台湾岛地形对台风“海棠”(0505)移动路径影响的数值试验研究

利用非静力模式MM5模拟台风“海棠”（0505）穿过台湾岛再次登陆的移动路径，分析了“海棠”登陆台湾岛前后结构特征变化。结果表明：台风自身的非对称结构与台风异常移动路径密切相关。另外，就台湾岛地形对台风“海棠”登陆台湾前打转和在台湾海峡出现“V”型移动异常路径影响进行数值试验表明：台湾岛地形不但可以直接影响台风移动路径，而且通过影响台风非对称结构来改变台风移动路径，因此，登陆台湾前逆时针打转异常路径是在弱引导气流中台风自身非对称结构和台湾岛地形共同作用的结果；台湾岛地形有使台风东北-西南向非对称增大趋势，而在台风进入台湾海峡前后对东南。西北向非对称有明显不同影响。     

罗莎（0716）异常路径的分析及其预报诊断思路的探讨

采用台风流场非对称结构参数的计算方法,分析罗莎移动路径各时段台风流场结构变化和台湾岛地形对罗莎移动路径的影响。通过与海棠异常路径的对比分析以及历史相似个例的统计分析,阐明在弱引导场中,台风非对称结构变化和台湾地形的共同作用使罗莎移动发生路径异常,而其中台风非对称结构变化可能是主要因素,并从中探讨弱引导场中台风穿越台湾岛异常路径的预报思路。     

台湾岛对登陆台风的影响特征

利用2000—2014年上海台风所最佳台风路径资料和中央气象台路径和强度综合预报资料,分析登陆台湾岛的台风在登陆前48 h和登陆后18 h期间的强度和路径变化特征。结果表明：共有35个台风登陆台湾岛,其中29个资料完整的自东向西登陆台湾岛的台风过程中有26个发生在7、8、9月,登陆频数为89.7%。台风在登陆前48～18 h内强度逐渐增强,以后基本保持不变,一直持续到登陆前6 h,之后开始减弱;从登陆前6 h到离开台湾岛后6 h的时间内,强度由41.0 m·s-1减小到29.6 m·s-1,共减小了27.8%。台风经过台湾岛前48～36 h预报移向比实况偏北,30～0 h预报路径偏南。另外,登陆前24 h和登陆后6 h台风强度变化线性回归关系式在2015年登陆台湾岛的台风个例中得以验证,可以在业务预报中参考使用。     

"海棠""麦莎""泰利""卡努"的路径与金华风雨特征分析

2005年台风“海棠”与“泰利”的移动路径和登陆地点不同于“麦莎”与“卡努”,前2次台风自东南偏东往西北偏西移动并登陆于福建中部沿海,后2次自东南往西北移动并登陆浙江中部沿海,都给浙江造成了巨大影响,但影响金华地区的风雨程度不同。经分析台风移动过程,认为西风带低槽或高压影响到副高,副高影响着台风西行或北上,在西风带低槽或副高影响较弱时,台风内力和地形影响作用加强;台风在副高带状时西行为主,块状时北上为主。分析台风路径的预报过程,认为中央气象台预报为“登陆台风”有3~4天的时效;预报较准确的登陆位置,若路径较有规则为30~54个小时,若不规则路径可能仅为3个小时。分析影响金华的台风风雨程度,认为东路台风雨量分布特征是东部大、西部小;南路台风是东南部大、西北部小;最大风力落区基本相同。地形对不同台风路径下的风雨影响分布略有不同。     

"海棠""凤凰""诺瑞斯"登陆后不同暴雨强度的对比分析

"海棠"、"凤凰"、"诺瑞斯"3个路径和强度相似、登陆地点相近、登陆后移动方向也相同,但在浙中南地区产生的降水强度有明显差异.利用NCEP再分析资料对3个台风的流场、物理量场以及湿位涡分布特征进行对比分析,探讨浙中南受这类台风影响时的雨强预报诊断思路.分析表明,低空急流、低层水汽辐合、高层辐散和大暴雨的降水强度密切相关;湿位涡在中低层mpvt<0,mpv2>0的分布特征对台风大暴雨的发生和落区有较好的指示意义;但由于台风暴雨发生机制的复杂性,大暴雨过程不一定都满足倾斜涡度发展理论所推得的这一强降水的判据,如具备其他有利条件,仍有发生大暴雨的可能.     

影响台湾岛海域的西太平洋台风特征分析

选取台湾岛附近海域(20~27°N,117~125°E)为计算区域,对1949~1999年发生在该海域的西太平洋台风的路径分类、月际变化、年际变化、周期特征、移速和强度等要素进行了气候统计学分析,得出7~9月是台风发生的关键月份,台风发生频次的年际变化表现为下降的趋势,且1995~1999年近5年时间台风频次一直稳定维持在较低水平。用Mann-Kendall方法做突变分析和t检验,没有明显的突变年。利用小波分解技术,计算得出影响台湾岛海域的西太平洋台风年发生频次具有4~6年和13~14年左右的周期。西北行路径西太平洋台风是登陆台湾岛和进一步登陆我国大陆的主要台风,西行路径台风51年来没有登陆我国大陆的记录,转向行路径台风强度最大,平均移速最快。     

1011号台风“凡亚比”路径及风雨特征分析

利用常规气象资料、欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)全球再分析资料以及卫星、区域自动站等资料对1011号台风“凡亚比”的路径及风雨特征进行分析.结果表明,经过台湾岛登陆福建的台风,如果遇到副高呈东西向带状分布的形势,强的偏东气流易诱发地形槽或地形低压,造成台风进岛出岛移动路径产生曲折;同时如果南亚高压、高空冷涡形成高空强烈辐散,易使台风经过台湾岛后产生内部结构不对称,降水云团发生转向,造成台风二次登陆时暴雨落区集中,风的影响显著.     

近年来台风登陆台湾岛后路径偏折的若干统计特征

利用中央气象台逐小时的台风中心定位资料,对2007—2016年共10 a登陆台湾岛后的台风移动路径特征进行了统计分析。结果表明:1)10a间登陆台湾岛后台风移动路径发生左折最多,比右折和直行之和多25%,右折最少。左折平均偏折37.73°,主要集中在15°～45°,占折角总数的80%。2)一般台风移动缓慢时折角大,移动快时折角小。一般台风强度较弱时折角大,强度较强时折角小。3)登陆台湾岛后台风的突变路径主要分为西折、打转且北折两类,其中西折最多。西折分西北行西折和北上西折,其中西北行西折最多。其余为打转且北折,主要为西北行打转后北折路径。突变折点主要分布在台湾北部,且多为左折突变。4)台湾岛地形诱生偶极涡与台风环流相互作用是台风路径发生偏折的重要原因。     

“海棠”、“罗莎”和“莫拉克”登陆前降水量差异分析

在闽北附近登陆的台风,往往会严重影响温州,给温州带来强降水。0505“海棠”、0716“罗莎”和0908“莫拉克”是这类台风比较典型的个例。3个台风进入台湾海峡后都向偏北方向移动并在闽北附近登陆,登陆后“海棠”往西北方向移动,“罗莎”和“莫拉克”向偏北方向移动。“海棠”和“莫拉克”在温州产生特大暴雨,“罗莎”在温州产生大暴雨。利用NCAR／NCEP时间间隔为6h的1°×1°的再分析资料、地面、高空常规观测资料和浙江省中尺度自动站资料,对3次台风天气过程进行对比分析。利用副高的强度和其距离台风中心的远近来判断副高对台风引导能力的强弱,表明副高对“罗莎”的引导最为显著,使得“罗莎”移速最快;对台风行进方向上的水汽通量、水汽通量散度、垂直速度、低层大风、假相当位温进行诊断分析,发现上述物理量场均是有利于强降水的发生,其中“海棠”和“莫拉克”的低层强水汽辐合、东南方向的水汽通量输送、强垂直上升运动、低层偏东大风和强热力不稳定在温州的维持时间比“罗莎”长。采用WRF模式对3次台风进行模拟,在模拟成功的基础上,采用模拟资料进行分析后发现：“罗莎”的24h累计雨量比“海棠”和“莫拉克”要小,与实况较为符合;“罗莎”和“莫拉克”的K指数和低层风U分量演变较为相似,K指数峰值都是出现在短时连续强降水结束之后,低层风U分量峰值都是出现在短时连续强降水开始之前。     

台湾地形对1011号台风“凡亚比”影响的数值试验

利用WRF-ARW 3.2.1模式,对台湾岛地形对2010年第11号超强台风"凡亚比"的路径、降水及结构的影响进行了数值模拟和敏感性试验。结果表明:台风登陆台湾岛前,迎风坡地形低压作用使台风中心南落并出现逆时针打转;背风坡地形低压和台风西北侧台湾海峡出现弧状正涡度带,使台风进入台湾海峡时出现"V"型异常路径;台湾岛地形作用使台风西北侧水汽辐合和正涡度减小,而使其东侧、南侧水汽辐合和正涡度增加,台风出现西北弱、东南强的不对称结构和降水不均匀分布;台湾中部山脉地形对台风低层流场的阻挡抬升作用对台风降水具有明显的增幅作用,造成台湾岛降水分布呈南部、东部强而西北部弱的不对称分布。     

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF TAIWAN ISLAND TERRAIN ON TYPHOON HAITANG （0505） TRACK

The track of Typhoon Haitang (0505), which passed through the Taiwan Island and landed again,has been successfully simulated by using the non-hydrostatic mesoscale atmospheric model MM5. Itsstructure is analyzed on the landing stage, and it is found that there exist good relationships between thetyphoon abnormal moving track and its asymmetry structure. The effect of terrain of Taiwan Island on thetyphoon Haitang, which made it rotate before landing and present a "V" type abnormal moving track inTaiwan straits, has also been simulated. Further analysis shows that the terrain of Taiwan Island not onlydirectly affects the typhoon moving track, but also changes the typhoon track by affecting its asymmetricstructure. Therefore, the typhoon asymmetric structure and the effect of terrain of Taiwan Island togetherresults in the abnormal rotating track. The terrain of Taiwan Island tends to increase the SW-NEasymmetric structure of the typhoon and has different effect on SE-NW asymmetric structure during thelandfall process of typhoon Haitang before entering and moving out of the Taiwan straits.     

“海棠”和“泰利”对湖北降水影响的诊断分析

利用T213数值预报产品和常规气象资料,研究2个登陆西行热带气旋对湖北省降水分布的影响。结果表明:热带气旋"海棠"在西行过程中,其北部倒槽自东向西掠过湖北大部地区时,由于无次级环流出现,而未发生强降水天气;"泰利"在西行过程中,其北部倒槽在掠过鄂东地区时,由于有次级环流相配合,所以带来鄂东地区的强降水天气。次级环流是由多种因素引起的,次级环流产生地与强降水发生地是一致的。     

A Numerical Study of the Severe Heavy Rainfall Associated with Typhoon Haitang （2005）

Typhoons landing in the central and north of Fujian Province often seriously impact Zhejiang Province. Much attention has been given to exceptionally torrential rain in the South/North Yandang mountainous regions in the southeast of Zhejiang Province associated with typhoon-landing. Typhoon Haitang （2005） is a typical case of such a category, which landed in Huangqi Town of Lianjiang County in Fujian Province, and meanwhile greatly impacted Southeast Zhejiang. A numerical simulation has been performed with the PSU/NCAR non-hydrostatic model MM5V3 to study the torrential rain associated with Typhoon Haitang. The comparison of simulated and observed rainfalls shows that the MM5V3 was able to well simulate not only the intensity but also the locations of severe heavy rain of Typhoon Haitang, especially the locations of the south/north heavy rain center areas in the South/North Yandang mountainous regions. Meanwhile, the diagnostic analysis has been also carried out for better understanding of the severe heavy rain mechanism by using the model output data of high resolution. The diagnostic analysis indicates that the westward tilt of the axis of vorticity from lower layer to upper layer over the south heavy rain center area and the coupled structure of convergence in the lower layer and divergence in the upper level over the north heavy rain center area, were both propitious to stronger upward motion in the layers between the mid and upper atmosphere, and the secondary circulation induced by the vertical shear of the ambient winds further strengthened the upward motion in the heavy rain areas. After Haitang passed through Taiwan Island into the Taiwan Strait, the water vapor east of Taiwan Island was continuously transferred by typhoon circulation towards South Wenzhou, leading to the torrential rainfall in the South Yandang mountainous region south of Wenzhou. Subsequently~ Haitang moved northwards, the water vapor belt east of Taiwan Island slowly advanced northwards, the precipitation rate obviously enhanced i     

A simulation study on pre-landfall erratic track of typhoon Haitang (2005)

Summary A new typhoon model named as GRAPES_TCM is applied to study the pre-landfall erratic track of Typhoon Haitang (2005), which hit China twice in mid-July by making landfall in Taiwan and Fujian provinces consecutively. The model is based on the Chinese Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System (GRAPES) and put into real-time operational test since 2004. It predicts almost correctly the pre-landfall loop and sharp turn of Haitang and its asymmetric rainfall distribution. Haitang’s erratic track is well explained by the potential vorticity (PV) theory on tropical cyclone motion, with the typhoon center moving toward the area of maximum wave-number 1 (WN1) PV tendency most of the time. Among the terms contributing to the WN1 PV tendency, the horizontal advection of PV is dominant with the diabatic heating and residual terms also being not negligible. A sensitivity experiment is carried out with removal of the Taiwan terrain to determine its importance in the erratic track of Haitang and it is found that the basic erratic feature of Haitang’s track remians unchanged although it tends to have a larger loop and a weaker northward turn, which suggests that Taiwan terrain may not be a key factor here. The sudden change of Haitang’s moving direction is always accompanied by a newly-generated or re-intensified WN1 PV center in the southern semicircle, which circles around the TC center cyclonically afterwards and weakens in the north or northwestern part. A phase-lock WN1 PV forcing related to diabatic heating is proposed to be the major contributor, the importance of which is magnified as it is in phase with the WN1 horizontal advection of PV. The intrusion of mid-level warm and dry air, as well as the existence of a low-level southwesterly jet, is considered to be the main reasons for such a phase-lock of the diabatic heating forcing on the PV tendency field that finally results in the erratic track of Haitang.     

台湾地形对海棠台风影响的数值模拟研究

应用美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)研发的WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)气象模式,研究海棠台风(2005)接近并登陆台湾岛的过程中的强度、结构的演变,以及地形强迫作用对台风的影响.对模拟结果的评估表明,在整个海棠台风(2005)模拟实验期间,WRF模式很好地抓住了台风海棠强风,低中心气压的高强度特征.对引起台风降水的中尺度系统的分析表明,一方面台风环流与中央山脉地形共同作用激发出垂直次级环流在降水区域产生强烈的上升运动;另一方面,水平风场源源不断给该地区输送暖湿空气,为对流发展提供充足的水汽.分析结果表明中央山脉地形与台风环流场之间的配置形势对台风降水有着重要的影响.     

台风“海棠”特大暴雨数值模拟研究

在福建中北部登陆的台风,往往会严重影响浙江,尤其值得注意的是台风引起特大暴雨经常会发生在浙江东南沿海的南雁荡山区和北雁荡山区,2005年在福建省连江黄歧登陆的台风"海棠"(0505)对浙江东南沿海造成严重影响,是这类台风比较典型个例。文中利用非静力模式MM5模拟"海棠"台风在浙东南沿海造成的特大暴雨,模拟结果与实况对比分析表明,模式较好地模拟了台风降水强度和分布,特别是成功模拟出南雁荡山区特大暴雨中心(南部暴雨区)和雁荡山区特大暴雨中心(北部暴雨区);运用高时空分辨率模拟资料对特大暴雨成因进行诊断分析表明,南部暴雨区涡度低层到高层向西倾斜结构和北部暴雨区高低空强辐散辐合的耦合结构有利于形成暴雨区强烈上升运动,环境风场垂直切变产生次级环流进一步加强暴雨区上升运动;暴雨区持续不稳定层结和特殊水汽输送通道为特大暴雨提供热力条件和水汽条件。最后对浙南闽北地形对台风特大暴雨影响进行数值敏感性试验表明,温州南、北雁荡山脉地形等高线与台风水汽输送路径正交是造成特大暴雨的重要原因,地形使暴雨增幅明显,地形越高对暴雨增幅越明显,降水分布更加不均匀。比较台风造成南、北特大暴雨条件,发现两者既有环境风场垂直切变产生次级环流进一步加强暴雨区上升运动、持续不稳定层结以及地形对暴雨增幅作用等相同之处,又有动力结构、维持持续不稳定层结条件以及水汽输送等不同之处。     

台湾岛地形诱生次级环流系统对热带气旋异常运动的影响机制

对经过中国台湾岛和海南岛、吕宋岛、日本诸岛以及朝鲜半岛的热带气旋在过岛前后的运动、结构和强度的时空变化进行了统计诊断分析。研究结果表明,台湾岛附近热带气旋运动左偏（定义为偏于以前路径的左侧）机率最大,且台湾岛周围是产生诱生低压的高频区。采用理想东、西风环境场作为数值模拟背景场,数值研究了岛屿地形强迫与台湾附近的环境流场的相互作用及其对热带气旋运动偏转的影响,提出了岛屿地形强迫、背景场和热带气旋涡旋三者相互作用对热带气旋路径突然转折影响的观点,即台湾地形有利于环境场中诱生出一对偏差偶极涡,这对诱生偏差偶极涡将导致逼近岛屿的热带气旋产生运动方向的突然偏折,且在不同基本气流条件下,岛屿地形对热带气旋运动可能产生显著不同的影响。     

0713号台风韦帕路径预报难点分析

0713号台风韦帕各家都预报在台湾岛北部海上北折,在120°E以东向偏北方向移动,与台风实际在浙闽交界处登陆后在120°E以西转向北上路径存在较大误差.为认识这种预报偏差的原因,应用各种资料对影响台风韦帕北折的可能原因进行探讨.指出:(1)欧洲气象中心天气形势预报误差较大,西风槽底预报比实况偏南,是本次台风路径转折预报失误的主要原因.(2)欧亚500hPa高度场为两脊一槽形势,西风指数从低指数向高指数演变和副热带高压处周期性加强均不利于台风韦帕在台湾东北部海区折向偏北方向移动.(3)地形的影响造成的趋岸左折和港湾"吸引",以及动力场和热力场的分布均有利于台风韦帕在台湾东北部海区折向偏西方向移动.     

Derived lagrangian statistics on the Vancouver island continental shelf and implications for Salmon migration

Abstract

Lagrangian trajectories derived from time series data from a small array of current meters are simulated using objective analysis to estimate the velocity field and a fourth‐order Runge‐Kutta scheme to integrate the velocity field to form the particle tracks. This procedure is verified by a direct comparison of actual drifter tracks with simulated tracks; the comparison is excellent. Lagrangian statistics are then computed and used to examine the effects that eddies might have in retaining freely drifting particles. Finally, the implications for the retention of juvenile salmon are discussed. The results suggest that the energy advantage conveyed to juvenile salmon is considerable and significant.

Dense aggregations of juvenile Chinook salmon form over certain fishing banks each year off the west coast of Vancouver Island. It is hypothesized that the retention capability of eddies over these banks confers an energy advantage to the juvenile salmon while they wait for the fall transition in the current field and hence a low energy trip on their northward migration.