1998年南海季风爆发时期中尺度对流系统 的研究：I中尺度对流系统发生发展的大尺度条件

南海季风试验(SCSMEX)的观测表明,1998年南海北部夏季风爆发(5日16～20日)的主要特征是中尺度对流活动的突然爆发和降水迅速增加.文章通过讨论大尺度背景下中尺度对流活动及降水形成的物理条件,揭示了该时段中尺度对流系统与中尺度雨带形成的可能机制(1)在季风爆发初期华南及南海北部地区对流层低层较高的假相当位温与对流不稳定性、低层西南风辐合和高层的辐散为该地区的中尺度对流系统的发展提供了有利的大尺度热力与动力条件;来自孟加拉湾与副热带高压西侧的西南气流为南海北部强降水区提供了大量水汽,形成了该区深厚的湿层和强水汽辐合;(2)来自东亚中高纬地区几次冷空气活动是对流活动发生的重要触发机制,其作用是使对流不稳定能量迅速释放和对流活动在大范围地区突然爆发;(3)通过对南海季风试验期间安装在东沙岛和实验3号科学考察船上的双多普勒雷达资料反演的降水量分析表明,活跃的对流在季风槽和相应的风场切变线作用下,不断地组织并形成一些中尺度对流雨带(MCSs).1998-5-15～19季风爆发时段内,可观测到约12次中尺度降水过程,它们的生命期为6～10 h或更长;(4)南海季风槽与低层切变线的建立以及其中中尺度低涡的产生和发展是中尺度对流系统形成与维持的必要条件.     

强热带风暴碧利斯 (0604) 引发的特大暴雨中尺度结构多普勒雷达资料分析

强热带风暴 “碧利斯” (Bilis) 于2006年7月14日12:50在福建省霞浦县北壁镇再次登陆, 与南海季风相互作用, 在福建省引发特大暴雨。作者利用双多普勒雷达三维风场反演技术对厦门和龙岩新一代多普勒雷达时间同步探测资料进行了风场反演, 综合利用雷达回波强度资料, 对造成长泰、 漳州特大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的三维结构及其演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明: (1) 此次特大暴雨主要是由中低层西南[CD*2]东北走向的β中尺度辐合线引发的, 辐合线对于水汽输送以及暴雨的形成、 触发、 维持具有重要作用, 辐合线在暴雨的整个生命史过程中经历了由弱变强、 由强变弱的演变过程, 变化过程与降水的强弱演变过程基本同步。 (2) 由于丰富的水汽供应和中低层辐合线的动力抬升作用, 西南[CD*2]东北走向的β中尺度回波带的西南不断有新的γ中尺度对流单体生成, 在沿着辐合线向东北移动过程中进一步发展、 合并形成β中尺度对流线, 造成持续的强降水。最后, 还给出了此次特大暴雨的三维云系结构模型。     

华南登陆台风降水不对称性及持续性问题

针对登陆华南台风降水及模式预报存在的突出问题,就当前关于登陆台风降水分布的不对称性及台风登陆后期持续性暴雨发生机理的研究状况进行回顾和分析,提出了需要深入研究的相关科学问题及模式预报技术改进的应对措施,为促进登陆华南台风暴雨预报工作和效果的不断改进提供参考。分析指出环境风场垂直切变、低层气团边界(如冷池边界)、干冷空气侵入、中尺度对流系统以及地形等是造成登陆华南台风降水不对称分布的重要影响因素。台风登陆后期华南发生的持续性暴雨往往与季风活动增强相关,活跃的西南季风为强降水中尺度对流系统(MCSs)发展提供有利条件,MCSs通过潜热加热反馈于大尺度环流,可使台风涡旋环流和西南季风得以维持并致使MCSs反复发生发展、暴雨持续。开展相关科学问题的深入研究,有针对性地考察评估目前模式的预报性能并提出有效改进方案,是进一步提高模式预报效果的重要途径。     

暴雨中尺度对流系统研究的若干进展

中尺度对流系统是造成暴雨的重要影响系统.为了加深对暴雨中尺度对流系统的认识,有必要总结和继续研究中尺度对流系统(MCSs)的组织模型、结构以及发生发展机制.因此,对产生暴雨的MCSs的相关研究进展进行简要综述,主要包括MCSs的定义、分类、时空分布、平均生成环境、组织模型和演变,MCSs的结构特征和发生发展机制,MCS...     

中尺度地形对梅雨锋暴雨影响的个例研究

利用多种观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析了2007年7月9—10日皖南特大暴雨过程中尺度对流系统(MCSs)的活动特征及其引发暴雨的天气背景和环境场特征,探讨了大别山和皖南山区中尺度地形对MCSs活动和暴雨形成的影响,并通过高分辨率的数值模拟、地形敏感性试验和对比分析,进一步研究了中尺度地形对MCSs活动及其降水的影响。结果表明,此次强降水过程形成的2个暴雨中心分别位于大别山东北侧和皖南山区北部,期间有4个MCSs活动,皖南特大暴雨是由2个准静止MCSs活动造成的。MCSs具有明显的日变化特征,在清晨出现日峰值,梅雨锋中低层辐合和高层辐散是MCSs形成和发展的主要原因之一。在梅雨锋东移南压的过程中,MCSs相对于中尺度地形的位置在不断地发生变化,地形上空盛行气流方向以及地形Fw数也在不断变化,地形通过不同的动力机制影响MCSs。高地形Fw数下,大别山主要通过山脉波影响下游的MCSs;低地形Fw数下,地形绕流和山脉波共同影响下游的MCSs活动。当MCSs移近皖南山区北坡时,地形有利于MCSs的形成和维持,其阻滞效应可减缓MCSs的移动,有利于皖南特大暴雨的形成。大别山和皖南山区中尺度地形对暴雨强度和分布有明显的影响,其构成的中尺度组合地形效应是皖南特大暴雨形成的重要原因。     

全国各省市气象科技期刊文摘(16)

1中尺度对流系统(MCSs)散度场的特殊结构《陕西气象》2003年第2期张弘陕西省气象台710015摘要对青藏高原东侧一次局地特大暴雨的分析表明,高原东侧的中尺度对流系统空间结构复杂,散度垂直分布从对流层低层到高层呈现辐合至辐散的双重结构,即在400hPa以上还存在着另外一个辐合至辐散结构,而不是低层辐合、高层辐散的简单形式。其中对流层中高层第2个辐合区是暴雨时高原气流直接导致的,对MCSs的形成和维持具有重要作用。与东部地区相比,高原东侧的MCSs所伴随的暴雨具有历时短,强度大,突发性强等特征。2变分法和卫星云图模式识别在强降水面…     

华南沿海2011年7月15-18日持续暴雨过程中的季风槽与中尺度对流系统相互作用

应用NCEP FNL再分析资料及位涡分离反演等方法,对华南沿海2011年7月15—18日持续暴雨过程中季风槽与中尺度对流系统的相互作用进行了研究.主要针对暴雨发生期间季风槽气旋性涡度向上发展的机理及其对季风槽维持发展和中尺度对流系统活动的影响进行分析。结果发现,季风槽的中尺度对流系统发展于弱斜压性环境中,大多在槽东西两端涡度中心区发展最强。南侧盛行的西南低空急流为对流反复发生提供了对流发展的"可维持性"条件,是对流得以组织发展成为中尺度对流系统的重要原因。涡度收支诊断表明,季风槽气旋性涡度生成主要由中尺度对流系统低层辐合引起。位涡分离反演结果证实,季风槽气旋性环流增强主要由与中尺度对流系统潜热加热相关的扰动位涡造成,并随着中尺度对流系统加热峰值高度升高而向上发展,是大尺度环流对中尺度对流系统潜热加热动力响应的结果。在季风槽东西两端,由于中尺度对流系统发展强烈且持续,具有更高的加热效率,引起的气旋性涡度向上发展最为明显。其结果可引起中尺度对流系统西南一侧向北非地转风发展,并在地转偏向力作用下增强西风,维持低空急流的发展,为对流反复发生提供条件。这些都说明季风槽大尺度环流与中尺度对流系统相互作用在中尺度对流系统和持续暴雨形成过程中有重要作用。     

华南沿海2011年7月15—18日持续暴雨过程中的季风槽与中尺度对流系统相互作用

应用NCEP FNL再分析资料及位涡分离反演等方法,对华南沿海2011年7月15—18日持续暴雨过程中季风槽与中尺度对流系统的相互作用进行了研究,主要针对暴雨发生期间季风槽气旋性涡度向上发展的机理及其对季风槽维持发展和中尺度对流系统活动的影响进行分析。结果发现,季风槽的中尺度对流系统发展于弱斜压性环境中,大多在槽东西两端涡度中心区发展最强。南侧盛行的西南低空急流为对流反复发生提供了对流发展的“可维持性”条件,是对流得以组织发展成为中尺度对流系统的重要原因。涡度收支诊断表明,季风槽气旋性涡度生成主要由中尺度对流系统低层辐合引起。位涡分离反演结果证实,季风槽气旋性环流增强主要由与中尺度对流系统潜热加热相关的扰动位涡造成,并随着中尺度对流系统加热峰值高度升高而向上发展,是大尺度环流对中尺度对流系统潜热加热动力响应的结果。在季风槽东西两端,由于中尺度对流系统发展强烈且持续,具有更高的加热效率,引起的气旋性涡度向上发展最为明显。其结果可引起中尺度对流系统西南一侧向北非地转风发展,并在地转偏向力作用下增强西风,维持低空急流的发展,为对流反复发生提供条件。这些都说明季风槽大尺度环流与中尺度对流系统相互作用在中尺度对流系统和持续暴雨形成过程中有重要作用。     

一次东北冷涡暴雨数值模拟及动力诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和卫星云图产品,对2009年6月18-19日黑龙江省西南部地区的一次东北冷涡暴雨过程进行诊断分析,并利用WRF中尺度模式对暴雨过程进行数值模拟,分析产生暴雨的天气尺度和中尺度特征。结果表明：此次暴雨是由东北冷涡前部的暖湿切变造成的,鄂霍次克海阻塞高压阻挡使冷涡移动缓慢,使冷涡系统影响时间长,降水量增大。暖湿空气在切变处强烈辐合上升,为暴雨产生提供了动力条件;低空偏南急流为暴雨提供充沛的水汽条件,同时低层增温增湿使大气层结不稳定。低层强辐合区与高层强辐散区重叠,易产生强烈的上升运动,有利于深对流的发展和中尺度系统的生成及维持。暴雨是由暖锋云带中多个对流云团的发展移动造成的,地面中尺度切变线为暴雨云团的发展和维持提供了有利条件。数值模拟结果显示此次暴雨是由两次中尺度切变线先后在同一区域的发展和移动造成的;切变线上存在与暴雨关系密切的中尺度垂直环流。     

1319号台风“天兔”造成广西特大暴雨成因分析

利用常规气象资料和物理量等资料,对1319号台风“天兔”登陆减弱成低压环流后造成广西特大暴雨过程进行分析,结果表明,“天兔”东部的偏南汽流将南海大量的水汽源源不断的输送到广西上空为持续的暴雨产生提供充足的水汽条件,200hPa南亚高压为“天兔”残涡维持提供了有利的环流背景,低层辐合高层辐散、强烈上升运动为此次暴雨产生和维持提供了有利的动力条件,地面冷空气、低压环流与地面中尺度辐合线共同作用造成暴雨增幅.     

THE INFLUENCE OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON ON THE RAINSTORM ASSOCIATED WITH THE LANDFALLING STRONG TROPICAL STORM BILIS (0604)

Bilis （0604） is a strong tropical storm that sustained over land for a long time, bringing torrential rain. With conventional observation data, radar data and infrared satellite imagery, Mesoscale Convective Systems （MCSs） are found to form and develop successively, which cause torrential rain. Then numerical simulation is conducted using MM5 to simulate a 66-h post-landfall process. The simulated distribution and intensity of precipitation match the observation well. With the simulated result, the characteristics and process of MCS development are analyzed with the finding that the convergence of the tropical depression and South China Sea （SCS） summer monsoon over The south of China causes the formation of a mesoscale vortex, mesoscale convergence center and mesoscale convergence line, which are favorable to the development and sustaining of the MCSs. A sensitivity experiment indicates that the SCS summer monsoon transports unstable energy and water vapor continuously, which is of vital importance to rainstorms.     

A Study on the Mesoscale Convective Systems during the Summer Monsoon Onset over the South China Sea in 1998 Part Ⅰ: Analysis of Large-Scale Fields for Occurrence and Development of the Mesoscale Convective Systems

The summer monsoon onset over the northern South China Sea (SCS) in May 16-20, 1998 was characterized by the abrupt onset of mesoscale convective activities and rapid increase of precipitation. The possible mechanism for formation of the mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and related rain belts were revealed through discussing their forming physical conditions under the large-scale background: (1) The high pseudo-equivalent potential temperature and the convective instability in the lower troposphere, the low-level southwesterly confluence and the high-level divergence over South China and the northern SCS provided the favorable large-scale thermodynamic and dynamic conditions for development of MCSs. The southwesterly flow from the Bay of Bengal (BOB) interacted with that to the western flank of the subtropical high, which constituted the major moisture channels, thus bringing about deep wet layers and strong moisture convergence;(2) triggered by several cold troughs from high and mid latitudes, the convectively unstable energy was released and the convective activities over the northern SCS broke out abruptly;(3)analysis of retrieved precipitation based on the dual-Doppler radar during South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) indicated that active convection influenced by the monsoon trough and corresponding wind shear line organized and formed continually some mesoscale convective rainbelts. During May 15-19,about 12 precipitation processes with 6-12-hour life span or more were observed;and (4) under the favorable synoptic conditions, establishment of the monsoon trough and shear line in the low levels, as well as production and development of mesoscale low vortex were all necessary conditions for the formation and maintenance of MCSs.     

A Study on the Mesoscale Convective Systems during the Summer Monsoon Onset over the South China Sea in 1998Part I: Analysis of Large-Scale Fields for Occurrence and Development of the Mesoscale Convective Systems

1. Introduction China is located in the East Asian monsoon re- gion. Every year's weather and climate in this region is deeply affected by the monsoon activities. Es- pecially, during flooding season (May to September), the summer monsoon controls large-scale precipitation patterns, the movement of seasonal rain belt and oc- currence of drought/flood disasters. The Asian mon- soon can be divided into two systems (Tao and Chen, 1987). As a major component and its unique location, the South …     

受“碧利斯”影响的一次中尺度对流系统模拟研究

利用中尺度数值模式WRF（weather research and forecasting model）对2006年7月16—17日在我国华南沿海地区引发强降水的中尺度对流系统（mesoscale convective systems,MCS）活动进行了数值模拟,并结合观测资料对此次过程进行分析。结果表明,1）此次MCS活动与0604号强热带风暴“碧利斯”减弱而成的热带低气压及西南季风密切相关。热低压为MCS的发生提供了动力抬升条件,西南季风则承担了输送水汽的角色,二者的持续结合,使华南大部地区中尺度对流系统不断发生和发展,形成强降水。2）该MCS具有明显的不对称结构,云体越向上越向南部伸展,云系主要分布在热低压的南部,呈东北一西南走向的带状。3）模式对此次MCS强降水过程的模拟效果较好,客观地反映了此次MCS的发展演变及雨带的分布状况。4）在广西境内的中尺度对流云团中云水含量较少,冰相粒子的比含水量值很大,主要的降水机制为冰晶降水机制。     

登陆热带气旋与夏季风相互作用对暴雨的影响

利用《热带气旋年鉴》资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料采用动态合成分析方法,研究了登陆热带气旋降水与夏季风急流之间的关系,同时对登陆热带气旋与夏季风急流发生相互作用的典型个例强热带风暴Bilis (0604) 利用数值模拟方法研究了二者之间的相互作用对暴雨的影响。结果表明:登陆后造成大范围强降水的热带气旋往往与低层急流长时间相连,其水汽通量和潜热能显著大于弱降水热带气旋。数值试验结果表明:夏季风低空急流向热带气旋输送水汽对热带气旋结构维持有利,当水汽输送被截断后,热带气旋气旋性结构被破坏,强降水减弱、范围明显缩小;季风急流风速增强时可增加水汽通量输送,使得强降水范围增加、强度增强;在夏季风影响背景下,热带气旋在陆上的移动改变水汽和不稳定能量的分布,而热带气旋本身独特的动力结构使得强降水强度增加。     

A Study on the Mesoscale Convective Systems during the Summer Monsoon Onset over the South China Sea in 1998 Part II: Effect of Mesoscale Convective Systems on Large-Scale Fields

1. Introduction The strong convective weather is developed under the favorable large-scale circulations, which demon- strated the large-scale weather system's controlling ef- fect on strong convections. Once the convection is formed, it will produce the feedback effect on the large-scale environmental conditions by transporting momentum, heat and moisture upward, and influence or change the environmental wind, humidity, tem- perature, atmospheric stratification fields and so on, thus forming t…     

A Study on the Mesoscale Convective Systems during the Summer Monsoon Onset over the South China Sea in 1998 Part Ⅱ: Effect of Mesoscale Convective Systems on Large-Scale Fields

The apparent heat sources and apparent moisture sinks, and large-scale wind, temperature as well as the surface pressure fields during the summer monsoon onset over the northern South China Sea (SCS) in 1998 were diagnosed. The results suggested that there was a kind of positive feedback mechanism between large-scale circulations and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Before the monsoon onset, the largescale background provided favorable synoptic and dynamic conditions for the summer monsoon onset and the formation of mesoscale convective activities, whereas after the summer monsoon onset, occurrence of the persistent and extensive mesoscale convective activities produced obvious feedback effect on large-scale circulations. Because of the release of latent heating produced by enhanced convective activities, the intense atmospheric heating appeared over the northern SCS, which resulted in: (1) the meridional temperature gradient over the SCS reversed from upper-level to low-level and then the large-scale circulations were changed seasonally;(2) correspondingly, the surface pressure over the northern SCS deepened continually and formed a broad monsoon trough and the obvious pressure-fall areas, thus making the subtropical high move out of the SCS eventually;(3) with the development of the low pressure circulations in the middle and low troposphere, the MCSs further enhanced and extended southward, which was conducive to the SCS monsoon onset and maintenance over the middle and southern SCS;and (4) the deepening of monsoon trough facilitated the monsoon flow and moisture transport on its southern side, thus the monsoon onset reaching peak period.     

A Diagnostic and Numerical Study on a Rainstorm in South China Induced by a Northward-Propagating Tropical System

A strong cyclonic wind perturbation generated in the northern South China Sea （SCS） moved northward quickly and developed into a mesoscale vortex in southwest Guangdong Province, and then merged with a southward-moving shear line from mid latitudes in the period of 21-22 May 2006, during which three strong mesoscale convective systems （MCSs） formed and brought about torrential rain or even cloudburst in South China. With the 1° ×1° NCEP （National Centers for Environment Prediction） reanalysis data and the Weather and Research Forecast （WRF） mesoscale model, a numerical simulation, a potential vorticity inversion analysis, and some sensitivity experiments are carried out to reveal the formation mechanism of this rainfall event. In the meantime, conventional observations, satellite images, and the WRF model outputs are also utilized to perform a preliminary dynamic and thermodynamic diagnostic analysis of the rainstorm systems. It is found that the torrential rain occurred in favorable synoptic conditions such as warm and moist environment, low lifting condensation level, and high convective instability. The moisture transport by strong southerly winds associated with the rapid northward advance of the cyclonic wind perturbation over the northern SCS provided the warm and moist condition for the formation of the excessive rain. Under the dynamic steering of a southwesterly flow ahead of a north trough and that on the southwest side of the West Pacific subtropical high, the mesoscale vortex （or the cyclonic wind perturbation）, after its genesis, moved northward and brought about enormous rain in most parts of Guangdong Province through providing certain lifting forcing for the triggering of mesoscale convection. During the development of the mesoscale vortex, heavy rainfall was to a certain extent enhanced by the mesoscale topography of the Yunwu Mountain in Guangdong. The effect of the Yunwu Mountain is found to vary under different prevailing wind directions and intensities. The location o     

大陆高压对强热带风暴碧利斯内陆强降水影响

强热带风暴碧利斯 (0604)(简称碧利斯) 登陆后造成极其严重的灾害。对该次强降水过程诊断分析发现,除强盛的西南季风外,深厚的大陆高压也起着重要作用。自高层向低层逐渐加强的大陆高压,其东南侧深厚的偏东北气流,与碧利斯登陆后西北象限的东北风相叠加,配合强盛的西南季风,使得碧利斯残涡以及槽区得以长时间维持。涡度收支表明:长时间维持的台风槽,其低层强烈的辐合效应,对暴雨区低涡发展作用显著,致使中尺度对流系统不断发展而造成内陆连续强降水。数值试验表明:在强盛西南季风背景下,大陆高压的增强东伸,不仅能够提供高空强辐散,而且能增强碧利斯西北象限东北风,使得登陆后减弱的碧利斯残涡和台风槽得以长时间维持,致使内陆暴雨区各层涡度增加而导致暴雨维持与增幅。     

ON THE PROCESS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER EAST ASIA

Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 andNCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,thedistribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in thispaper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asianregion from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropicalmonsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and therecurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.Thelatter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South ChinaSea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northwardshift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-floodrainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfallappeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China thenformed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoononset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into SouthChina Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow.