厄尔尼诺与永康冬季降水和温度的关系

赤道东太平洋地区是整个热带海洋中海水温度变化最大的区域,它的热状况及其演变直接影响着大气环流的变化,了解厄尔尼诺现象与大气环流的内在联系,对于认识天气气候的变化具有重要意义。本文就厄尔尼诺现象与我县冬季降水、温度的关系,作了初步的分析。     

厄尔尼诺形成机制探讨

从地转速率变化与赤道东太平洋海温逐月变化呈反相关关系出发，应用地学观点及学说，探讨了厄尔尼诺现象形成机制。     

肇庆地区低温霜冻气候特征及环流形势

本文利用近18年肇庆地区逐日观测资料，对肇庆地区各地出现低温霜冻的日数及站次数的年、月变化，初、终霜期进行了统计和对比分析，并对出现低温霜冻天气过程进行环流形势分类，浅析了环流特征的演变、气象要素的变化，提出了厄尔尼诺现象与低温霜冻的关系及低温霜冻与肇庆地区春节期间天气状况的关系。结果表明：当有较强的厄尔尼诺现象出现时，在厄尔尼诺当年，肇庆地区该年的低温霜冻较少，强度较弱；在非厄尔尼诺当年，则低温霜冻相对较多，强度较强。本年低温霜冻强度较弱时，对应次年肇庆地区春节期间天气较暖和，阴雨天较少。低温霜冻气候及其天气过程变化特征的分析，对进一步改善低温霜冻预报、防灾减灾以及充分利用气候资源等都有重要的意义。     

厄尔尼诺现象有新的发现

英国众多的科学家最近几年来,通过长期的实际考察发现,每当海洋里的水含盐量及温度有显著的变化时,就会引起气象图形重新出现异常,也就是已为大家所熟知的厄尔尼诺现象的再现。     

贵州夏旱成因初步分析

本文使用1951～1990年北半球500百帕和100百帕高度场及850百帕和200百帕赤道附近风场、500百帕地转西风、太平洋海水表层温度，厄尔尼诺现象、南方涛动以及西风环流指数、副高特征参量等对我省夏旱成因进行分析，其结果表明：贵州夏旱与南亚高压、副热带高压、南海台风均有较好的一致性，与越赤道气流有着密切关系．我省夏季降水与海洋和大气的相互影响有关系，通过厄尔尼诺现象和南方涛动两种不同介质。当南方涛动指数为负值时，垂直的南——北向哈特菜环流加强，南半球的大气环流相对角动量通过经向环流向北半球输送，从而西北太平洋副热带高压面积指数增大．反之亦然．     

厄尔尼诺现象与吉安气候

厄尔尼诺现象与吉安地区的汛期雨量、干旱、寒露风以及春播天气有十分明确的相关性。因此,在进行赣中短期气候预测时,应充分考虑厄尔尼诺现象的影响。     

1998年特大洪涝的成因分析

对造成1998年特大洪涝的盛夏7、8月份副高脊线位置(110～150°E)异常偏南进行了分析,结果表明影响因子主要是东亚地区阻塞高压、东亚低槽的维持、厄尔尼诺现象、太阳黑子相对数的变化、菲律宾附近对流活动弱以及南印度副高的持续偏强.其中东亚阻塞高压和厄尔尼诺现象,对盛夏7、8月份副高脊线位置的异常偏南有十分重要的影响.     

厄尔尼诺现象与我国温度

本文分析了厄尔尼诺现象和反厄尔尼诺现象与中国温度的关系。结果表明,在厄尔尼诺当年的春夏季我国温度容易偏冷,冷月出现的频率明显高于气候概率;在厄尔尼诺当年的秋冬季至次年春季我国温度偏暖的可能性大,暖月出现的频率明显高于气候概率。反厄尔尼诺年的情况则正好相反,即当年春夏季我国温度容易偏暖,当年秋冬季至次年春季容易偏冷。进一步分析表明,厄尔尼诺暖水期,我国温度的分布型与黑潮区海温当年春夏季偏低、当年秋冬季至次年春季偏高的季节变化密切相关。     

厄尔尼诺对南海季风爆发及热带风暴活动的影响

在统计分析1949～1998 年资料的基础上,研究了厄尔尼诺现象与南海季风爆发及热带风暴活动的相互关系。分析表明:厄尔尼诺现象易导致南海季风较早爆发且不利于热带风暴的活动,对进行早期南海季风的爆发时期和热带风暴的多寡预报有指示意义。     

较为温暖的气候并不意味着厄尔尼诺现象会持续

当今厄尔尼诺现象的特点是热带太平洋海表温度偏高,这往往会引发洪涝和旱灾。一项新研究表明:地球历史上一段温暖时期的气候类似于未来的气候,可是当时并没有长期停留在厄尔尼诺现象之中。上新世中期从530万年前至280万年前气候潮湿,全球气温比当今平均高出     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...