西安市水资源及其可持续利用对策分析

采用1960年至2002年山西省21个气象站的夏季(6月至8月)降水、气温资料，计算了降水距平百分率、Z指数区域旱涝指标及考虑了气温、降水的干旱指数，并进行了对比分析，通过大量试验研究提出了一种适合山西的旱涝指数，以此划分了山西夏季的旱涝年，并研究了与全国雨带的关系。     

利用Z指数确定吉林省旱涝指标及干旱分布特征

根据1961—2009年吉林省46个站各月降水量资料,利用z指数方法进行了计算分析,结合吉林省实际情况提出了z指数界限值的修改和订正方法,从而确定吉林省46个站旱涝指标及等级,并将吉林省分为4个区：西部、中部、南部、东部,在此基础上,确定了反映吉林省旱涝时空分布和强度的区域旱涝指标及旱涝等级。并研究了吉林省及4个区4—9月干旱事件的分布特点、频率分布。研究表明：吉林省4—9月期间,9月发生干旱的频率最大,且东部和中部比西部和南部发生干旱的频率大;其次是7月,西部比中部、南部、东部发生干旱频率大,且重旱频率也是全省最大的;6月干旱频率最小。4—9月偏旱型多于偏涝型,尤其是2000年以来重旱频发。     

齐齐哈尔生长季旱涝特征及其对ENSO事件的响应

利用Z指数旱涝分级方法,对1961-2015年齐齐哈尔地区10个台站的月降水资料进行了旱涝等级划分,并根据实际旱涝情况,定义了区域旱涝等级划分标准。研究结果表明,近55 a来齐齐哈尔地区生长季的旱涝等级有向偏涝化发展的趋势,旱涝等级的变化有阶段性特征;齐齐哈尔地区ENSO暖事件次年发生涝的概率较大,冷事件次年发生旱的概率较大,不易涝;齐齐哈尔地区生长季的旱涝等级与前一年8月、11月和当年2-3月的SOI指数正相关显著。当前期SOI指数正异常时,齐齐哈尔地区生长季易旱,反之,SOI指数负异常时,齐齐哈尔地区生长季易涝。     

东北夏季降水的气候及异常特征分析

采用统计分析的方法对近50 a东北夏季降水的气候及异常特征进行了分析。结果表明:东北夏季降水空间分布很不均匀,除三江平原地区外东北大部7月降水最多;夏季全区出现较重干旱的概率大于较重雨涝,旱灾更为突出,其中辽西是较重旱涝频发的地区;近50 a夏季降水没有明显变干或变湿的倾向,而是具有阶段性旱涝交替特征,存在27、11 a左右的年代际尺度周期和3~6 a左右的年际尺度周期变化;6月旱灾几率大,易形成6~7月的连续干旱,7月易形成区域性特大涝灾,6月和8月在年代际尺度上具有反位相变化的特征。     

牡丹江地区夏季旱涝特征及前兆信号初探

利用牡丹江地区7个测站35年(1967～2001年)夏季(6～8月)平均降水资料，用修订过的正态化Z指数变换方法，对牡丹江地区夏季降水旱涝等级进行了划分，并分析La Nina事件对夏季旱涝的影响。结果表明：牡丹江地区夏季旱涝特征明显，具有阶段性和群发性特点，较重旱涝发生的几率较大；而且对La Nina事件有明显的响应，表现在事件的增长型期间牡丹江地区夏季易发生偏旱，而在减弱型期间易发生雨涝，并认为La Nina事件可以作为预测未来牡丹江地区夏季旱涝的一个重要参考因子。     

中国南方旱涝时空分布特征分析

用1955-2001年我国南方81个测站全年逐月降水量资料,利用Z指数确定单站旱涝等级.结果表明,春季华中地区和两广交界处更易发生干旱,湖南与华南沿海地区降水偏多,出现洪涝的几率较大;夏秋两季106～115 °E,23～32 °N区域和四川西北部地区出现干旱的频率较高,洪涝频率较高地区主要集中在长江流域,同时四川南部、云南中部、华南沿海出现大涝的频率较高;冬季南方大部分地区发生旱涝的频率较小,干旱多发区主要集中在云南中部以及江苏、安徽两省,西南部出现降水偏多的频率较高.通过对降水资料的EOF分析发现,我国南方春季降水主要为南旱北涝、南涝北旱两种分布型.夏季降水区域主要分为长江流域与华南沿海地区、云南两个区域,而秋、冬季南方降水分布比较均匀,表现为南方一致旱或涝.     

西藏地区旱涝等级划分及时空分布特征

利用西藏22个站点1969-1998年逐日降水资料，采用d指数旱涝等级方法。按夏季（5-9月），初夏（5-6月），盛夏（7-8月）时段进行了旱涝等级划分。采用EOF分析方法对全区22个站点旱涝等级展开分解，得出西藏地区的旱涝时空分布特征，主要类型和周期，而且对西藏地区夏季（5-9月）的旱涝做了预测。     

小兴安岭五营林区近53a旱涝特征分析

通过Z指数法和降水资料对五营区53 a的旱涝变化趋势和时空分布特征研究。研究表明:五营区降水和旱涝变化具有一致性,均为下降趋势;年干旱出现的频率要高于雨涝的频率,四季旱涝春季干旱较为严重;旱涝年代际分布,1958年至60年代为五营区的重涝时段,70年代为五营区的偏旱时段,80年代为五营区的正常时段;90年代为五营区的偏涝时段;2000年以后五营区年旱涝等级干旱化加剧,为五营区的重旱时段。     

重庆城区近百余年旱涝变化

用Z指数作为旱涝等级标准,利用重庆城区百余年降水量资料,分析了历年及四季旱涝出现的频率,采用趋势分析、最大熵谱分析以及小波分析方法,研究了重庆城区年及四季旱涝的变化特征。结果表明:重庆城区年及四季干旱和洪涝发生频率均在25%以上,重庆旱涝灾害较频繁;多项式拟合和周期分析表明,城区年及四季旱涝具有阶段性变化特征,某些阶段年际变化特征也很显著,总体而言,年及夏季旱涝的年代际变化特征较明显,其它三个季节则是年际变化特征较明显。近几年的年旱涝变化处于偏涝阶段;而近几年夏季的旱涝变化,从年代际尺度来看,目前处在偏旱阶段,出现干旱的可能性较大;而其它三季则处于偏涝阶段。     

广西前汛期旱涝特征及成因分析

利用 EOF分解和 Z指数对广西前汛期 (4～ 6月 )降水进行型态分布及旱涝等级的划分 ,研究旱涝的空间分布、年际变化及年代际变化 ,并对旱涝成因进行了分析。结果表明 :广西前汛期降水的一致性较好 ;6 0年代和 90年代为旱涝多发年代 ,70年代以涝为主要特征 ,80年代以旱为主要特征。影响广西前汛期降水的环流因子主要有中高纬环流经向度、北半球极涡、印缅槽及副热带高压 ;中低纬太平洋海区对广西前汛期降水多少的影响亦较明显     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences