青藏高原地面拖曳效应对春季大季环流影响的数值研究

用一个在ＮＣＡＲ的气候模式基础上改进和发展起来的ＣＣＭ１（Ｒ１５Ｌ７）－ＬＮＷＰ长期数值预报模式，以国家气象中心１９９２年４月１日客观分析资料和ＮＣＡＲ的固定个例（１９７５年１月１６日）为初始场，进行当期数值预报试验，研究了青藏高原地面拖曳效应对春季大气环流的影响，结果表明，当月平均的青藏高原地面拖曳系数与全球其他陆面月平均拖曳系数之差由０．０００８增大至０．００４时，预报效果得到了明显改进。青藏     

LASG-REM对1994年中国汛期降水的实时预报实验

ＬＡＳＧ－ＲＥＭ对１９９４年我国汛期降水连续实时的预报试验结果再次表明了该模式对２４小时短期降水有很强的预报能力。本文给出了该模式从６月上旬到７月下旬连续５０天的降水实时数值预报试验的ＴＳ（ＴｈｒｅａｔＳｃｏｒｅ）技术评分以及发生在６、７、８月份主要降水过程的预报和根据大部分气象站观测降水量分析的２４小时降水量等值线的比较。从６月上旬到７月下旬，ＬＡＳＧ－ＲＥＭ连续５０天的实时降水数值预报试验的ＴＳ技术评分（模式范围）平均为：雨区范围（２４小时降水大于１ｍｍ）预报的ＴＳ值为５６％；２４小时降水大于１０ｍｍ、２５ｍｍ和５０ｍｍ的ＴＳ值分别为３６％、２３％和１５％，较１９９３年的ＴＳ评分有明显的提高。模式对１９９４年造成华南、华北严重洪涝灾害的暴雨都有很好的预报。由于模式中采用了保形水汽平流方案，在整个试验期间的水汽平流计算都未出现负水汽现象。初步的比较试验结果表明，模式中对地形的有效处理和给出较合适的水汽凝结参数对模式成功预报是重要的。     

青藏高原地面拖曳效应对春季大气环流影响的数值研究

用一个在ＮＣＡＲ的气候模式ＣＣＭ１（Ｒ１５Ｌ１２）基础上改进和发展起来的ＣＣＭ１（Ｒ１５Ｌ７）－ＬＮＷＰ长期数值预报模式，以国家气象中心１９９２年４月１日客观分析资料和ＮＣＡＲ的固定个例（１９７５年１月１６日）为初始场，进行长期数值预报试验，研究了青藏高原地面拖曳效应对春季大气环流的影响．结果表明，当月平均的青藏高原地面拖曳系数与全球其它陆面月平均拖曳系数之差由０．０００８增大至０．００４时，预报效果得到了明显改进．青藏高原至巴尔喀什湖之间的（３００ｈＰａ和５００ｈＰａ）温度差可增大３℃，从孟加拉湾一带至青藏高原的温度差可减小１．５℃，使得在青藏高原及其北侧高空西风增强（增强中心在４０°Ｎ的２５０ｈＰａ层）．在青藏高原南侧的２５°Ｎ的２５０ｈＰａ出现西风的减弱中心，有利于晚春季节东亚南支西风急流的北移．青藏高原的地面拖曳效应有利于在春季加大其迎风坡和背风坡效应，加强北半球经向三圈环流及全球经向环流．     

1991年江淮暴雨期间环流异常的动力延伸预报试验

介绍了利用Ｔ４２Ｌ９模式对１９９１年夏季江淮流域暴雨期间旬和月平均环流异常的动力延伸预报（ＤＥＲＦ）试验和利用ＯＳＵ－ＡＧＣＭ进行青藏高原热力异常敏感性试验的结果，指出Ｔ４２Ｌ９模式对造成暴雨的环流异常有一定的预报能力，并证实高原的热力异常是引起江淮暴雨的一个重要因子。     

欧洲中期天气预报中心T213L31模式夏季预报性能检验

对欧洲中期预报中心１９９１年Ｔ１０６Ｌ１９模式和１９９２－１９９３年Ｔ２１３Ｌ３１模式６－８月４８－１４４小时５００ｈＰａ高度场预报和一些环流特征量进行了统计检验。结果表明，ＥＣＭＷＦ模式更新后夏季预报性能不稳定，亚洲地区更为突出；与原模式比，较表般西风带预报水平好于旧模式，而副热带预报水平不及旧模式。     

中期预报模式T63L16在银河－2巨型机上的并行计算

多任务中期预报模式Ｔ６３Ｌ１６［１］主要利用了银河－２（以下简称为ＹＨ－２）巨型计算机提供的多任务并行计算环境，在原欧洲中期天气预报中心（ＥＣＭＷＦ）Ｔ１０６Ｌ１９模式版本的基础上，针对ＹＨ－２计算机的特点，实现了多任务并行计算，且获得了较高的加速比．     

区域性光化学模式与LLA-C机制的模拟性能比较

以 Ｌ Ｌ Ａ－ Ｃ 机制为基准,在［ Ｎ Ｍ Ｈ Ｃ］／［ Ｎ Ｏ＃ － ｘ］ 比率分别为１７９ 、７１４ 、２８６ 条件下测试了区域性光化学模式（ Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ） 的模拟性能。结果表明 Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ 模式在上述三种初值条件下均能从总体趋势上给出与 Ｌ Ｌ Ａ － Ｃ 机制相似的结果, 但只有当非甲烷烃浓度较高（［ Ｎ Ｍ Ｈ Ｃ］／［ Ｎ Ｏｘ］ ＞ １２） 时 Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ 模式模拟值与 Ｌ Ｌ Ａ－ Ｃ 机制预测值比较接近。在这种条件下, Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ 模型对 Ｏ Ｈ 的预测值有待改进。我国大气中相当高的［ Ｎ Ｍ Ｈ Ｃ］／［ Ｎ Ｏｘ］ 比率说明 Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ 模式用于全国范围内的空气质量趋势模拟是可行的。     

非静力模式预报热带气旋路径个例试验

利用非静力模式（ＭＭ５Ｖ２）对９６１１号、９９０４号等北上热带气旋路径预报进行民试验。用松驰（Ｎｕｄｇｉｎｇ）四维同化方案和人造热带气旋（Ｂｏｇｕｓ ＴＣ）技术,使独ｔ－１２时刻的模式场（包括第一个Ｂｏｇｕｓ ＴＣ）通过预积分逐步逼近ｔｏ时刻的Ｂｏｇｕｓ ＴＣ和同时刻的观测资料场庆１９９９年能够得到相隔６ｈ一次的ＡＴ１０６Ｌ１９预报场后,分别在ｔ－１２、ｔ－ａ６和ｔｏ时刻各制做一个Ｂｏｇｕｓ ＴＣ     

含雪——气相互作用的大气环流模式及其青藏高原积雪模拟

本文将ＢＡＴＳ方案的一些简化结果,引入到ＧＣＭ（Ｒ１５Ｌ９）中,使得积雪也作为模式的一个预报量,实现了雪、气间可以相互作用。此种改进的模式,文中称作ＳＦ－ＧＣＭ。在模式中,积雪变化不仅体现在覆盖面积和反照率上,还能计算出相应的积雪深度、积雪时间和融雪吸热等等雪的各种参量。用该模式进行了９年的时间积分,所得到的青藏高原积雪时、空分布特征与实际观测到的情况比较相近。     

地形作用对月际长期数值预报效果的影响

利用改进的Ｔ４２Ｌ１０月长期数值预报谱模式，以１９９２年８月３１日国家气象中心日常客观分析资料为初始场，在模式中分别就考虑和不考虑地形两种情形对当所９月北半球环流形势进行了模拟预报，并对比分析研究了地形作用对月际长期数值预报效果的影响。改进的Ｔ４２Ｌ１０谱模式考虑了较完整的物理过程，同时具有以下特点：（１）非线性平衡方程初值化和σ面上模式初值精度的提高；（２）改进了模诊断云和模式水汽场方法；（３）     

Climate sensitivity of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM2) to horizontal resolution

The dependence on horizontal resolution of the climate simulated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (CCM2) is explored. Simulations employing R15, T21, T31, T42, T63, and T106 horizontal spectral truncations are compared. Parameters associated with the diagnostic cloud scheme are modified for each resolution to provide similar global average cloud radiative forcing at each resolution. Overall, as with earlier studies, there are large differences between the low resolution R15 and T21 simulations and the medium resolution T42 simulation. Many climate statistics show a monotonic signal with increasing resolution, with the largest variation occurring from low to medium resolution. Although the monotonic signal is often from the low resolution simulations toward atmospheric analyses, in some cases it continues beyond the analyses at the highest resolution. Where convergence occurs, it is not always to the atmospheric analyses, and the highest resolution simulations are not the best by all measures. Although many climate statistics converge, the processes that maintain the climate do not, especially when considered on a regional basis. The implication is that the finer scales are required to capture the nonlinear processes that force the medium scales. Overall, it appears that, at a minimum, T42 resolution is required, but higher resolution would be better. Applications at T42 should take into consideration how model errors indicated by these resolution signals might affect any findings.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.     

Comparison of NCAR community climate model (CCM) climates

The simulated mean January and July climates of four versions of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model (CCM) are compared. The models include standard configurations of CCM1 and CCM2, as well as two widely-cited research versions, the Global Environmental and Ecological Simulation of Interactive Systems (GENESIS) model and the Climate Sensitivity and Carbon Dioxide (CSC02) model. Each CCM version was integrated for 10 years with a horizontal spectral resolution of rhomboidal 15 (R15). Additionally, the standard T42 version of CCM2 was integrated for 20 years. Monthly mean, annually repeating climatological sea surface temperatures provided a lower boundary condition for each of the model simulations. The CCM troposphere is generally too cold, especially in the polar upper troposphere in the summer hemisphere. This is least severe in CCM2 and most pronounced in CCM1. CSC02 is an exception with a substantial warm bias, especially in the tropical upper troposphere. Corresponding biases are evident in atmospheric moisture. The overall superior CCM2 thermodynamic behavior is principally compromised by a large warm and moist bias over the Northern Hemisphere middle and high latitudes during summer. Differences between the simulated and observed stationary wave patterns reveal sizeable amplitude errors and phase shifts in all CCM versions. A common problem evident in the upper troposphere is an erroneous cyclone pair that straddles the equatorial central Pacific in January. The overall January stationary wave error pattern in CCM2 and CSCO2 is suggestive of a reverse Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern originating from the tropical central Pacific. During July, common regional biases include simulated North Pacific troughs that are stronger and shifted to the west of observations, and each model overestimates the strength of the anticyclone pair associated with the summer monsoon circulation over India. The simulated major convergence and divergence centers tend to be very localized in all CCM versions, with a tendency in each model for the maximum divergent centers to be unrelistically concentrated in monsoon regions and tied to regions of steep orography. Maxima in CCM-simulated precipitation correspond to the simulated outflow maxima and are generally larger than observational estimates, and the associated atmospheric latent heating appears to contribute to the stationary wave errors. Comparisons of simulated radiative quantities to satellite measurements reveal that the overall CCM2 radiative balance is better than in the other CCM versions. An error common to all models is that too much solar radiation is absorbed in the middle latitudes during summer.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation     

SIMULATION OF REGIONAL CLIMATE OVER CHINA WITH CHINESE REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL

In this paper,we present the results simulated with the Chinese regional climate model nestedin NCAR CCM1 GCM through one-way nesting approach.The model has been run for 14 months.The NCAR CCM1(1992)is at rhomboidal truncation(R15),while the horizontal resolution ofthe Chinese regional climate model is 100 km.It is found that the Chinese regional climate modelhas some advantages in simulating the surface air temperature and precipitation over the generalclimate model,because of the improved land surface parameterization.     

Sensitivity of ecosystem models to the spatial resolution of the NCAR Community Climate Model CCM2

 This study evaluates the sensitivity of ecosystem models to changes in the horizontal resolution of version 2 of the National Centre for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (CCM2). A previous study has shown that the distributions of natural ecosystems predicted by vegetation models using coarse resolution present-day climate simulations are poorly simulated. It is usually assumed that increasing the spatial resolution of general circulation models (GCMs) will improve the simulation of climate, and hence will increase our level of confidence in the use of GCM output for impacts studies. The principal goals of this study is to investigate this hypothesis and to identify which biomes are more affected by the changes in spatial resolution of the forcing climate. The ecosystem models used are the BIOME-1 model and a version of the Holdridge scheme. The climate simulations come from a set of experiments in which CCM2 was run with increasing horizontal resolutions. The biome distributions predicted using CCM2 climates are compared against biome distributions predicted using observed climate datasets. Results show that increasing the resolution of CCM2 produces a significant improvement of the global-scale vegetation prediction, indicating that a higher level of confidence can be vested in the global-scale prediction of natural ecosystems using medium and high resolution GCMs. However, not all biomes are equally affected by the increased spatial resolution, and although certain biome distributions are improved (e.g. hot desert, tropical seasonal forest), others remain globally poorly predicted even at high resolution (e.g. grasses and xerophytic woods). In addition, these results show that some climatic biases are enhanced with increasing resolution (e.g. in mountain ranges), resulting in the inadequate prediction of biomes. Received: 4 March 1997 / Accepted: 10 December 1997     

风廓线雷达反演温度平流的应用

利用北京延庆站风廓线雷达水平风廓线资料进行大气温度平流的反演,详细分析2014年11月15日夜间冷空气入侵过程,并统计分析2015年9—11月6次冷空气入侵过程,同T639L60模式的预报风场及温度平流预报产品进行对比。结果表明:在一定预报时效内 (约6~12 h),风廓线雷达获取的水平风廓线与模式给出的预报风场有较好的一致性;由风廓线雷达反演的温度平流与模式给出的温度平流量级相同,温度平流属性一致;风廓线雷达6 min完成1次垂直高度分辨率为120 m的探测,高时空分辨率使风廓线雷达获取的温度平流较T639L60模式更能反映大气温度平流的细节。     

Comparative energetics analysis of CCM2 with different horizontal resolutions

 Comprehensive global energetics analysis is carried out for the NCAR CCM2 with different horizontal resolutions of R15, T42, T63, and T106 to assess the effect of various model truncations on the global energetics characteristics in climate models. Both the energy levels and energy transformations are examined over the zonal wave number domain during a northern winter and summer. In addition to the simulated atmosphere, the ECMWF global analysis during 1986 to 1990 is analyzed for comparison using the same diagnostic scheme. Previous studies have revealed that zonal kinetic energy is supplied by synoptic disturbances in terms of the zonal-wave interactions of kinetic energy. According to our result, however, such an energy flow from eddies to zonal motions is valid only for zonal wave numbers up to about 30. We find that the zonal-wave interactions of kinetic energy change sign beyond wave number 30 where the energy is transformed from zonal to eddies for both the ECMWF and CCM2-T106. The large-scale zonal motions are diffusive against the short waves beyond wave number 30, which may well be parameterized by various forms of the diffusion schemes. We suggest from this result that the atmospheric disturbances with wave numbers lower than 30 are necessary to represent accurately the two-way interactions between zonal and eddy motions, because these waves can actively influence the behavior of the zonal motions. Based on this finding, we suggest that the model resolution of R15 is inadequate for climate studies from the energetics point of view, and that resolution of T42 is the minimum requirement to represent the general circulation adequately. Some other discrepancies are discussed in detail for the coarse resolution climate models. Received: 15 July 1996/Accepted: 3 January 1997     

神威机上集合数值天气预报系统功能概述

文章对自主研制的基于神威巨型机的并行化集合数值天气预报系统的研制背景、系统组成、主要技术特点和应用发展前景作了一简要介绍。     

The impact of horizontal resolution on moist processes in the ECMWF model

Summer and winter climates simulated with the ECMWF (cycle 33) model at spectral scales T21, T42, T63 and T106 are analyzed to determine the impact of changes in horizontal resolution on atmospheric water vapor, clouds, convection, and precipitation. Qualitative changes in many moist processes occur in the transition from T21 to T42, especially in the tropics; at higher resolutions mostly incremental variations from patterns established at T42 result. Large-scale tropical moist processes are simulated more realistically at T21 than at finer resolutions, possibly reflecting a mismatch between the finer-scale dynamics and the scales at which the underlying assumptions of the physical parameterizations apply. Global precipitation increases monotonically with resolution, as a consequence of increasing convection. Global cloud cover, however, decreases in the transition from T21 to T42 due to drying of the tropics, but then increases slightly at finer resolutions. These small global increases are an outcome of compensating changes in different regions: decreases in cloud cover due to drying of the atmosphere at low latitudes are offset by high-latitude increases resulting from enhanced relative humidity associated with an intensifying atmospheric cold bias at finer resolutions.     

The effect of horizontal resolution on ocean surface heat fluxes in the ECMWF model

Annual mean ocean surface heat fluxes have been studied as a function of horizontal resolution in the ECMWF model (cycle 33) and compared with Oberhuber's COADS (1959–1979) based empirical estimates. The model has been run at resolutions of T21, T42, T63 and T106 for 15 months with prescribed monthly varying climatological SST and sea ice. The T42 simulation was extended to 2 years, which enabled us to determine that many differences between the resolution runs were significant and could not be explained by the fact that individual realizations of an ensemble of years can be expected to give different estimates of the annual mean climate state. In addition to systematic differences between the modeled and the observed fluxes, the simulated fields of surface shortwave and longwave radiation showed much more spatial variability than the observed estimates. In the case of the longwave radiation this may be attributable more to deficiencies in the observations than to errors in the model. The modeled latent and sensible heat fields were in better agreement with observations. The primary conclusion concerning the dependence of ocean surface fluxes on resolution is that the T21 simulation differed significantly from the higher resolution runs, especially in the tropics. Although the differences among the three higher resolution simulations were generally small over most of the world ocean, there were local areas with large differences. It appears, therefore, that in relation to ocean surface heat fluxes, a resolution greater than T42 may not be justified for climate model simulations, although the locally large differences found between the higher resolution runs suggest that convergence has not been achieved everywhere even at T106.