贵阳市近年酸雨特征分析

该文利用2005—2010年贵阳酸雨观测资料并结合探空及大气成分资料,分析了近年来贵阳地区的酸雨变化特征,研究了气象条件及大气污染物与酸雨的关系。结果表明:2005—2010年降水平均pH值均小于5.6,且近5 a来,降水pH值呈两端高中间低的分布型。贵阳地区夏、秋两季降水平均pH值及K值较春、冬季节高;pH值及K值随降水量的增大呈下降趋势,而强酸雨频率则随降水量的增大呈上升趋势,酸雨污染严重;当连续发生逆温状况时,酸雨出现频率增大;大气污染物SO2、NO2、PM2.5的浓度与降水pH值呈负相关关系,说明近地层污染物浓度对降水酸度有重要影响。     

北京地区酸雨特征及影响因素

利用2003—2008年北京地区3个酸雨观测站(北京市观象台、昌平站、上甸子站)的酸雨观测资料并结合探空及大气成分资料,分析了近年来北京地区的酸雨变化特征,研究了不同气象条件和大气污染物对酸雨的影响。结果表明:2003—2008年降水平均pH值均小于5.6,且近6年来,降水pH值呈波动下降的趋势。北京地区夏、秋两季降水平均pH值及K值较春、冬季节低;pH值及K值随降水量的增大呈下降趋势,而强酸雨频率则随降水量的增大呈上升趋势;在偏南气流影响下,降水酸度增强且酸沉降量大,酸雨污染严重;当连续发生逆温状况时,酸雨出现频率增大;大气污染物SO_2,NO_2,PM_(2.5)的浓度与降水pH值成负相关关系,说明近地层污染物浓度对降水酸度有重要影响。     

长春市酸雨变化特征及其影响因素分析

利用2012—2015年长春市酸雨观测资料和同期气象要素观测资料、探空资料及大气污染物监测资料,对长春市酸雨的变化特征及气象条件对酸雨的影响进行了分析,并研究了大气污染物浓度对酸雨的作用。结果表明:2012—2015年长春市由轻度酸雨区逐渐发展为中度酸雨区,降水pH值呈波动下降的趋势,秋季和冬季降水的pH值低于春季和夏季,降水的电导率K值呈相反的变化态势。长春市区酸雨更易发生在小量级降水中,受偏南风或偏西风影响时,酸雨污染严重;降水pH值随逆温温差和逆温厚度的增大而减小。长春市降水pH值与前一日的SO_2和NO_2浓度呈显著的负相关关系,可见NO_2和SO_2浓度对长春市酸雨污染的贡献更大。     

杭州地区酸雨分布特征及影响因素

利用2009年7月至2012年6月杭州地区7个观测站的酸雨资料并结合探空及大气成分资料,分析近3年来杭州地区的酸雨变化和分布特征,研究了气象条件和大气污染物对酸雨的影响。结果表明：杭州地区近3年降水平均pH值在437~523之间,酸雨污染空间上呈现“西重东轻”的格局,降水酸度和酸雨频率均呈现小幅波动且变化趋势不明显。酸雨污染总体上夏季最轻,秋冬季最严重,春季次之。降水量与pH值和电导率的关系各站不一,其中临安、淳安、建德和富阳等地的降水pH值与降水量成正比,杭州和桐庐相关变化关系不明显。萧山比较特殊,各地降水电导率与降水量均呈反比; 在850 hPa偏北风的输送影响下, 降水酸度及电导率较高;降水pH值与最低层逆温的高度成正比,与逆温的厚度成反比,强酸雨时在降水前半段均伴随较严重的灰霾天气,逆温对降水电导率的相关关系不是很明显; 污染物SO2、NO2、PM10、PM25的浓度与降水pH值呈负相关关系, 说明近地层污染物浓度对降水酸度有重要影响。     

2006-2017年成都地区酸雨变化特征及趋势分析

利用成都地区温江、简阳两个酸雨观测站2006—2017年的历史酸雨观测资料，结合主要大气污染物浓度数据以及降水量、风等地面气象要素，分析成都地区的酸雨变化特征及趋势。研究结果表明：温江站多年平均pH值为4.74，酸雨频率为51.6%，简阳站多年平均pH值为5.64，酸雨频率为27.2%，酸雨频率在地理区域上分布呈现不均一性；降水pH值和电导率(K)季节变化特征显著，降水pH值夏季最高，冬季最低，而降水K值则相反，夏季最小，冬季最大；近年来酸雨年变化有年平均pH值上升、酸雨频率下降和强度减弱趋势特征，年平均K值减小规律明显：温江K值以每年约3.5 μS〖DK〗·cm-1〖DK〗·a-1的速率下降，简阳以每年约3.7 μS〖DK〗·cm-1〖DK〗·a-1的速率下降；降水pH值与大气污染物SO2、NO2的负相关较为明显，相关系数为-0.488，硫氧化物对酸雨污染贡献逐渐减小；降水K值和大气主要污染物有较强的正相关，相关系数为0.657，与PM10、PM2.5相关性好于与SO2、NO2，近地层大气污染颗粒物浓度对降水K值影响较大；降水pH值与降水量级的变化不明显,但降水量越大其K值越小，且随平均风速的增大降水pH值相对偏大而K值偏小。     

格尔木地区降水pH值变化特征及气象影响因子分析

利用格尔木市基准气候观测站2006—2017年的酸雨观测资料,分析格尔木地区降水pH值、电导率K值的变化特征及影响因素。结果表明:格尔木地区年平均降水pH值为7.34,电导率K值为138.7μs·cm~(-1),pH值呈弱碱性,属于非酸雨区。2006—2017年pH值呈上升趋势,电导率K值呈下降趋势。降水的pH值在冬春季明显大于夏秋季,平均K值春季最大为161.1μs·cm~(-1),夏季最小为120.5μs·cm~(-1),秋冬分别为125.5μs·cm~(-1)、147.7μs·cm~(-1)。降水量、风速、降水前及降水时的浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴等天气现象对该地区降水pH值、K值一定影响。     

石家庄市酸雨污染现状研究

利用1992—2005年石家庄气象站酸雨观测资料,计算了近14 a的年平均降水pH值、酸雨发生频率等反映酸雨强度的参数,分析了酸雨的变化特征以及pH平均值与气象条件、电导率、空气污染的关系。结果表明：1992—2005年石家庄年平均酸雨发生频率为8.7%;酸雨主要发生在夏、秋季,占全年的74.4%;月平均降水pH值与电导率具有相似的变化规律,显著相关系数为0.661;SO2浓度的逐年下降是石家庄市酸雨减弱的主要原因;月平均风速和月平均降水pH值相关不显著;不同降水等级酸雨的发生频率差异较大,暴雨的酸雨发生频率最高为41.67%;采用Daniel趋势检验法分析表明,石家庄酸雨污染呈下降趋势。     

乌鲁木齐市酸雨特征及变化趋势

通过对乌鲁木齐市1991—2007年降水pH值、K值(电导率)以及相关的天气气候资料的处理,分析了酸雨特征和变化趋势。结果表明:pH平均值有逐年降低的趋势;从2000年开始K平均值呈下降趋势;降水pH平均值和K平均值具有明显的季节变化;供暖对pH平均值和K平均值造成很大的影响,是形成酸雨的重要因素之一。     

2006—2019年山西省酸雨变化特征分析

利用2006-2019年山西省五台山、大同、太原、长治、侯马5个站酸雨观测资料,分析山西省不同时间尺度上酸雨次数和频率、降水pH、电导率K值的变化以及空间分布特征,不同酸度各雨量等级酸雨频率变化特征。结果表明：2006-2019年山西省酸雨次数和酸雨频率均呈下降趋势,年平均pH值范围为5.43-6.49,年平均电导率K值范围为73.4-120 μs·cm^-1;四季中,秋季平均pH最小,为5.70,春季最高,为6.11,电导率K值春季较高;各月相比,9月酸雨pH值最低,为5.58,4月最高,为6.20,月平均酸雨频次和降水pH值呈负相关,相关系数R为0.96。各站相比,太原降水年平均pH以及电导率K值均显著高于其他城市,酸雨pH值依次为太原（6.90）>长治（5.95）>大同（5.71）>侯马（5.57）>五台山（5.55）。不同等级降水酸雨发生频率差别较大,小雨（1.0-10.0 mm）时酸雨发生频率最大,强酸雨和弱酸雨频率分别为54.9%和67.0%,当降水量超过10.0 mm以后强弱酸雨发生的频率均随降水量增加而减小。     

江苏省宿迁市酸雨发生规律的分析与研究

该文利用宿迁市沭阳县和泗洪县观测站2007—2010年的酸雨观测数据和气象资料,统计分析了宿迁市酸雨的变化特征,并对比了酸雨pH值与降水量、降水电导率(K值)、酸雨频率变化规律的关系。结果表明:宿迁市5 a来酸雨单次降水pH值最低达3.26 mol·L-1,属强酸雨。5 a来,沭阳县降水平均pH值均达酸雨标准;泗洪县降水平均pH值未达酸雨标准。春秋季降水酸性最强,酸雨频率出现也最多,冬季则降水酸性和酸雨频率最低;地面风向对宿迁酸雨污染也有一定的影响,形成宿迁酸雨的主要是东南风和东北风;宿迁市雨量的大小对酸雨出现百分率影响不大,但对降水酸度有影响,暴雨的酸性最强,其次是大雨。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences