贵州西部2009年2月异常高温气候分析

对2009年2月贵州西部出现的异常高温天气诊断分析,结果表明:此次异常高温天气主要由于极涡较常年偏东、偏弱,中高纬一直维持纬向环流,热低压较常年偏强,高层辐合、低层辐散,使得存在较强的下沉运动引起热低压维持,地面出现高温少雨天气。     

肇庆两次持续低温过程的比较分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料从天气特征、大尺度环流及拉尼娜事件的影响等方面对2008年和2011年初肇庆发生的两次持续低温过程进行比较。结果表现:2008年过程的主要冷害天气为低温阴雨,2011年为低温、霜冻和冰冻。两次持续低温过程的环流特征共同点是西伯利亚冷高压中心和500 hPa中高纬槽脊都较常年偏强。不同点则是2008年过程中南支槽活跃,副热带高压偏强,联合向北输送的暖湿空气与北方不断南下的冷空气在我国南方汇合,造成持续的低温阴雨天气;2011年的过程中东亚大槽位置较为偏东,副热带高压异常偏弱,中低纬的环流较为平直,850 hPa暖湿气流不明显,且蒙古高压和阿留申低压异常偏强,有利于东亚冬季风的加强,导致过程降水也不明显。此外,分析结果还显示,在中等强度以上,且为东部型的拉尼娜事件背景下,肇庆在冷事件结束年的年初容易发生持续时间较长的低温寒冷天气。     

2012年10月大气环流和天气分析

2012年10月环流特征如下:北半球高纬度地区为单一极涡,强度较常年同期偏弱,中高纬环流呈现4波型,欧亚地区中高纬环流经向度较常年偏大,南支槽偏强,西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱.10月,全国平均降水量为29.1 mm,比常年同期(36.9 mm)偏少18.9％,全国平均气温为10.3℃,与常年同期(10.3℃)持平.月内,冷空气活动频繁,先后有4次冷空气过程影响我国;受台风山神影响,我国华南地区出现一次强降水过程;西南地区阴雨寡照天气及华南秋旱天气持续,在中下旬均有所好转;我国中东部大部地区出现雾霾天气;个别地区出现低温冰冻、局地洪涝及风雹灾害.     

2019/2020年冬季我国暖湿气候特征及成因分析

2019/2020年冬季,我国大部分地区气温显著偏高,降水异常偏多,气候总体表现为“暖湿”的异常特征。异常成因分析表明：2019/2020年东亚冬季风强度较常年同期偏弱,西伯利亚高压异常偏弱,季节内冬季风强度阶段性变化特征显著;北极极涡收缩于极地,强度偏强,AO为异常偏强的正位相,乌拉尔山阻塞高压活动偏弱,东亚槽偏弱,欧亚中高纬以纬向环流为主;西太平洋副热带高压强度偏强、位置偏西偏北,印缅槽阶段性活跃,二者有利于太平洋和印度洋水汽向我国输送。受北半球环流异常的影响,我国冬季出现了“暖湿”的异常特征。进一步对东亚冬季风偏弱的可能原因分析表明：2019年秋冬季赤道中太平洋暖海温发展,2019年10月至2020年1月Ni〖AKn~D〗o3.4指数均大于0.5℃,这种类中部型El Ni〖AKn~D〗o海温异常有利于激发偏强、偏北的西北太平洋反气旋,进而抑制了东亚冬季风的发展和南下;此外,冬季北半球极涡收缩于极地,强度偏强,AO持续异常偏强的正位相,均不利于乌拉尔山阻塞高压的发展,且东亚大槽明显偏弱,共同导致了欧亚中高纬地区以纬向环流为主,东亚冬季风偏弱。     

2016年2月大气环流和天气分析

2016年2月大气环流的主要特征是北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,中高纬环流经向度大;太平洋副热带高压接近常年同期或偏强,南支槽较常年同期偏弱,不利于水汽向我国输送。2月全国平均降水量12.3 mm,较常年同期（17.4 mm）偏少29.3%,全国平均气温-1.6℃,接近常年同期（-1.7℃）。月内,我国中东部大部地区出现一次寒潮天气过程;西北地区出现今年首次沙尘天气过程。     

2013年1月大气环流和天气分析

2013年1月大气环流特征为:北半球极涡呈偶极型,极涡范围及强度较常年偏弱,中高纬环流呈三波型,欧亚大陆槽位于西西伯利亚,位置偏北,引导多股冷空气影响我国北方,月内中高纬环流形势调整较大,上旬以经向型环流为主,中下旬则转为纬向型环流;西太平洋副热带高压接近常年同期,东亚大槽位于西北太平洋西岸,较常年偏强,南支槽位于90°E附近,较常年略偏弱.2013年1月,全国平均气温为-5.2℃,略低于常年同期(-5.0℃).月内气温阶段性调整明显,上旬,较同期偏低3℃,下旬,较同期偏高1.7℃.全国平均降水量为6.5 mm,较常年同期(13.2 mm)偏少50.8％.月内出现一次强冷空气过程,雾霾天气频繁,共出现3次较大范围雾霾过程.南方部分地区遭受低温雨雪冰冻灾害,北方局地遭受雪灾,云南大部、贵州西部及四川南部等地气象干旱持续.     

2010年11月大气环流和天气分析

2010年11月大气环流主要特征是:北半球高纬度地区为单一极涡,极涡中心位于新地岛以北,强度比常年略偏强.中高纬环流呈三波型分布,其中欧洲大槽较常年同期偏强,东亚大槽强度接近常年同期.亚洲以正高度距平为主,只有西伯利亚地区呈现负距平,表明冷空气势力较常年同期偏弱.西北太平洋副热带高压面积接近常年同期,强度略偏弱,脊线位...     

2021年4月大气环流和天气分析

2021年4月中高纬大气环流为三波型,极涡呈单极偏心型分布,强度偏强,西太平洋副热带高压强度较常年偏弱,南支槽较常年偏强。4月主要天气气候特点是全国平均气温为11.1℃,较常年同期偏高0.1℃;全国平均降水量为42.5 mm,较常年同期(45.1 mm)偏少5.8%,其中青海平均月降水量为历史同期第一多。月内,我国遭受四次冷空气过程影响;西南和华南东部气象干旱持续或发展;北方地区出现两次沙尘天气过程;多地遭受风雹袭击,部分地区受灾较重。     

2019年9月大气环流和天气分析

2019年9月环流特征如下:北半球极涡呈单极型分布,强度偏弱;亚洲大陆中高纬为两槽一脊型;西北太平洋副热带高压明显偏西、偏强。9月全国平均降水量62.4 mm,较常年同期(65.3 mm)偏少4%;全国平均气温为17.7℃,较常年同期(16.6℃)偏高1.1℃。月内共出现了4次主要的区域性强降水过程,其中2次降水活动与台风有关。共有6个台风在西北太平洋和南海海域活动,无台风登陆我国。月内,华西秋雨南区开始偏早,影响显著;长江中下游气象干旱持续发展;江南、华南北部和华北部分地区出现高温天气;黑龙江、内蒙占等多地遭受风雹灾害;黑龙江和内蒙古部分地区遭低温冷冻灾害。     

2018年2月大气环流和天气分析

2018年2月大气环流的主要特征是北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,主极涡偏向西半球,欧亚地区中高纬环流呈3波型,环流经向度总体较小。西太平洋副热带高压接近常年;南支槽强度较常年偏弱。2月,我国冷空气活动较频繁,上旬冷空气势力较强,出现一次全国强冷空气和一次北方强冷空气天气过程;全国平均气温为-2.0℃,较常年同期偏低0.3℃。月内,全国降水前期偏少,后期南方出现持续阴雨,月末在东北地区出现区域性强降雪过程;全国平均降水量为8.1 mm,较常年同期偏少53%。另外,琼州海峡遭遇罕见持续大雾天气,西北地区出现今年首次沙尘天气过程。     

POSSIBLE IMPACTS OF MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION ON THE SEVERE RAIN-SNOW WEATHER IN CHINA DURING NOVEMBER 2009

Possible relationships between MJO and the severe rain-snow weather in Eastern China during November of 2009 are analyzed and results show that a strong MJO process is one of the strong impact factors.MJO is very active over the Indian Ocean in November 2009.Especially,it maintains 9 days in MJO phase 3,just corresponding to the two strongest rain-snow processes.Composites of MJO events show that when the MJO convective center is located over the Indian Ocean,the probability of rainfall is significantly increased and the temperature is lower than normal in eastern China,which is consistent with the situation in November of 2009.Atmospheric circulation anomalies of mid-and higher-latitudes can be influenced by the tropical MJO convection forcing and this influence could be realized by teleconnection.When the MJO is over the Indian Ocean,it is favorable for the maintenance of a circulation pattern of two ridges versus one trough at mid-and higher-latitudes.Meanwhile,the western Pacific subtropical high is stronger and more westward than normal,and a significant convective belt appears over eastern East Asia.All these circulation anomalies shown in the composite result also appeared in the observations in November 2009,which indicates the general features of relationships between the MJO and the circulation anomalies over the extratropics.Besides the zonal circulation anomalies,the MJO convection can also lead to meridional circulation anomalies.When the MJO convection is located over the Indian Ocean,the western Pacific is dominated by anomalous descending motion,and the eastern East Asia is controlled by strong convergence and ascending motion.Therefore,an anomalous meridional circulation is formed between the tropics and middle latitudes,enhancing the northward transportation of low-level moisture.It is potentially helpful to understanding and even forecasting such kind of rain-snow weather anomalies as that in November 2009 using MJO.     

Fluctuations of the relationship between ENSO and northeast Australian rainfall

It is well known that during an El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm event, drought occurs in regions of northeastern (NE) Australia, leading to anomalously low annual rainfall. The present study explores fluctuations of this ENSO-rainfall relationship. It is found that the relationship tends to weaken when the linearly detrended global mean temperature is rising or particularly high, as in the period of 1931–45 period and since the late 1970s. Prior to a weakening, a correlation pattern of increased rainfall during El Niño events is seen first in northwestern Australia, then in eastern and southeastern Australia, and eventually in NE Australia. The 1931–45 period was particularly intriguing, when in terms of rainfall variability over NE Australia, the interannual ENSO-rainfall relationship went through a process of weakening, reversal, and rapid recovery. Features associated with the reversal are therefore examined and these features are: (1) the global background anomaly pattern (upon which internnal ENSO events operate) is ENSO-like; (2) ENSO sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in tropical Pacific are weaker compared with those averaged over all ENSO events, whereas SST anomalies in the mid- to-high latitude Pacific (which have opposing polarity to those in tropical Pacific) are larger; (3) there is strong coherence between ENSO and variability in northern mid- to high-latitudes; and (4) the relationship that an El Niño event contributes to a warming anomaly of global mean SST weakens. Possible interrelationship among these features are discussed.     

浙江秋季连阴雨气候统计特征及其异常环流背景

利用1971—2016年浙江常规气象站观测资料和多种再分析资料,分析了浙江省秋季连阴雨的气候特征及其异常环流背景。结果表明:(1)浙江每年每站平均出现1.8次秋季连阴雨天气,过程平均可持续5.5 d,平均雨量77 mm;秋季3个月中9月出现连阴雨的频次最高;大多年份会发生1～2次持续5～7 d的连阴雨,78%过程累计降水量在100 mm以下;发生时多为全省一致变化型,多发区集中在杭州—绍兴一带。(2)连阴雨过程次数、累计持续天数及累计降水量有一致变化性,均反映出浙江秋季连阴雨有明显的年际变化特征,有4个强年和7个弱年。(3)浙江秋季连阴雨强(弱)年对应南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压"相向(背)而行"。强(弱)年时,西太平洋副热带高压异常偏西(东),南亚高压异常偏东(西),华东地区上空垂直上升运动强(盛行下沉气流),低层异常偏南(北)风提供了充足的水汽(阻碍了暖湿空气北上),有(不)利于浙江连阴雨的发生。(4)连阴雨强弱年大气环流异常与热带海表温度强迫有关。强(弱)年时,赤道太平洋海温呈拉尼娜状态(距平不明显),使东印度洋—南海—海洋性大陆上空对流活跃(偏弱),潜热加热(不足以)激发低层Matsuno-Gill型响应,(不能)在亚洲大陆激发气旋性环流异常,而赤道中东太平洋强(弱)下沉气流则(不能)在西北太平洋激发反气旋性环流异常,此低层气旋—反气旋异常环流配置(弱环流异常)使华东地区有低层偏南(北)风异常,水汽增多(减少),有(不)利于浙江连阴雨的发生。     

Decadal-scale climate variability in the tropical and North Pacific during the 1970s and 1980s: observations and model results

An abrupt change in the large-scale boreal winter circulation pattern over the North Pacific was observed during the mid-1970s. Most notably, this change was marked by a southward shift and intensification of the Aleutian Low and prevailing westerlies over the mid-latitude central and eastern Pacific. Associated changes in diverse North Pacific climatological, hydrological, and biological variables have been noted by numerous researchers. Intriguingly, the timing of these changes in the extra-tropical circulation was coincident with a shift in the background state of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system over the tropical Pacific. These changes include increases in SST over broad regions of the central and eastern tropical Pacific and an eastward displacement of the region of persistent convection in the western Pacific. This paper presents a variety of observed data and model results to describe the climate shift, and to understand some of the links within the coupled climate system that produced it. Five main findings are emphasized: (1) evidence of abrupt, simultaneous, and apparently related changes can be found in many fields and in many model results; the climate shift is not an artifact, (2) over the tropical Pacific the climate change represents a shift in the state of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system, some aspects of which resemble features associated with El Niño episodes. However, the shift in state is not well characterized as due to a change in the frequency of intensity of El Ni~no episodes; it is better described as a change in background mean state, (3) when forced with observed SSTs, both a very simple atmospheric model and a full general circulation model (GCM) qualitatively simulate aspects of the decadal-scale shift over the tropical Pacific, (4) when forced with observed surface wind stress, two ocean models of the tropical Pacific, in which surface heat fluxes are parameterized as Newtonian damping, reproduce some aspects of the near-equatorial decadal SST signal. However, the models do not reproduce the large changes in SST observed at higher latitudes of the tropical Pacific, suggesting that altered surface heat fluxes dominated in producing these changes, and (5) an important new finding of this study is the success of a GCM in reproducing important aspects of the observed mid-1970s shift in winter northern hemisphere circulation. Comparative analyses of the observed and GCM simulated circulation suggest the altered patterns of tropical Pacific SST and convection were important in forcing the changes in the mid-latitude circulation, a finding corroborated by recent GCM experiments.     

春季欧亚-北太平洋上空大气质量迁移规律及其对中国同期气候异常的可能影响

利用1979～2013年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料及NOAA研究中心的CMAP（CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation）月平均降水资料,通过定义欧亚—北太平洋间大气质量迁移指数I_MAMEP,分析了春季欧亚—北太平洋上空大气质量迁移（MAMEP,Migration of Atmospheric Mass over Regions between Eurasia and North Pacific）的年际变化规律及其与同期中国气候异常的联系。结果表明:在北半球中高纬度存在一个纬向分布的欧亚—北太平洋遥相关型,且其可能对中国同期气候异常的形成具有重要影响。春季MAMEP指数具有显著的长期趋势,同时还具有2～4年及5～7年的振荡周期及明显的年代际变化特征。垂直环流和波动运动对欧亚—北太平洋间大气质量迁移具有重要作用。大气质量在欧亚西部低层异常辐合,高层异常辐散,在中、西太平洋地区低层异常辐散,高层异常辐合,在纬向上构成了顺时针的垂直环流圈,将西北太平洋地区的大气质量变动与欧亚大陆上空的变动联系了起来。另外,来自西欧大陆的波扰能量可传播至北太平洋,有利于这些区域上空位势高度异常扰动的维持。I_MAMEP与春季同期降水及地表气温异常关系密切。I_MAMEP为正时,东亚以北地区、鄂霍次克海西岸以及西欧沿岸降水显著减少,欧亚西部及我国华北地区降水显著增加。850 hPa上西伯利亚受反气旋式环流控制,太平洋上空受气旋式环流控制,引起欧亚大陆北部地表显著增温,西伯利亚以东、我国东北、华北—江淮地区及韩国、日本南部地表显著降温。西欧—我国西北部分地区大面积显著降温现象与这两个地区受异常反气旋东侧的偏北气流影响有关。这些结果有利于人们更深刻认识区域春季气候异常形成机理。     

Impacts of recent El Niño Modoki on dry/wet conditions in the Pacific rim during boreal summer

Present work uses 1979–2005 monthly observational data to study the impacts of El Niño Modoki on dry/wet conditions in the Pacific rim during boreal summer. The El Niño Modoki phenomenon is characterized by the anomalously warm central equatorial Pacific flanked by anomalously cool regions in both west and east. Such zonal SST gradients result in anomalous two-cell Walker Circulation over the tropical Pacific, with a wet region in the central Pacific. There are two mid-tropospheric wave trains passing over the extratropical and subtropical North Pacific. They contain a positive phase of a Pacific-Japan pattern in the northwestern Pacific, and a positive phase of a summertime Pacific-North American pattern in the northeastern Pacific/North America region. The western North Pacific summer monsoon is enhanced, while the East Asian summer monsoon is weakened. In the South Pacific, there is a basin-wide low in the mid-latitude with enhanced Australian high and the eastern South Pacific subtropical high. Such an atmospheric circulation pattern favors a dry rim surrounding the wet central tropical Pacific. The El Niño Modoki and its climate impacts are very different from those of El Niño. Possible geographical regions for dry/wet conditions influenced by El Niño Modoki and El Niño are compared. The two phenomena also have very different temporal features. El Niño Modoki has a large decadal background while El Niño is predominated by interannual variability. Mixing-up the two different phenomena may increase the difficulty in understanding their mechanisms, climate impacts, and uncertainty in their predictions.     

广西1998/1999年秋冬春异常干旱诊断分析

对广西１９９８ 年秋至１９９９ 年春出现的大范围干旱伴高温的异常天气进行了诊断分析, 发现厄尔尼诺与拉尼娜事件是导致广西气候异常的重要气候背景, 入侵广西的冷空气异常偏弱, 高原高度场偏高, 印缅槽偏弱, 副热带高压持续偏强, 热带气旋影响偏少, 强度偏弱, 是导致广西１９９８年秋至１９９９年春罕见的长时间高温、少雨、异常干旱的主要原因。     

前期高度场和海温场变化对我国汛期降水的影响

利用1952～2001年我国160个测站汛期降水和前期500 hPa高度场和太平洋海温场资料以及三因子最佳子集回归求最大复相关系数的方法,把前期不同时间步长、不同时段的高度场和海温场同时作为预报因子与汛期降水求相关.结果发现:前期两个场共同作为预报因子比把其中某场单独作为预报因子的相关要好.并且存在着较好的"隔多季度相关"现象.预报因子具有实际预报意义的最佳时段为上一年的6～9月.影响我国汛期降水的最佳预报因子主要集中于高度场和海温场具有重要天气气候意义的关键区域.汛期降水可预报性在北方和长江以南均较好.     

The Strong El Ni?o of 2015/16 and Its Dominant Impacts on Global and China's Climate

The oceanic and atmospheric conditions and the related climate impacts of the 2015/16 ENSO cycle were analyzed,based on the latest global climate observational data,especially that of China.The results show that this strong El Nino event fully established in spring 2015 and has been rapidly developing into one of the three strongest El Nino episodes in recorded history.Meanwhile,it is also expected to be the longest event recorded,attributable to the stable maintenance of the abnormally warm conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean since spring 2014.Owing to the impacts of this strong event,along with climate warming background,the global surface temperature and the surface air temperature over Chinese mainland reached record highs in 2015.Disastrous weather in various places worldwide have occurred in association with this severe El Nino episode,and summer precipitation has reduced significantly in North China,especially over the bend of the Yellow River,central Inner Mongolia,and the coastal areas surrounding Bohai Bay.Serious drought has occurred in some of the above areas.The El Nino episode reached its peak strength during November-December 2015,when a lower-troposphere anomalous anticyclonic circulation prevailed over the Philippines,bringing about abnormal southerlies and substantially increased precipitation in southeastern China.At the same time,a negative phase of the Eurasia-Pacific teleconnection pattern dominated over the mid-high latitudes,which suppressed northerly winds in North China.These two factors together resulted in high concentrations of fine particulate matter(PM2.5) and frequent haze weather in this region.Currently,this strong El Nino is weakening very rapidly,but its impact on climate will continue in the coming months in some regions,especially in China.     

2015/2016年强厄尔尼诺过程及其对全球和中国气候的主要影响

根据全球气候系统和中国的最新观测资料,分析了2015/2016年ENSO循环过程,讨论了强厄尔尼诺过程对2015年全球温度和极端天气气候灾害的可能影响,重点研究了其对中国夏季和秋冬转换季节的降水异常的影响。指出自2015年春季开始,厄尔尼诺条件迅速发展,使得2015年厄尔尼诺成为有观测记录以来最强的三次厄尔尼诺之一,同时由于前期(2014年春季开始)赤道太平洋异常热状况的维持,这次厄尔尼诺也可以视为最长的厄尔尼诺过程。受到长期气候变化趋势和强厄尔尼诺等共同影响,2015年全球地表温度和中国陆面气温均创有观测以来的最高记录。强厄尔尼诺事件在2015年给全球许多地区带来了灾害性天气气候事件,也使得中国夏季华北地区,特别是河套地区、内蒙古中部和环渤海湾地区降水显著减少,并造成一些地区夏季严重干旱。在2015年11-12月厄尔尼诺峰值时期,受到西北太平洋对流层低层菲律宾反气旋性异常环流和中高纬度欧亚-太平洋遥相关型负位相异常环流的共同影响,中国东部出现偏南风异常,造成南方地区降水明显增多,而北方地区偏北风气流受到抑制,PM2.5浓度异常偏高,雾霾天气频繁发生。目前,这一事件快速减弱,但其对全球和中国气候的影响在未来几个月仍将持续。