晋南地区典型盐碱地棉田的NO排放特征

NO是一种主要的大气污染物,施肥农田是大气N0的第二大排放源,农田N0减排有利于减轻空气污染.但农田N0减排措施的制定需要以排放特征和清单研究为基础.本研究采用静态箱自动采样一化学发光在线实时测定方法,对晋南地区典型灌溉盐碱地棉田(实验期间以纯氮计的氮肥施用量为66. kg·hm-2·a-1)的NO排放进行了全天候周年连续观测.结果表明:对于该棉田的NO排放测定,提高观测频率比增加空间重复(增加采样箱)更重要;年度N0排放表现出春夏高、秋冬低的季节变化特点;晴天普遍发生着与温度同步的日间极大值单峰型日变化,且大多数情况下的NO日排放极大值比5 cm深度的土壤温度极大值提前大约3 h;NO-N背景排放率约为0.64 kg·hm-2·a-1,肥料氮的年NO-N直接排放系数为0.32%±0.09%.这些结果揭示了盐碱地棉田NO排放的一些重要特征,并为编制农田NO排放清单提供了排放系数实测数据.     

大气CO2浓度升高和秸秆还田对稻麦轮作农田N2O排放的影响

随着大气CO2浓度的逐渐升高,CO2的施肥效应很可能对陆地生态系统的N2O地气交换过程产生一定的影响。在江苏北部的中国稻麦轮作FACE (Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) 实验平台上,采用静态箱暗箱-色谱法,研究了一个稻麦轮作周期（2005年6月中旬至2006年6月中旬）3种小麦秸秆还田水平处理(全还田、半还田和不还田)和CO2浓度升高200 μmol·mol-1对稻麦轮作农田N2O排放的影响。结果表明,就当地传统农田管理方式下的砂性土壤稻麦轮作农田N2O排放而言,所采用的观测方法未能检测到显著的秸秆还田效应和大气CO2浓度升高效应。     

冬小麦基肥尿素氮的N_2排放损失（英文）

准确定量施肥农田土壤的N_2排放仍然困难。本研究基于华北冬小麦季的一次基肥(尿素150 kg N ha~(–1))施用事件,采用氦培养-直接测定N_2法,在与田间土壤温度和氧气含量一致的条件下测定鲜土的N_2和N_2O排放。结果显示:施肥和灌溉/降雨事件共同促进N_2和N_2O出现峰值排放;施肥导致N_2O/(N_2O+N_2)摩尔比增加至0.25;基肥施用后的一个月内,土壤N_2和N_2+N_2O排放损失分别占肥料氮投入的1.6%和2.2%。我们的结果证实了广泛采用的乙炔抑制法极大的低估了冬小麦田石灰性土壤N_2排放造成的肥料氮素损失。     

Effects of different long-term crop straw management practices on ammonia volatilization from subtropical calcareous agricultural soil

长期秸秆还田或秸秆焚烧会显著影响土壤肥力及土壤氮素循环,但该措施对土壤氨挥发的影响仍尚不明确。本研究利用秸秆还田长期定位试验小区,研究了无秸秆配施(CK),配施100%或50%秸秆(SI1, SI2)和配施50%秸秆焚烧(SI2B)对土壤氨挥发的影响。结果表明:氨挥发在小麦季持续38天,而玉米季持续7–10天。秸秆还田显著影响混施基肥期的土壤氨挥发而非表施追肥期。与CK相比, SI1和SI2分别降低了35.1%和16.1%的年累积氨排放,可能因为秸秆的高C/N比及较高的微生物活性促进了无机氮的固定降低土壤NH4+的浓度。SI2B比SI2增加了29.9%的氨排放。因此,长期合理的秸秆还田可为石灰性旱地土壤氨挥发减排提供选择和依据。     

几种冬小麦田热通量观测方法的比较

土壤热通量是农田表面热量平衡要素之一。春季,热流量的多寡直接影响土壤耕作层温度变化。在我国,农田热通量一般采用“规范法”,用地温资料进行计算。目前,世界上许多国家农田热通量已采用直接测量法——热流板法。我们于1981—1982年春,在河北省栾城县良种场麦田,用澳大利亚生产的CN-3型热流板测量了麦田与裸地热流量的变化,并用“规范法”和“振幅法”计算出麦田和裸地土壤表面热流。一,试验布置试验地设在河北省栾城县良种场小麦田内,土壤属灰黄土,耕作层(0—20厘米),空隙度为48—50％。自小麦返青后,0—20厘米土层含水量在17—21％之间。1981年麦田热流板安装在地表下5     

漂浮通量箱法和扩散模型法测定内陆水体CH_4和N_2O排放通量的初步比较研究

采用漂浮通量箱法和扩散模型法同步地观测了模拟内陆水体在不同条件下的CH4和N2O的水-气交换通量,旨在比较两类方法取得结果的异同。结果显示:这两类方法所测得的绝大多数CH4排放通量都与水中溶解氧呈显著线性负相关(显著性系数P0.001)。同时N2O排放通量与表层水温及水中铵态氮、硝态氮、溶解碳和溶解氧的关系可用包含所有上述水环境因素的Arrhenius动力学方程来表达,这些因素可以共同解释86%~90%的N2O通量变化(P0.0001),且不同方法测定的N2O通量的表观活化能和对表层水温的敏感系数分别介于47~59 kJ mol-1和1.92~2.27之间;扩散模型法所获得的CH4和N2O通量分别是箱法测定值的13%~175%和15%~240%,差异程度因模型而异;不同模型取得通量间相差20%~1200%,平均相差2.3倍。上述结果表明:仅用一种模型方法来取得CH4或N2O排放通量易形成较大偏差;不同扩散模型法和箱法测定的通量在反映CH4和N2O排放的内在规律方面具有一致性,但它们对真实气体通量的测量是否都存在不同程度的系统误差,尚需进一步研究。     

东北农田扩张对气候影响的数值模拟

基于1990、2005年两期不同土地利用/覆盖资料,利用区域环境集成模拟系统(RIEMS2.0)分别进行2次连续15年数值模拟,探讨东北土地利用/覆盖变化对气候的影响,分析集中于气温和降水等要素变化上,并对结果进行统计显著性检验。结果表明:(1)东北农田扩张后,东北夏季和冬季平均气温降低,降水减少,并且农田面积扩张的范围越大,气温变化幅度也越大。在夏季,黑河西部、呼伦贝尔南部部分地区降温超过0.5°C,并通过显著性检验(P0.05),大兴安岭南部、黑河西部等地区夏季降水减少20%左右,其中产生减少的大部分区域通过显著性检验(P0.05)。(2)东北农田扩张通过影响潜热通量的变化和净吸收辐射通量的变化来影响气温的变化,其中东北南部土地利用/覆盖类型变化主要表现为短草类型转变为农田类型,这使得夏季蒸散发增加,潜热通量增加,气温降低。(3)东北农田扩张也影响大气环流场的变化,并与降水的变化有密切的关系。辽宁西部和东北北部部分地区夏季蒸散发增加,大气中水汽增加,但是由于大气环流场变化,降水在这两个地区并未增加。     

用机载MSS资料评价地表面热量平衡分布

本文论述了用机载MSS(多光谱扫描仪)资料评价小区域地表面热量平衡分布的方法及其应用结果。通过分析在日本茨城县南部秋季白天测得的资料,得到了如下结果:(1)在分析的对象区域,地表面平均温度为19.1℃,与以此平均值为基准的温度差,水面为-11.6℃,森林为-6.0℃,草地+0.5℃,混凝土+3.4℃,沥青+3.8℃,裸地+3.9℃,施肥地+4.8℃。(2)计算得出的分析对象区域净辐射通量平均密度为398W/m~2,若以此值为100,则可求出水面的净辐射通量密度为135,森林为121,草地104,裸地96,沥青95,混凝土77,施肥地68。(3)计算得出的分析对象区域感热通量的平均密度为91W/m~2,若以此值为100,则可求出水面感热通量密度为-31,森林为-8,草地115,裸地146,施肥地154,混凝土237,沥青268。(4)计算得出的分析对象区域潜热通量平均密度为244W/m~2,若以此值为100,则可求出水面与森林的潜热通量密度为183,草地为109,裸地71,施肥地31。     

半干旱区不同颜色覆膜对春小麦生长和产量的影响

为比较不同颜色地膜覆盖对春小麦生长发育和产量的影响,在甘肃省定西市以春小麦"定西新24号"为试材进行试验。试验设置3个处理,分别为全黑膜覆土穴播(PM-B)、全白膜覆土穴播(PM-W)和裸地穴播(CK)。结果表明:(1)PM-B、PM-W全生育期土壤贮水量差异不明显(P0.05),春小麦生育前期,PM-B、PM-W土壤贮水量较CK分别提高8%和6%(P0.05),生育后期,PM-B、PM-W较CK分别下降13%和14%;(2)PM-B、PM-W春小麦全生育期较CK分别缩短6 d和5 d,开花期以前,各生育期PM-B较PM-W提前1~3 d;(3)拔节期PM-B、PM-W处理春小麦株高显著高于CK(P0.01),乳熟期不同处理则无显著差异(P0.05);(4)地膜覆盖水分利用效率(WUE)显著高于CK(P0.05),PM-B的WUE较PM-W提高1%~10%(乳熟—成熟期除外)(P0.05);(5)PM-B、PM-W单株干物重最大积累速率出现时间接近,较CK分别提早8 d和9 d,最大积累速率较CK分别增大22%和18%,平均灌浆速率(Va)较CK分别提高0.36和0.19 g·千粒~(-1)·d~(-1);(6)PM-B、PM-W的实际产量分别为466.15和456.91 g·m~(-2),分别较CK提高16%和14%。     

小麦秸秆还田量对晋南地区裸地土壤—大气间甲烷、二氧化碳、氧化亚氮和一氧化氮交换的影响

采用静态暗箱采样—气相色谱/化学发光分析相结合的方法,对晋南地区盐碱地不同小麦秸秆还田量裸地土壤夏、秋季(2008年6～10月)的甲烷(CH4)、二氧化碳(CO2)、氧化亚氮(N2O)和一氧化氮(NO)交换通量进行了原位观测。结果表明:观测期内,秸秆全还田(FS)、秸秆一半还田(HS)和秸秆不还田(NS)处理土壤—大气间CH4、CO2、N2O和NO平均交换通量分别为-0.8±2.7、-1.4±2.3、-6.5±1.8μg(C).m-2.h-1(CH4),267.1±23.1、212.0±17.8、188.5±13.6mg(C).m-2.h-1(CO2),20.7±3.0、16.3±2.3、14.7±1.7μg(N).m-2.h-1(N2O),3.9±0.5、3.4±0.5、3.0±0.4μg(N).m-2.h-1(NO)。交换通量表现出明显的季节变化趋势,灌溉、降雨和温度变化是影响该趋势的主要因素。相对于NS处理,FS和HS处理降低了累积CH4吸收量(66%和59%),增加了累积CO2(42%和12%)、N2O(41%和9%)和NO(30%和13%)排放量,因此,秸秆还田促进了农田土壤总的温室气体排放。计算得到FS和HS处理小麦秸秆的CO2、N2O、NO排放系数分别为73.4%±1.6%和43.3%±1.0%(CO2)、0.37%±0.01%和0.17%±0.00%(N2O)、0.06%±0.00%和0.05%±0.00%(NO),FS处理的排放系数显著高于HS处理,且均低于同一实验地种植玉米、施肥农田的小麦秸秆排放系数(N2O和NO排放系数分别为2.32%和0.42%)。可见,在采用排放因子方法估算还田秸秆CO2、N2O和NO排放量时,应考虑秸秆还田量、农作物种植和施肥因素的影响。     

Nitrous Oxide Evolution from Agricultural Soil: A Regression Approach

N_2O emission from soil is affected by many factors. In this study, N_2O flux, soil temperature, water content, NO_3~- and NH_4~+ concentrations were simultaneously measured in winter wheat field. N_2O flux, NO_3~- and NH_4~+ concentrations were all lognormally distributed, while water content was normally distributed. The relationship between N_2O flux and soil factors was also studied. N_2O flux was most highly correlated with soil temperature. Regression model was developed to explain the variability of N_2O emission from agricultural soil using multifactorial analysis.     

西藏林芝地区混合像元MODIS地表温度产品验证

西藏林芝地区地形复杂、土地覆盖类型多样,MODIS地表温度 (land surface temperature,LST) 产品验证面临处理混合像元的难题,为获得与像元尺度 (1 km) 相匹配的地表温度数据,该文提出采用多点同时观测结合面积加权的方法,将该方法应用于验证林芝地区2013年6月10日夜间晴空MODIS/LST产品。结果显示:单点观测对像元的代表性不足,容易低估产品精度 (10个样本均方根误差为2.2 K),面积加权法可获得综合性更好的地面LST信息,对MODIS/LST产品的精度给出更高的评价 (30个样本均方根误差为1.40 K)。对于地表类型混杂程度高且地势较为平坦的像元,面积加权法的优势更为明显,可将卫星LST产品与地面LST之间的差异由3 K降至1 K以内。     

A modified Becker’s split-window approach for retrieving land surface temperature from AVHRR and VIRR

In order to provide a long time-series,high spatial resolution,and high accuracy dataset of land surface temperature(LST) for climatic change research,a modified Becker and Li’s split-window approach is proposed in this paper to retrieve LST from the measurements of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR) onboard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA)-7 to-18 and the Visible and InfraRed Radiometer(VIRR) onboard FY-3A.For this purpose,the Moderate Resolution Transmittance Model(MODTRAN) 4.1 was first employed to compute the spectral radiance at the top of atmosphere(TOA) under a variety of surface and atmosphere conditions.Then,a temperature dataset consists of boundary temperature T s(which is one of the input parameters to MODTRAN),and channels 4 and 5 brightness temperatures(T 4 and T 5) were constructed.Note that channels 4 and 5 brightness temperatures were simulated from the MODTRAN output spectral radiance by convolving them with the spectral response functions(SRFs) of channels 4 and 5 of AVHRRs and VIRR.The coefficients of modified Becker and Li’s split-window approach for various AVHRRs and VIRR were subsequently regressed based on this temperature dataset using the least square method.As an example of validation,one AVHRR satellite image over Beijing acquired at 0312 UTC 27 April 2008 by AVHRR onboard NOAA-17 was selected to retrieve the LST image using the modified Becker and Li’s approach.The comparison between this LST image and that from the MODIS level-2 LST product provided by the University of Tokyo in Japan indicates that the correlation coefficient is 0.88,the bias is 0.6 K,and the root mean square deviation(RMSD) is 2.1 K.Furthermore,about 70% and 37% pixels in the LST difference image,which is the result of retrieved LST image from AVHRR minus the corresponding MODIS LST image,have the values within ± 2 and ± 1 K,respectively.     

Comparison of manual and automatic methods for measurement of methane emission from rice paddy fields

The methane emission flux from rice paddies was simultaneously measured with automatic and manual methods in the suburban of Suzhou. Both methods were based on the static chamber/ GC-FID techniques. Detail analysis of the experimental results indicates: a) The data of methane emission measured with the automatic method is reliable. b) About 11 or 19 o’clock of local time is recommended as the optimum sampling time for the manual spot measurement of methane emission from rice paddies. The methane emission fluxes measured by manual sampling at local time other than the optimum time have to be corrected. The correction coefficient may be determined by automatic and continuous measurement. c) In order to get a more accurate result, an empirical correction factor, such as 18%, is recommended to correct the seasonally total amount of measured methane emission by enlarging the au-tomatically measured data or reducing the manually measured ones.     

A Modified Becker's Split-Window Approach for Retrieving Land Surface Temperature from AVHRR and VIRR

In order to provide a long time-series, high spatial resolution, and high accuracy dataset of land surface temperature (LST) for climatic change research, a modified Becker and Li's split-window approach is pro- posed in this paper to retrieve LST from the measurements of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-7 to -18 and the Visible and InfraRed Radiometer (VIRR) onboard FY-3A. For this purpose, the Moderate Resolution Transmittance Model (MODTRAN) 4.1 was first employed to compute the spectral radiance at the top of atmosphere (TOA) under a variety of surface and atmosphere conditions. Then, a temperature dataset consists of boundary temperature Ts (which is one of the input parameters to MODTRAN), and channels 4 and 5 brightness temperatures (T4 and T5) were constructed. Note that channels 4 and 5 brightness tempera- tures were simulated from the MODTRAN output spectral radiance by convolving them with the spectral response functions (SRFs) of channels 4 and 5 of AVHRRs and VIRR. The coefficients of modified Becker and Li's split-window approach for various AVHRRs and VIRR were subsequently regressed based on this temperature dataset using the least square method. As an example of validation, one AVHRR satellite image over Beijing acquired at 0312 UTC 27 April 2008 by AVHRR onboard NOAA-17 was selected to retrieve the LST image using the modified Becker and Li's approach. The comparison between this LST image and that from the MODIS level-2 LST product provided by the University of Tokyo in Japan indicates that the correlation coefficient is 0.88, the bias is 0.6 K, and the root mean square deviation (RMSD) is 2.1 K. Furthermore, about 70% and 37% pixels in the LST difference image, which is the result of retrieved LST image from AVHRR minus the corresponding MODIS LST image, have the values within ±2 and ±1 K, respectively.     

广州地区人为热释放的日变化和年际变化估算

基于《广州市统计年鉴》2001~2012年数据估算了广州2000~2011年人为热释放的日变化以及年际变化,计算中考虑了人类新陈代谢、工业、交通以及生活排放人为热。计算结果显示:4种排放源中工业12年平均达到了55%,交通达到36%,其次依次为生活排放和新陈代谢排放。总的人为热在这12年时间里大致呈现上升的趋势,从2000年的2.7×1017 J增加到2011年的4.4×1017 J,但在2006年后有小幅的下降,这主要是由于工业释放是人为热释放的主要部分,在2006年后工业能源效率有所提高以致能源消耗排放率下降造成的。日变化在10:00(北京时间,下同)和14:00达到最大,并且12年间随时间的推移日变化呈现出下降的趋势,主要是由于城市化进程的速度远远快于能源消耗、人口和车辆保有量增加的速度。对比WRF模式中城市模块中的人为热释放的日变化系数,这些原始系数在广州使用的误差主要与广州地区和西方国家的生产生活作息时间有关。     

一种基于集合最优插值的排放源快速反演方法

基于集合卡尔曼滤波的源反演方法是估计排放源、提高空气质量模拟和预报精度的有效方法。为构建排放源与污染物浓度之间的误差协方差矩阵,该方法通常需要运行几十次大气化学传输模式。庞大的计算量限制了该方法的应用,使其无法为实时预报系统快速更新排放源。本研究发展了一种基于集合最优插值的排放源反演方法。该方法使用历史集合数据构建误差协方差矩阵,仅需一次常规的空气质量模拟便可根据观测模拟差异反演排放源,从而显著降低计算量。本文使用该方法同化2015年1月全国1107个地面站点观测的CO小时浓度数据,结合2014年1月的历史集合数据集,估计2015年1月全国15 km分辨率的CO排放源。该方案反演的全国CO排放总量仅比使用2015年1月集合数据集的反演量高1%,表明历史时段与反演时段的气象条件差异对月均CO排放的影响有限。使用历史集合数据集更新的排放源再次模拟可将全国349个独立验证站点的平均低估从0.74 mg m?3降至0.01 mg m?3,均方根误差降低18%,表明该方法可快速更新排放源并降低其不确定性。     

Effect of Urbanization on Land-Surface Temperature at an Urban Climate Station in North China

While the land-surface temperature (LST) observed at meteorological stations has significantly increased over the previous few decades, it is still unclear to what extent urbanization has affected these positive trends. Based on the LST data recorded at an urban station in Shijiazhuang in North China, and two rural meteorological stations, the effect of urbanization at the Shijiazhuang station for the period 1965–2012 is examined. We find, (1) a statistically-significant linear trend in annual mean urban–rural LST difference of \(0.27\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\) \(\hbox {(10 year)}^{-1}\), with an urbanization contribution of 100% indicating that the increase in the annual mean LST at the urban station is entirely caused by urbanization. The urbanization effects in spring, summer and autumn on the trends of mean LST are also significant; (2) the urbanization effect is small for time series of the annual mean minimum LST, and statistically marginal for the trend in annual mean maximum LST [\(0.19\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\,\hbox {(10 year)}^{-1}\)]; (3) the urbanization effect on the annual mean diurnal LST range (\(\Delta {LST}\)) at the urban station is a strongly significant trend of \(0.23\,^{\circ }\hbox {C (10\,year)}^{-1}\), with an urbanization contribution of 21%. The urbanization effects on trends in the spring and autumn mean \(\Delta {LST}\) are also larger and more significant than for the other seasons; (4) the urbanization effects on the long-term LST trends are remarkably different from those on the near-surface air temperature at the same urban station. Nonetheless, the significant warming of the urban boundary layer is expected to affect the urban environment and ecosystems. However, the problem of data representativeness at an urban station for the monitoring and investigation of large-scale climate change remains.     

FY-3A陆表温度反演及高温天气过程动态监测

采用FY-3A/VIRR数据,利用Becker局地分裂窗改进算法反演得到逐日陆表温度 (LST), 对2009年一次高温天气过程进行动态监测, 并分析不同下垫面的热环境变化。结果显示:此过程中可见光红外扫描辐射计 (VIRR) 陆表温度产品在敦煌辐射校正场地两次验证的误差为-0.17 K和1.77 K,与同时间过境的MODIS产品均方根误差为2.64 K,直方图对比陆表温度的频数分布基本一致;对高温天气过程监测发现,此次出现以华北的石家庄、郑州、北京等地和西北地区东部的西安等地为中心的两个陆表温度高值区, 部分地区达到了320.2 K以上;城市剖面资料证实城市热岛现象存在,并发现工矿用地的热岛效应不容忽视,主要是大面积的工矿用地周围植被破坏严重,地表增温更为显著。     

Ammonia emission from subtropical crop land area in India

Ammonia (NH₃) emission from wheat (November to April) and rice (July to October) crops was measured using the chemiluminescence method at a subtropical agricultural area of India during 2009?C2010. Samples were collected from the canopy height during different growth stages of wheat crop to study the variations of NH₃ emission during different growth stages of the crop. Background atmospheric concentration of NH₃ was measured at 5 m height at the study site. Background NH₃ concentration was subtracted from the NH₃ concentration at crop canopy height to estimate the emission of NH₃ from crop canopy. The NH₃ emission from the wheat crop were recorded as 33.3 to 57.0; 15.3 to 29.2; 10.3 to 28.0; 8.7 to 23.9 and 13.9 to 28.9 ??g m^?2 d^?1 during sowing, crown root initiation (CRI), panicle initiation, grain filling and maturity stages of the crop respectively. The NH₃ emission followed a diurnal pattern with significant correlation with ambient temperature at different crop growth stages. Cumulative seasonal NH₃ emission to the atmosphere was accounted for the loss of ??10% of applied N-fertilizer during the wheat crop growing period. Immediate increase in NH₃ emission was recorded from rice crop, grown under temperature gradient tunnel (TGT). However, the NH₃ emission inside the TGT decreases within 3?C4 h after the N-fertilizer application. Continuous estimation of NH₃ concentration at the crop canopy inside the TGT, suggests that the NH₃ emission to the atmosphere reaches its peak within ??20 h of N-fertilizer application and continues up to 5 d following a diurnal pattern.