptic system.