一次华北暴雨过程中“质量强迫”的数值模拟

在暴雨系统中,大量降水会造成湿空气质量的亏损,这种湿空气质量亏损对暴雨系统的发生、发展有一定的强迫作用,称之为"质量强迫".本文首先从理论上通过对连续方程进行修改,重新推导了ARPS模式中考虑质量强迫作用的扰动气压倾向方程,并利用该模式对一次华北冷锋暴雨过程进行质量强迫作用的数值模拟试验,详细分析了质量强迫引起的云微物理过程的变化.对比分析表明:(1)质量强迫项影响系统的降水量.在本文个例中,质量强迫项起主要作用的高度在5.75 km左右,使得大气产生了由该层向上、向下的运动调整,其中向下的运动调整不利于低层对流的上升运动,减弱了系统的对流强度,导致中心降水量有所减少.(2)云水场的分布与质量强迫项的分布吻合较好;降水率的变化和质量强迫项的变化趋势相似,且在5.75 km高度上表现明显;降水粒子下落末速度项是引起质量强迫项变化的主要原因.(3)湿空气质量场发生改变将使局地气压发生变化,这种变化又使动力场发生相应的调整,产生辐合、辐散及垂直运动.反之,运动场的调整也影响到气压场的调整,它们之间将是一个相互影响的过程,近而对天气系统发展强度产生较明显的作用.(4)对对比试验中模式控制方程各项的差别分析发现:造成扰动气压局地变化项差的主要原因是由散度项差与垂直速度项差共同作用造成的,其中,质量强迫项差起了间接的作用;造成水汽及云水物质局地变化项差的主要原因是微物理源汇项差,其次是降水粒子下落末速度项差.     

LICOM3.0海洋模式中太平洋北赤道逆流的模拟偏差分析

本文用CORE-IAF（Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments–Interannual Forcing）外强迫场分别强迫LICOM3（LASG/IAP Climate System Ocean Model Version 3）和POP2（Parallel Ocean Program version 2）两个海洋模式，并分析了这两个模式中太平洋北赤道逆流（NECC）的模拟结果。我们发现LICOM3和POP2模拟的NECC强度均弱于实测，这和Sun et al.（2019）的研究结果一致，也进一步证明了海洋模式中NECC偏弱是CORE-IAF外强迫场造成的，海表风应力及对应的风应力旋度是海洋模式准确模拟NECC的最主要因子。同时，我们也分析了NECC的模拟在动力机制上的差别，这里的动力强迫项包括风应力项、平流项和余项。我们发现模式的外强迫场虽然相同，但是两个模式中各动力强迫项（风应力项、平流项和余项）对NECC模拟的影响并不完全相同。     

风海流方程低谱模式多态解问题（二）

本文用四系数的低阶谱模式研究了一个可移动风应力强迫作用下的海流方程多态解的问题。定常解的分布特征及其稳定性对风应力强迫的移动速度有很强的依赖性并且在ε较小时有同时存在三组解的情况。对方程各项大小的计算表明，当风应力强迫主要用来平衡摩擦项或β项时，解是稳定的；其他情况下解一般不稳定。另外，本文还从能量关系讨论了解的稳定性，表明当海洋响应的能量主要集中在低阶谱上时，解一般是稳定的，这时能量平衡关系主要表现为风应力强迫项与摩擦项的平衡。     

结合“海棠”台风（2005）定量分析非绝热加热对湿 Q 矢量诊断能力的影响

湿Q矢量最大特点就是考虑了非绝热加热作用,各种湿Q矢量差异也主要表现在对非绝热加热计算处理方案的不同.因此,通过比较分析非绝热加热作用,可揭示出不同湿Q矢量之间诊断能力的差异.2005年第5号登陆台风"海棠"在7月19日08时20 H 08时,给福建省东北部及浙江省造成大范围暴雨.WRF模式成功模拟出此次台风暴雨过程.文章将结合"海棠"台风(2005)登陆台风暴雨过程,利用 WRF模式模拟输出的气象要素,通过计算降水场,定量分析了非绝热加热作用及其对湿Q矢量诊断能力的影响.结果表明:(1)对于公包括大尺度凝结加热的非绝热加热作用H1及包括了潜热加热(大尺度凝结加热和对流凝结加热)、感热加热和辐射加热的非绝热加热作用H2来讲,局地变化项的强迫作用较垂直平流项、水平平流项的强迫作用约小1-2个量级,可以忽略不计,垂直平流项的强迫作用是主要成分,对于水平平流项来讲,尽管其强迫作用明显小于垂直平流项的强迫作用,但也明显大于局地变化项的强迫作用,考虑其将更有利于充分反映H1、H2的强迫作用.对于包括非均匀饱和大气中潜热加热的H3来讲,水平平流项与垂直平流项的强迫作用相当,均为主要成分,而局地变化项的强迫作用为次要成分且不容忽视,对其考虑将有助于全面描述H2的强迫作用.(2)非绝热加热作用H1、H2以及H3强迫产生的24 h累积降水场具有相似的水平分佰特征,三者强迫产生的逐时雨量随时间演变特征也非常相似,这表明水汽凝结潜热是非绝热加热作用的主要成分.(3)进一步结合模拟降水场分析表明,相对于H1强迫产生的降水场来讲,H2与H3强迫产生的降水场更接近模拟结果,这揭示出包含H2的湿Q矢量与包含H2的湿Q矢量诊断能力相近,且对降水反映能力较包含H1的湿Q矢量诊断能力强.(4)不同湿Q矢量各自有其自身诊断特点,根据不同研究目的的需要,可有针对性的选取相应的湿Q矢量来作为研究工具.如需要具体、细敛分析水汽潜热的强迫作用,可以选朋包含H1、H3的湿Q矢量,如仅需考虑总的湿Q矢量强迫作用,则可以直接选用包含H2的湿矢量.     

登陆台风莫拉克(2009)的涡度拟能收支分析

利用涡度拟能、散度平方项(简记为散度能量)和总变形平方项(简记为变形能量)来表征涡度、散度和变形的强度,并推导这3个物理量的倾向方程。这些方程中既包含代表这些物理量相互转化的符号相反项,也含有代表共同强迫的符号相同项,其中,涡度拟能局地变化主要由涡度拟能与变形能量的共同强迫项、涡度拟能与变形能量的转化项以及涡度拟能与散度能量的转化项组成。针对2009年第8号台风莫拉克,利用美国全球预报系统分析场资料计算这些方程中的强迫项,分析涡度拟能及其收支特征,以此来探讨影响台风莫拉克涡度拟能局地变化的主要物理因素。结果表明,在莫拉克发展和衰减阶段,涡度拟能与变形能量的共同强迫项(涡-形相同项)和涡度拟能与散度能量的转化项(涡-散转化项)是影响涡度拟能局地变化的重要强迫项。涡度拟能与变形能量转化项(涡-形转化项)的贡献相对来说弱一些。影响位涡拟能局地变化的重要物理因素是涡-形相同项和涡-形转化项中的平流输送项和散度耦合项,以及涡-散转化项中散度耦合项。变形能量一方面通过涡-形转化项向涡度拟能转化,直接促进涡度拟能增长;另一方面通过散-形转化项向散度能量转化,再通过涡-散转化项散度能量向涡度拟能转化,间接促进涡度拟能增长。     

各种物理强迫激发的平均经圈环流特征及其对数值天气预报模式系统误差的贡献

本文证明7种强迫作用激发经圈环流的线性叠加性，分项考察了各种物理强迫激发经圈环流的特征，通过考察一个数值模式的模式大气和实际大气各种物理强迫激发经圈环流的差异，分析了模式系统误差的成因，这种建立在动力背景之上的模式误差分析方法，其物理意义明确，具有较为普遍的适用性。     

地形强迫对偶极型阻塞形势的影响分析

本研究运用多尺度变换和摄动法简化具有地形强迫的正压准地转涡度方程,得到带有扰动项的非线性Shr?dinger方程,在此基础上,采用孤立子直接微扰理论研究地形强迫对偶极型阻塞结构的作用。研究表明:地形强迫对偶极型阻塞发展具有增强和持续作用,其增长率与大地形山体的斜率成正比。      

关于大气环流型季节特征形成的物理因子的数值试验

本文着重研究大气环流季节特征的成因问题。模式试验中将牛顿强迫项的平衡温度斜压结构作类似冬夏气候特征的变化,且加入南北半球大地形强迫作用,研究大气环流型对冬夏全球热力结构特征以及南北半球大地形强迫效应的响应。     

局地环流与大气边界层湍流相互作用的数值研究

本文建立了一个二维定常大气中尺度数值模式，并用该模式讨论了由下垫面粗糙分布非均匀（局地动力强迫）和温度分布非均匀（局地热力强迫）而产生的局地大气环流与大气边界层湍流的相互作用。结果指出：下垫面存在温度分布非均匀时运动方程中的湍流交换项与水平气压梯项一样可促使局地热力环境的形成，由粗糙度分布非均匀强迫产生的局地环流与由下垫面温度分布非均匀强迫产和的局地热力环流间的非线笥相互作用是通过湍流交换实现的。     

海气耦合非线性随机模式求解探讨

本文首先对一个假定随机强迫为高斯白噪声的四次方非线性海气耦合随机模式进行了ε一阶近似的摄动处理，将非线性随机模式化为显含随机项的线性系统和隐含随机项的非线性系统，通过对输出响应的分析表明:该模式结构和随机项的特性使得随机强迫输出的响应只能通过模式的线性区；非线性项仅对气候系统的方差及其对应的频谱有一定量的偏差作用，而对一般输出特性没有贡献。在这基础上，求出了模式输出谱，并给出了计算。     

Non-Kyoto radiative forcing in long-run greenhouse gas emissions and climate change scenarios

Climate policies must consider radiative forcing from Kyoto greenhouse gases, as well as other forcing constituents, such as aerosols and tropospheric ozone that result from air pollutants. Non-Kyoto forcing constituents contribute negative, as well as positive forcing, and overall increases in total forcing result in increases in global average temperature. Non-Kyoto forcing modeling is a relatively new component of climate management scenarios. This paper describes and assesses current non-Kyoto radiative forcing modeling within five integrated assessment models. The study finds negative forcing from aerosols masking (offsetting) approximately 25 % of positive forcing in the near-term in reference non-climate policy projections. However, masking is projected to decline rapidly to 5–10 % by 2100 with increasing Kyoto emissions and assumed reductions in air pollution—with the later declining to as much as 50 % and 80 % below today’s levels by 2050 and 2100 respectively. Together they imply declining importance of non-Kyoto forcing over time. There are however significant uncertainties and large differences across models in projected non-Kyoto emissions and forcing. A look into the modeling reveals differences in base conditions, relationships between Kyoto and non-Kyoto emissions, pollution control assumptions, and other fundamental modeling. In addition, under climate policy scenarios, we find air pollution and resulting non-Kyoto forcing reduced to levels below those produced by air pollution policies alone—e.g., China sulfur emissions fall an additional 45–85 % by 2050. None of the models actively manage non-Kyoto forcing for climate implications. Nonetheless, non-Kyoto forcing may be influencing mitigation results, including allowable carbon dioxide emissions, and further evaluation is merited.     

Diagnosis of the forcing of inertial-gravity waves in a severe convection system

The non-hydrostatic wave equation set in Cartesian coordinates is rearranged to gain insight into wave generation in a mesoscale severe convection system. The wave equation is characterized by a wave operator on the lhs, and forcing involving three terms—linear and nonlinear terms, and diabatic heating—on the rhs. The equation was applied to a case of severe convection that occurred in East China. The calculation with simulation data showed that the diabatic forcing and linear and nonlinear forcing presented large magnitude at different altitudes in the severe convection region. Further analysis revealed the diabatic forcing due to condensational latent heating had an important influence on the generation of gravity waves in the middle and lower levels. The linear forcing resulting from the Laplacian of potential-temperature linear forcing was dominant in the middle and upper levels. The nonlinear forcing was determined by the Laplacian of potential-temperature nonlinear forcing. Therefore, the forcing of gravity waves was closely associated with the thermodynamic processes in the severe convection case. The reason may be that, besides the vertical component of pressure gradient force, the vertical oscillation of atmospheric particles was dominated by the buoyancy for inertial gravity waves. The latent heating and potential-temperature linear and nonlinear forcing played an important role in the buoyancy tendency. Consequently, these thermodynamic elements influenced the evolution of inertial-gravity waves.     

随机强迫对集合预报效果的影响研究

以Lorenz96模式为动力框架,建立了考虑模式随机强迫不确定性的集合预报系统,并选择模式气候态和集合平均预报效果为研究对象,研究随机强迫对集合预报效果的影响.结果表明,在数值模式积分过程中引入恰当的随机强迫构成的新计算范式,较非随机强迫更接近真值的气候平均与气候标准差,对刻画数值模式的气候态也有正效果;且随机强迫的正效果主要体现在长时效阶段.集合平均预报方面,绝大部分白噪声随机强迫对应的集合预报效果优于非随机强迫集合预报,集合预报效果也随白噪声强迫增大非单调变化,并且非线性系统不同,相同比率的白噪声随机强迫产生的效果也不同.同时,绝大部分红噪声随机强迫对应的集合预报效果也优于非随机强迫集合预报,但仅部分φ(表示所引入外强迫的随机性部分和确定性部分相互耦合的一个度量)值对应的红噪声强迫集合预报优于白噪声随机强迫集合预报;而且红噪声随机强迫集合预报改善效果随系数的正负分布非对称且非单调变化.此外,相关系数φ的选择也依赖于模型.     

Efficient Anomalous Forcings for Linear Problems

For linear forcing problems, a method is developed to provide a set of forcing modes which form a complete orthonormal basis for the finite-time response to steady forcing in the energy inner product space. The forcing modes are found by calculating eigenvectors of a positive definite and symmetric matrix determined from given equations of motion. The amplitude of responses to forcing modes is given in terms of the associated eigenvalues. This method is used in a nondivergent barotropic model linearized about the 300 hPa zonally-varying climatological flow both for northern summertime and wintertime. The results show that the amplitude of response varies considerably with different forcing modes. Only a few of forcing modes associated with the leading eigenvalues, called efficient forcing mode, can excite significant response. The efficient forcing modes possess highly localized spatial structure with wavetrain appearance. Most of the efficient forcings are located to the south of regions of the jet cor     

基于慢特征分析对连续系统的外强迫提取

外强迫随时间的变化对于非平稳系统的影响十分重要,如何从该系统中重构或提取外强迫信息则成为研究其中动力学特征的关键所在。本文基于慢特征分析方法（Slow Feature Analysis,SFA）以连续系统（改变的Lorenz系统）为参考模型,分别讨论在周期型强迫、减弱的周期型强迫、指数衰减型强迫、伴随指数衰减的周期型强迫等条件下,SFA方法对模型中不同强迫信号的提取能力。结果显示,SFA方法能够提取作用于连续系统中的外强迫信息,其提取效果与外强迫的强度、噪声以及嵌入维数m有关:对于越弱的外强迫或者存在越强的噪声干扰,提取效果越差,提取信号中将出现虚假的高频波动;嵌入维数m的增大能在一定程度上提高外强迫信号的提取效果。试验还表明,作用在单一变量上的外强迫会将其驱动信息嵌入于系统中,因此,可以通过SFA分析方法从其他变量中提取其外强迫信号。     

温室气体和硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射强迫作用

对GOALS4 .0海 陆 气耦合模式的相关部分进行了改进 ,主要改进包括温室气体的扩充和硫酸盐气溶胶“显式”方案的引入 ,并引入 2 0世纪温室气体的实际浓度变化以及硫循环模式模拟的硫酸盐气溶胶的三维全球浓度分布 ,模拟了温室气体和硫酸盐气溶胶造成的辐射强迫的空间分布和时间变化。全球平均的温室气体和硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射强迫分别为 2 .17W /m2 和 - 0 .2 9W /m2 ;温室气体造成的辐射强迫在空间上呈现明显的纬向结构 ,最大值 (大于 2 .5W/m2 )和最小值 (小于 1W /m2 )分别位于副热带和两极地区 ,在北半球主要工业区硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射强迫绝对值接近温室气体的辐射强迫值 (大于 - 2 .0W /m2 )。     

线性定常响应有效强迫与遥相关型动力学

对线性定常强迫问题，本文发展了具有能量意义的内积空间中建立一组完备正交强迫模的动力学方法，其中这组正交强迫模是正定对称阵的特征矢量，相应的特征值则决定了强迫模产生的大气响应强度。以冬季３００ｈＰａ气候平均流为基本状态进行具体计算。结果表明，有实际意义的遥相关型只是由很少几个使大气产生大响应的最有效强迫模产生。这些最有效的强迫模产生的大气响应同实际观测到的遥相关型有很好的对应关系。能量分析表明，有利强迫模建立遥相关型，基本流向大气响应提供的动能比强迫产生的动能更大。所以，强迫建立遥相关型不只依赖于外源产生的动能的传播，更主要依赖于大气响应能否从基本流吸取动能。     

Non—Acceleration theorem in a primitive equation system: I. Acceleration of zonal mean flow

Non-acceleration theorem in a primitive equation system is developed to investigate the influences of waves on the mean flow variation against external forcing. Numerical results show that mechanical forcing overwhelms thermal forcing in maintaining the mean flow in which the internal mechanical forcing associated with horizontal eddy flux of momentum plays the most important roles. Both internal forcing and external forcing are shown to be active and at the first place for the mean flow variations, whereas the forcing-induced mean meridional circulation is passive and secondary. It is also shown that the effects on mean flow of external mechanical forcing are concentrated in the lower troposphere, whereas those due to wave-mean flow interaction are more important in the upper troposphere. These act together and result in the vertically easterly shear in low latitudes and westerly shear in mid-latitudes. This verti-cal shear of mean flow is to some extent weakened by thermal forcing.     

Effect of seasonal forcing on global circulation in a world ocean general circulation model

 Effects of the seasonal variation in thermohaline and wind forcing on the abyssal circulation are investigated by using an ocean general circulation model. To isolate effects of the seasonality in the thermohaline forcing from those in the wind forcing, we carry out three experiments with (1) annual-mean wind forcing and perpetual-winter thermohaline forcing, (2) annual-mean wind forcing and seasonal thermohaline forcing, and (3) seasonal wind forcing and seasonal thermohaline forcing. The deep water under the seasonal thermohaline forcing becomes warmer than under the perpetual-winter thermohaline forcing. Although the perpetual-winter thermohaline forcing is widely used and believed to reproduce the deep water better than the annual-mean forcing, the difference between the results of the perpetual-winter and the seasonal thermohaline forcing is significant. The seasonal variation of the Ekman convergence and divergence produces meridional overturning cells extending to the bottom because the period of seasonal cycle is shorter than the adjustment timescale by baroclinic Rossby waves. The heat transport owing to those Ekman flows and temperature anomalies makes the upper water (0–200 m) colder at low to mid-latitudes (40S–40N) and warmer at high latitudes. Also the deep water becomes warmer owing to the warming of the northern North Atlantic, the main source region of North Atlantic Deep Water. The model is also synchronously (i.e., without acceleration) integrated with seasonal forcing for 5400 y. A past study suggested that under seasonal forcing, a sufficient equilibrium state can be achieved after only decades of synchronous integration following more than 10 000 y of accelerated integration. Here, the result so obtained is compared with that of the 5400-y synchronous integration. The difference in the global average temperature is as small as 0.12 °C, and most of the difference is confined to the Southern Ocean. Received: 1 May 1998 / Accepted: 5 January 1999     

不同辐射强迫对暖干复合事件强度长期趋势信号检测的影响

本文基于Copula联合概率建立表征暖干复合事件强度的指数,基于单个辐射强迫的地球系统模式大样本模拟试验的结果,使用4种场显著性检验的方法分析了不同辐射强迫下中国区域整体暖干事件强度长期趋势信号的可检测性。结果表明,4种方法得到的结论较为一致,均表明全强迫(自然外强迫和人为外强迫)下中国大部分区域复合事件的强度显著增强,不同集合成员之间的趋势较为一致,表明长期趋势主要受外强迫而非气候系统内部变率影响,其长期趋势的外强迫信号大约出现在2005年。在单个温室气体强迫的模拟试验下,复合事件强度的长期趋势更为明显,主要体现在强度更强并且长期趋势中外强迫信号出现的时间更早(约2000年)。但是在单个气溶胶强迫下,尚检测不到暖干事件强度长期趋势的外强迫信号。进一步分析表明,温度变化是暖干事件强度长期趋势变化的主要贡献因素。温室气体强迫下温度的贡献更大,尤其是在我国西部地区。