湛江2019年4次冰雹双偏振雷达产品应用分析

利用MICAPS高空地面资料和湛江S波段双偏振雷达资料对2019年3月6日、4月12日共4次雹暴云团造成的降雹天气过程进行分析。结果表明：1)4次过程均出现高悬强回波、三体散射长钉等降雹强风暴基本雷达特征；2)双偏振雷达基本参量的冰雹识别通常以高水平基本反射率Z_H、低的差分反射率Z_DR、协相关系数CC作为冰雹主要识别判据。3)4次雹暴云团在入流缺口处有明显的Z_DR环和Z_DR柱。成熟的雹暴云团强回波区对应Z_DR为趋近于0 dB的低值区，低于0.95的CC与趋近于0 (°)/km或为缺测的K_DP。4次过程中降雹前1～2 h,雹胚发展的强回波区域对应Z_DR常有低值窄带区下延接地。     

江淮地区一次冰雹过程的双线偏振雷达观测分析

为了进一步认识冰雹和三体散射的双线偏振雷达观测特征,提高业务预警能力和奠定基于双线偏振雷达的地面降雹识别基础,利用南京双线偏振雷达观测资料,统计分析了2019年3月20日冰雹过程发展、成熟和降雹阶段的观测特征及微物理过程。结果表明:（1）雹暴在成熟阶段具有高悬的强回波中心和较高的顶高,强回波中心差分反射率Z_DR＜?0.5 dB,相关系数（ρ_hv）约为0.9,由于冰雹后向散射相位的影响,该区域比差分相位（K_DP）呈现负值,指示了该区域有冰雹存在,并被相态分类算法（HCA）正确识别;（2）降雹阶段,高层反射率因子减小,强回波中心下降到地面附近,融化层以下ρ_hv增大,指示高层下落的冰相粒子整体尺寸减小;HCA识别到冰雹开始减少时,地面观测到冰雹;（3）三体散射的反射率因子（Z_H）、ρ_hv和反射率因子标准差（SD（Z_H））概率密度分布与北美三体散射比较接近;Z_DR分布更偏向于负值区域,差分相位标准差（SD（φ_DP））分布范围大约是北美结果的2倍。      

基于多源探测资料的“4.12”非典型冰雹特征分析

针对2020年4月12日发生在江苏苏州的一次大范围雷暴大风、局部伴有冰雹的强对流天气过程,基于常州S波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达、湖州和青浦的单偏振雷达以及再分析资料,详细分析了此次过程的天气背景,不稳定机制、抬升条件和雷达回波及双偏振雷达参量演变特征,并结合双雷达风场反演技术分析超级单体的动力结构及云物理机制。结果表明此次过程发生在高空冷涡南掉、横槽南摆,上下层强烈不稳定的环流背景下,地面有辐合线提供了触发条件。苏南地面附近至600 hPa为θ_se随高度减小的对流不稳定层和0~6 km强烈的垂直风向切变分别为此次过程提供强热力和动力不稳定条件。此次降雹天气过程,雷达回波强度超过50 dBZ,有明显的三体散射、气旋式辐合、高层回波悬垂和强风暴顶辐散等特征;但是VIL和ET都很小,呈现非典型冰雹特征。双线偏振雷达各偏振参量(差分反射率Z_DR、差分相移率K_DP和相关系数CC)也都反映出冰雹云的典型特征:在Z_H大、Z_DR小、CC小的区域出现冰雹,Z_DR值通常为-1.0~0.2 dB,CC值普遍小于0.85。上述双偏振参量特征在强对流短时临近预报和冰雹识别方面具有很强的应用潜力。利用双雷达风场反演技术对降雹时段研究,发现1~5 km各层高度的风垂直切变、辐合的存在,有利于超级单体的发展和加强。双雷达能较好地反演雷暴大风的三维风场精细结构,有助于加深对冰雹云结构的认识进而提高冰雹等强对流天气的预报预警能力。      

湘东北一次降雹超级单体过程的双偏振雷达回波特征

利用S波段双偏振雷达资料和多种观测资料,对2021年5月10日湖南长沙的大冰雹超级单体风暴过程进行分析,结果表明：(1)此次过程发生在低层暖平流主导下,高能量、有利的对流不稳定条件以及湿球0℃(WBZ)高度明显低于0℃层高度为大冰雹超级单体风暴的形成和维持提供了有利条件。(2)强中心(水平反射率因子Z_h≥60 dBz)面积和最大水平反射率因子明显增大、垂直累积液态水含量跃增和质心高度发展到冰雹有效增长层,可作为大冰雹形成发展的依据。(3)差分反射率因子(Z_dr)柱、相关系数(CC)、差分相移率(K_dp)演变可为冰雹的云物理特征变化提供重要参考。Z_dr柱(≥1 dB)的出现对应上升气流区,扩展至WBZ以上,Z_dr柱的发展和维持表明其携带的过冷雨滴为冰雹发展和维持提供了雹胚;Z_dr洞(<0 dB)对应下沉气流区扩展至近地面,结合小CC和Kdp“空洞”对应干的大冰雹。(4)构建的超级单体风暴降雹阶段不同仰角的双偏振监测识别模型显示,强雹暴回波离开雷达一侧存...     

双线偏振雷达在广州“3.19”降雹过程中的应用分析

针对2016年3月19日发生在广州北部的从化和花都地区的一次冰雹过程,基于广州S波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达和花都风廓线雷达以及NCEP再分析资料,详细分析此次过程的天气背景和雷达回波及雷达参量演变特征。结果表明,在此次冰雹过程中,回波强度普遍大于50 dBz,回波顶高在10 km以上,有明显的三体散射、气旋式辐合、高层回波悬垂和强风暴顶辐散等特征。双线偏振雷达各偏振参量（反射率因子Z_DR、单位差分传播相移K_DP和相关系数ρ_HV）反映出冰雹云的典型特征:在基本反射率大、Z_DR小、ρ_HV小的区域出现冰雹,Z_DR值通常为-1.0~0.2,ρ_HV值普遍为0.7~0.9;ρ_HV和Z_DR在低仰角的表现比高仰角更有效;K_DP有一定指示意义,但判别效果不明显。采用的双线偏振雷达算法产品识别粒子相态结果容易出现空报现象。      

偏振雷达观测强对流雹暴云

根据偏振雷达原理,用C波段双线偏振天气雷达观测得到4例强对流雹暴演变过程的水平反射率ZH(dBZ)和差分反射率ZDR(dB)垂直剖面RHI定量回波资料,分析了这些雹云不同演变阶段的回波参量和偏振特性的关系,说明ZH、ZDR双参量对判别降雹有着明显优势,用雨滴谱的ZH-ZDR分布边界关系对这些雹云回波进行判别降雹分析,给出我国用偏振雷达观测和识别冰雹的研究结果。     

C波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达资料分析及在定量估计降水中的应用研究

基于南京信息工程大学C波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达(NUIST-CDP)的观测资料,结合南京龙王山SA天气雷达数据、南京信息工程大学大气综合观测基地的OTT Parsivel雨滴谱仪数据、南京市地面雨量计数据,分析NUIST-CDP探测资料的质量及定量降水估计(QPE)精度情况。将NUIST-CDP与SA雷达的回波强度数据进行了对比,发现NUIST-CDP回波强度偏弱;将滴谱仪上方NUIST-CDP测量的反射率因子Z_H、差分反射率因子Z_DR与滴谱仪数据对比,雷达参量Z_H、Z_DR与滴谱仪数据变化趋势一致,但整体略偏小;比较差分传播相移率K_DP与Z_H的变化情况,由差分传播相移Φ_DP经最小二乘法计算得到的K_DP与Z_H数据一致性很好。利用南京地区2015年夏季(5—8月)收集的滴谱数据计算偏振雷达参数,拟合测雨方程,进行两次降水过程个例的QPE分析,并与南京地区雨量计数据进行了对比。结果表明:R(K_DP)测雨精度最高,R(K_DP,Z_DR)次之,使用偏振参量能明显提高降雨估算精度;R(Z_H)、R(Z_H,Z_DR)方法测雨反演结果低于地面雨量计雨量值,且低于SA雷达反演结果。      

柳州“4·09”致灾冰雹的超级单体风暴过程分析

利用柳州和桂林天气雷达(SB)资料和相关实况资料,对2016年4月9日夜间柳州一次强雹暴天气的环境条件和雷达回波结构演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明:(1)雹暴发生在低层热低压发展,中层有冷温槽发展东移,高层有急流的背景下。地面干线和中尺度辐合线触发的对流云团在不稳定层结和较强的深层垂直风切变作用下发展为超级单体。(2)超级单体的低层反射率因子呈现出明显的钩状回波或倒"V"型人流缺口。反射率因子垂直剖面呈现出典型的有界弱回波区、回波悬垂和回波墙。最大的回波强度出现在沿着回波墙的一个竖直的狭长区域,其值达到65 dBz。相应的中低层径向速度图呈现出一个强中气旋,旋转速度达到24 m·s。该中气旋的发展和维持使得超级单体风暴发展并维持。(3)得出大冰雹临近预警的雷达参数量化指标:最大反射率因子达到60 dBz,中等强度以上中气旋,VIL值和VIL密度分别达到60 kg·m~(-2)和5.0 g·m~(-3),50 dBz以上强回波区伸展到-30℃层高度以上。     

广州X波段双偏振相控阵天气雷达数据质量初步分析及应用

为提高X波段双偏振相控阵雷达(XPAR-D)数据质量,采用自适应约束订正方法对反射率因子Z_H、差分反射率因子Z_DR进行质量控制;利用广州S波段双偏振雷达(CINRAD/SAD)和地面二维雨滴谱观测对XPAR-D雷达的数据质量进行分析,结果表明XPAR-D雷达与CINRAD/SAD雷达的回波强度基本一致,由于XPAR-D雷达灵敏度较低,导致对弱回波的探测能力低于CINRAD/SAD雷达。将XPAR-D雷达测量的反射率因子Z_H与雨滴谱仪反演的Z_H对比,两者相变化趋势基本一致;XPAR-D雷达差分反射率Z_DR、差分相移率K_DP与Z_H的一致性较好,其中K_DP约是CINRAD/SAD雷达的3.3倍;XPAR-D雷达偏振参量能有效反映融化层的偏振特征;一次局地性强降水的观测结果表明相控阵雷达能够精细监测降水的触发、演变过程以及不同降水强度的微物理特征。      

闽西南地区一次高架雷暴中尺度特征分析

利用常规观测资料、ERA5再分析资料、闪电定位仪资料、福建龙岩双偏振多普勒天气雷达资料,分析了2020年春季闽西南地区的一次强对流过程。结果表明,此次过程发生在地面锋线北侧冷区内,属于典型的高架雷暴过程,产生的灾害性天气包括冰雹、短时强降水、高山站雷雨大风。500 hPa冷平流、850 hPa暖湿平流、925 hPa闽西南地区的假相当位温高能舌为高架雷暴的发生发展提供了有利的环境条件。探空显示逆温层深厚且逆温层顶温度高,暖湿气流沿着锋面被强迫抬升,至逆温层之上饱和假相当位温随高度递减,存在显著的条件不稳定,对流得到快速发展。雷达分析表明,本次高架雷暴冰雹回波自低层快速倾斜向上发展,具有发展快、强度强、降雹时间长的特征。其双偏振参数演变特征与基于地面抬升的雷暴基本一致,降雹阶段表现为CC谷、Z_DR接近零、K_DP小于零。降雹前回波单体中存在强Z_DR和K_DP柱,可以作为冰雹预报的参考,提前量达到半小时。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;