吉林省中部半山区降水相态特征及温度预报指标初探

本文以吉林省辽源站为代表,并选取辽源市2008-2012年降水、高空和地面实况观测资料,分析研究吉林省中部半山区降水相态(指雨或雨夹雪转雪,下同)的影响系统及温度变化特征,结果表明:500h Pa低涡槽(包括低槽)、850h Pa切变或低涡槽、地面气旋(蒙古气旋、华北气旋)等影响系统共同作用是辽源市雨雪相变天气过程的典型形势,但低层系统对降水相态的影响较高层系统更为明显。分析降水相态的温度变化特征得出雨或雨夹雪转雪时的温度阈值和预报指标为:T700≤-5℃;T850≤-1℃;T地面≤1℃。     

潍坊地区初春一次罕见大暴雪天气的诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、FY–2E卫星TBB资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°的6 h再分析资料,对2010年2月28日山东潍坊大暴雪过程进行动力学、热力学诊断和中尺度分析。结果表明：此次潍坊大暴雪是由西风槽、低涡、切变线及地面气旋等共同影响产生的;低空急流为暴雪区带来源源不断的水汽输送;风速风向辐合使大量水汽在暴雪区汇集,并使其产生强烈的上升运动,配合能量锋区导致不稳定能量释放;垂直螺旋度正值中心的位置和强度与暴雪强度和落区有很好的对应关系;雷达回波能很好指示短时降水的强弱和落区;中尺度对流云团范围和强度的不断变化对判断暴雪的发生发展有重要的指导作用。     

低层温度平流对华北雨雪天气过程的降水相态影响分析

利用常规地面、探空观测资料、NCEP FNL和GFS分析资料,通过对2012年11月3—4日华北地区雨雪天气过程的降水相态特征进行分析,发现涡旋外围的雨雪分界线基本与925 hPa的0℃等温线和925 hPa偏北与偏南风的流线辐合线相吻合;而涡旋中心附近的雨雪分界线则存在从涡旋西北象限向涡旋中心逆时针旋转的特征。气旋发展初期,降雪主要集中在850 hPa低涡的东北偏北象限到西北象限之间,低涡的东南象限为降雨。随着气旋强度增强,低层冷平流导致低涡西南象限温度下降,降雪落区逐渐沿气旋西侧的流场向南发展,最终呈现出气旋形状的分布特征。雨雪相态的转变取决于整个对流层低层(850~950 hPa)的温度平流状况。当900~850 hPa或者950~900 hPa出现较强暖平流时,即使其他层次存在明显冷平流,降水相态仍然可能以雨为主。低层涡旋西侧的西北冷平流是造成降雪的最重要原因,当低层气流转变为偏东风后,冷平流消失,降水相态转变为雨。     

影响东北的北上温带气旋暴雪的统计特征

利用2000-2016年常规观测、台站降水资料和NCEP的1°×1°再分析资料,对影响东北的北上温带气旋暴雪进行了统计研究。根据500 hPa环流形势分为低涡型、浅槽型和深槽型暴雪,并对这三种类型暴雪的气旋路径、强度变化、降水分布、水汽输送和热动力特征进行了详细分析。结果表明:低涡型和深槽型暴雪气旋路径为东北路,浅槽型暴雪气旋路径偏东,各类暴雪的气旋强度变化和降水分布因路径不同而有所差异;降雪最强时,低涡型和深槽型暴雪700和850 hPa都有低涡,浅槽型暴雪700 hPa为低槽。低涡型和深槽型暴雪中水汽通量散度辐合区与低层低涡气旋性闭合环流引起的辐合密切相关。浅槽型暴雪的水汽辐合源于槽前辐合;低涡型和深槽型暴雪发生在假相当位温暖舌中,浅槽型暴雪发生在较平直的假相当位温场中,深槽型和浅槽型暴雪的锋区要强于低涡型暴雪。降雪最强时,低涡型暴雪有1支高空急流,深槽型暴雪有2支高空急流,浅槽型暴雪高空急流有1支或2支。三类暴雪中心都位于北支高空急流入口区右侧或南支高空急流出口区左侧的位置。综合统计结果提出影响东北的北上温带气旋暴雪概念模型。     

山西中部一次暴雪天气过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP全球再分析资料,对2013年4月19日出现在山西中部的一次暴雪天气过程进行了综合分析。结果表明:高原槽、低空低涡切变线、地面回流以及河套气旋等的共同存在为暴雪天气提供了有利的流型配置;700 h Pa西南急流、850 h Pa偏东南急流和925 h Pa偏东急流为此次暴雪天气提供了强的水汽输送和补充;500 h Pa偏西北急流和850 h Pa偏东北强气流耦合加强,且高层正涡度输送以及低层辐合、高层辐散的倾斜垂直结构使得上升运动加强,触发低层不稳定能量释放,导致暴雪天气的发生。低层和近地层温度变化、0℃层高度下降、逆温层增厚以及垂直风切变加大是判断此次降水过程相态变化和降雪强度增强的重要指标。     

一次晚春暴雪天气成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料、山东省123个自动站资料及NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对2013年4月19—20日山东晚春极端暴雪天气过程的成因进行分析,重点分析了产生暴雪的温度条件。结果表明:前期气温偏低是晚春暴雪发生的气候背景,回流天气形势为暴雪发生提供了天气背景,低空西南风急流和山东北部纬向切变线是导致暴雪发生的直接原因。回流型暴雪天气过程的水汽及水汽的辐合均集中于700~500hPa。高低空急流的动力耦合以及与纬向切变线相应的对流层中的正涡度柱为暴雪的产生提供了动力条件。回流暴雪发生在对流稳定性大气中,暴雪区上空有θse能量锋锋生。受阻于太行山东麓的东北风形成的冷池,是气温骤降的温度环境背景,暴雪发生前,存在于850~700hPa冷空气团中的弱下沉运动导致了0℃等温线呈"漏斗状"向下延伸,造成了暴雪区地面气温的骤降,是降水相态由雨迅速转为雪的直接原因。0℃等温线呈"漏斗状"向下延伸区对未来降水相态由雨转雪区和暴雪出现区有指示意义。     

贵州高原北侧锢囚锋上一次低涡形成过程

利用常规观测资料、地面加密自动站降水资料、多普勒天气雷达资料以及NCEP1°×1°再分析资料对2017年5月22—25日一次偏北路径冷空气影响下贵州高原北侧低涡的形成机制进行探讨。结果表明:(1)地形导致冷空气回流形成地形锢囚,锢囚锋上有低涡产生,位于地面至850 h Pa的大气低层,属于暖性浅薄中-β尺度系统;(2)低涡维持2 d,降水产生在低涡中心附近,雨强不大;(3)中高层波动强迫低层涡度发展而使低涡维持;当中高层转为西北气流时,涡度发展受抑制且冷空气侵入低涡而使其减弱消亡;(4)低涡形成过程可分为地形回流、锢囚发展和减弱消亡3个阶段,与西南低涡及锋面气旋在形成机制、降水落区和强度等方面存在明显差异。     

一次华北气旋造成北京特大暴雪天气过程分析

利用北京延庆站和海淀站风廓线产品、微波辐射计产品、北京市雷达产品(南郊和车道沟)、北京市58个称重雨量站观测资料、FY-2E卫星云图、常规气象资料综合分析2012年11月3到4日北京暴雪天气过程。分析表明：降水相态(雨、雪)由华北气旋的锋面性质和锋面位置决定;过程雨雪量由气旋的强度、持续时间和水汽通道维持时间决定;风廓线和微波辐射计产品资料在雨雪开始时间、雨雪相态转换方面有明显的指示性作用。     

2020年初山东一次雨转暴雪天气过程分析

利用2020年1月常规天气图、地面降水、加密自动站和欧洲中心细网格等资料,分析了2020年初山东一次雨转暴雪的天气过程。研究发现,这次过程前期主要是降雨阶段,后期是降雪阶段：降雨阶段,山东处于高空槽前,水汽主要来源于高空槽前的西南气流,上升运动弱,气流的不稳定层位于800 hPa以下;降雪阶段,山东内陆地区近地面层形成冷垫,700～500 hPa槽前暖湿空气沿冷垫爬升,不稳定层较降雨时明显抬升,上升运动加强。山东半岛在降雪阶段受黄海气旋外围影响,水汽来源主要是气旋外围的偏东气流。近地面冷层厚度能引起该层温度的变化：当冷层厚度在2 km以下时,降水相态为雨;超过2 km时,降水相态为雪;当冷层厚度达到5 km以上时,降水过程结束。这次过程中山东多地存在雨雪相态转换,近地层温度与0 ℃层高度是判定降水相态的有效要素指标。     

一次江淮气旋复杂降水相态特征及成因分析

本文应用常规探空资料、地面观测资料、欧洲中心细网格(0.25°×0.25°)数值预报初始场资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料分析了山东一次江淮气旋降雪过程的复杂相态特征,并初步分析了成因。结论如下:(1)山东省2014年2月16—17日的雨雪天气过程,降水相态多样性和相态转化复杂性是主要特点,表现为同一时刻雨、雪和雨夹雪三种相态共存,郯城站降水相态逆转(由雨夹雪转雨再转雪),鲁东南地区降雪同时鲁西南地区降雨的"东雪西雨"现象。(2)在系统发展不强的江淮气旋降雪过程中,鲁中山区相对高海拔地区夜间强烈的辐射降温和山脉迎风坡的动力抬升作用均会造成边界层温度的降低,后期对流层低层为东北风控制时,除鲁中山区外,其迎风坡东麓或东北麓(潍坊地区)出现固态降水可能性也较大,一般情况下,地面2 m温度为1~2℃,1 000 hPa温度为0℃左右,925 hPa温度为-3℃左右,可出现固液共存降水现象。(3)相态逆转现象的发生与江淮气旋发展阶段和气温日变化两个因素紧密相关。0℃层在925 hPa上下的状态是一种临界状态,可产生雨夹雪或雨,但0℃层高度下降不是由雨转雪的充分条件,还需考察冷平流发展情况。(4)当江淮气旋生成地偏东(位于长江口附近),且发展不强烈时,山东若受其影响产生降水,后期上游如有新系统发展,可能与气旋共同影响山东,造成复杂相态的江淮气旋降雪过程。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.