江苏省夏季降水时空分布演变特征

根据江苏省63站的1961—2005年夏季降水量资料，应用EOF和REOF等统计方法分析了江苏省夏季降水的时空演变特征，其分析结果为：江苏省夏季降水可分为全省一致、淮北地区为中心、江淮之间地区为中心、苏南地区为中心等多种分布型，并且各种分布型具有明显的年代际变化特征，自1990年代起江苏省进入一个夏季旱涝异常年份频发的时期，并且南北降水相反分布的年份增多，为进一步准确预测夏季旱涝的发生提供了参考依据。     

中国东部531 a夏季旱涝型的划分

选取中国东部38站531a（1470—2000年）旱涝等级资料,利用EOF展开得到3种基本旱涝型：黄河、长江流域一致型（Ⅰ型）,黄河、长江流域相反型（Ⅱ型）,黄河、江淮、华南旱涝相间型（Ⅲ型）,进而根据各型正负位相给出了6种主要旱涝型的定义。鉴于单个指标存在难以准确刻画旱涝分布的局限性,采用3种指标相结合的方法,依据最突出特征原则对逐年旱涝分布进行定型,从而得到了新的中国东部夏季旱涝型年表。将6种中国东部夏季旱涝型的年代频次变化与EOF分析的时间系数进行比较,二者变化的一致性在一定程度上验证分型结果基本合理。     

吉林省夏季降水时空变化特征研究

根据吉林省46个气象站1961-2010年夏季6-8月降水资料,采用线性趋势估计、旋转经验正交函数(REOF)等方法,对吉林省夏季降水的空间分布结构和长期变化特征进行了分析.得到如下结论:(1)近50 a吉林省夏季降水整体有减少的趋势,但未能通过显著性检验;从1980s初期开始,夏季极端旱涝事件发生频率有增大趋势,旱涝交替变化更加频繁;在降水异常的背景下吉林省大部分地方的暴雨发生频率呈增多趋势;(2)采用REOF客观的数学方法得到吉林省夏季降水的3个气候分区,即西北部平原区、中南部区和东部山区,这3个分区较好地反映了夏季降水的地域差异分布特征;(3)吉林省3个降水气候区分别呈现不同的降水趋势变化,西北部平原区降水趋势减少导致干旱发生概率增大,中南部区降水趋势增加导致洪涝发生概率增大,东部山区降水稳定少变.     

用CEOF分析近百年中国东部旱涝的分布及其年际变化特征

通过1850～1991年旱涝百分率的CEOF分析，研究了近百年来中国东部旱涝的分布特征、时空变化特点及年际演变规律。结果表明，我国东部主要有三种旱涝分布类型。第一种类型是以长江流域为中心全国大范围旱或涝，空间位相近似相同，且有10.7年和3.1年周期性变化，振幅强度在1923～1924年间曾发生过增强突变。第二种类型为南北旱涝趋势相反的分布，空间位相自北向南变化显著，且有4.3年周期性变化，振幅强度在1884～1885年间曾有一次减弱突变。第三种类型呈江淮流域与华北和华南旱涝趋势相反的分布，空间位相从南北两个方向向中间或相反方向移动，并有3.4年周期性变化，振幅强度在1911～1912年有过增强突变。     

近40年我国东部夏季旱涝气候特征

采用服从 Person Ⅲ型分布的降水 Z 指标,分析了1951—1990年我国东部夏季旱涝的年际变化及演变趋势。使用经验正交函数分析、Schuster 周期图等方法揭示了旱涝分布、旱涝变化周期等气候特征。结果表明,我国东部大范围旱涝灾害平均2—3年一遇;华南、黄河、东北等区域呈干旱化趋势,长江、江淮向湿润化发展;旱涝变化存在3—6年准周期。     

利用Z指数确定吉林省旱涝指标及干旱分布特征

根据1961—2009年吉林省46个站各月降水量资料,利用z指数方法进行了计算分析,结合吉林省实际情况提出了z指数界限值的修改和订正方法,从而确定吉林省46个站旱涝指标及等级,并将吉林省分为4个区：西部、中部、南部、东部,在此基础上,确定了反映吉林省旱涝时空分布和强度的区域旱涝指标及旱涝等级。并研究了吉林省及4个区4—9月干旱事件的分布特点、频率分布。研究表明：吉林省4—9月期间,9月发生干旱的频率最大,且东部和中部比西部和南部发生干旱的频率大;其次是7月,西部比中部、南部、东部发生干旱频率大,且重旱频率也是全省最大的;6月干旱频率最小。4—9月偏旱型多于偏涝型,尤其是2000年以来重旱频发。     

近50年四川地区旱涝时空变化特征研究

根据1961-2007年四川地区123个测站的逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料,采用Z指数作为旱涝等级划分标准,分析了四川地区旱涝出现的频率,采用EOF、REOF分析、趋势分析、滑动t检验以及小波分析等方法,研究了四川地区旱涝灾害发生、发展的空间演变特征及时间变化趋势。结果表明,该地区旱涝事件的空间分布可...     

1470—2019年中国东部旱涝年代际变化及其与太平洋海表温度的关系

基于中国东部地区（30°—40°N,105°E以东）19个代表站1470—2019年旱涝等级序列、古气候代用资料定量重建的北太平洋海表温度年代际振荡指数以及Nino3.4指数,通过经验正交函数分解、小波分析和集合经验模态分解方法分析了中国东部旱涝年代际变化特征及其与太平洋海温的关系。结果表明,（1）1470年以来中国东部旱涝变化的主模态为全区一致型（方差贡献率为25.2%）,变率中心主要位于黄河中下游,其时间系数的小波分析和集合经验模态分解揭示出全区旱涝存在10—30 a的准周期;该模态长期趋势揭示17—18世纪中国东部整体偏涝,而19世纪以后出现干旱化趋势。（2）寒冷背景下中国东部旱涝一致变化更明显,在17世纪前、中期和19世纪中、后期的小冰期寒冷期全区一致型模态的方差贡献率为35%—40%,且这两个时段10—30 a的年代际变化信号尤为显著;而旱涝的变率中心则表现出冷期偏北,暖期偏南或偏西的特征。（3）中国东部旱涝的年代际变化与北太平洋和赤道中东太平洋海表温度异常有关,表现为偏涝（旱）气候对应于北太平洋海表温度年代际振荡的冷（暖）相位,以及年代际尺度上的冬季Nino3.4区海表温度的异常偏低（高）;在小冰期的寒冷期,旱涝的年代际变化可能与Nino3.4区海表温度异常关系更密切。      

近40 a重庆地区夏季降水的气候特征

利用重庆地区34个测站，1960-2000年6～8月降水量资料，采用EOF，REOF，小波分析及突变分析等方法，对重庆地区夏季降水量的空间分布特征和时间演变规律进行了诊断分析研究。结果表明：重庆地区夏季降水的空间分布既有整体一致的性质，也存在南部和北部及东部和西部相反变化的差异，并且可以把整个重庆地区划分为四个主要的降水分布型：渝西北区、渝东北区、渝东南区及渝西南区。各分布型代表站资料反映出近40a来，重庆地区夏季降水有增加趋势，并且存在着22a、14a、及2～4a的周期变化。     

淮河流域暴雨强降水的环流分型和气候特征

利用淮河流域1961—2009年39站逐日降水资料,通过趋势分析、EOF和REOF方法分析了近50年淮河流域暴雨的气候统计特征。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和历史天气图资料,研究了淮河流域8个洪涝年份26个集中强降水过程的大气环流特征。结果表明:(1) 淮河流域年暴雨量多年平均在山东西部、江苏东北部以及河南南部有三个极值中心,REOF分析表明年暴雨量的空间分布可划分为4个分布型态:淮南型、中部型、东北型和西北型;(2) 淮河流域年暴雨量近50年来没有显著的变化趋势,但各分布型均具有明显的年代际变化,且存在明显差异;(3) 从上述26个集中强降水过程的大气环流形势中归纳出6类典型的环流型:梅雨型、江淮气旋型、江淮切变线型、暖切变线型、深槽型和台风北上型。      

1964-2008年辽宁省旱涝时空分布特征及演变趋势

利用1964—2008年辽宁51站降水量资料,采用Z指数和区域旱涝HL指数分析了全区近45a旱涝变化。结果表明：近45a辽西、辽北以及辽东南地区单站旱涝发生频率均明显高于辽中、辽东地区;区域性洪涝指数逐渐减小,区域性干旱指数逐步增大。对辽宁51站Z指数进行了EOF和REOF分析,可知辽宁旱涝的空间分布特征除受大尺度天气系统所带来的降水量变化影响外,同时还受地理位置、海陆分布等多种因子影响。通过REOF方法可将全区分为4个区域,即Ⅰ辽西地区,Ⅱ辽北、辽西北地区,Ⅲ辽中、辽东地区和Ⅳ辽东南地区。     

中国西北地区东部近546年干旱事件特征分析

以西北地区东部的17个代表站1470—2008年的旱涝等级资料和1958—2015年5—9月气象站降水量数据为基础，建立了546年中国西北地区东部旱涝等级序列，采用经验正交函数分解、滑动t检验等统计方法，对其干湿演变规律进行分析，详细讨论了546年极端干旱事件及干旱持续性特征。结果表明:旱涝等级资料能够较好地反映西北地区东部干旱变化的时、空特征；在百年尺度上，20世纪发生旱、偏旱最为频繁，且高值区位于宁夏及陕北；干旱尺度因子的空间分布表明宁夏东部及陕北地区的干旱持续性相对较强，陇南及陕西南部地区的干旱持续性较差；空间范围较大且强度较大的重大干旱事件对干旱的持续发生起重要作用，历史上发生在1470—1500年和1910—1940年的两次西北地区东部百年甚至两百年一遇的极端干旱事件，对该地区干旱持续性的影响较为显著。      

Spatiotemporal patterns of drought at various time scales in Shandong Province of Eastern China

The temporal variations and spatial patterns of drought in Shandong Province of Eastern China were investigated by calculating the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) at 1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-month time scales. Monthly precipitation and air temperature time series during the period 1960–2012 were collected at 23 meteorological stations uniformly distributed over the region. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test was used to explore the temporal trends of precipitation, air temperature, and the SPEI drought index. S-mode principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify the spatial patterns of drought. The results showed that an insignificant decreasing trend in annual total precipitation was detected at most stations, a significant increase of annual average air temperature occurred at all the 23 stations, and a significant decreasing trend in the SPEI was mainly detected at the coastal stations for all the time scales. The frequency of occurrence of extreme and severe drought at different time scales generally increased with decades; higher frequency and larger affected area of extreme and severe droughts occurred as the time scale increased, especially for the northwest of Shandong Province and Jiaodong peninsular. The spatial pattern of drought for SPEI-1 contains three regions: eastern Jiaodong Peninsular and northwestern and southern Shandong. As the time scale increased to 3, 6, and 12 months, the order of the three regions was transformed into another as northwestern Shandong, eastern Jiaodong Peninsular, and southern Shandong. For SPEI-24, the location identified by REOF1 was slightly shifted from northwestern Shandong to western Shandong, and REOF2 and REOF3 identified another two weak patterns in the south edge and north edge of Jiaodong Peninsular, respectively. The potential causes of drought and the impact of drought on agriculture in the study area have also been discussed. The temporal variations and spatial patterns of drought obtained in this study provide valuable information for water resources planning and drought disaster prevention and mitigation in Eastern China.     

The relationship between precipitation heterogeneity and meteorological drought/flood in China

In this study, we investigated the spatial and temporal characteristics of precipitation heterogeneity and meteorological drought/flood in China based on the precipitation-concentration degree (PCD) and the integrated meteorological drought index. We also studied the corresponding relationship between precipitation heterogeneity and meteorological drought/flood in China by using Spearman correlation analysis and canonical correlation analysis. The results show that: (1) The severity of meteorological drought/flood exhibited a spatial pattern of gradual change from Northwest to Southeast China. (2) With a higher PCD and a delayed precipitation-concentration period (PCP), the drought severity was higher but the flood severity was lower. In contrast, with a lower PCD and an early PCP, the drought severity was lower and the flood severity was higher. (3) The correlation between meteorological drought/flood and PCD was significant. The higher the PCD, the longer the duration of drought and more frequently, the droughts occurred, and vice versa. It is concluded that PCD and PCP were significantly correlated with meteorological drought/flood in China.     

Division and evolution of drought and flood phases during the latest 200 years in eastern China

Based on the past 200-year graded data of dryness/wetness in eastern China (24 stations), five phases to show the floods and droughts have been objectively divided by using the approach of cluster analysis of a sequential sample. The characteristics of flood/drought evolution have been described and explained. It is concluded that the floods or droughts occurred more often for the past two centuries, and the normal phase was seldom seen in eastern China. The transitions between floods and droughts are frequently of jumping feature. The extent and the frequency of serious drought or heavy flood in eastern China tended to expand and increase significantly in the last 50 years. Finally, by using the Walsh power spectrum, the periodicity of dryness/wetness graded series has been analysed. It is found that there exist the 2－9 year high-frequency fluctuations in eastern China.     

河北夏季降水异常的变化及其与环流和海温异常的可能联系

利用河北省及周边73个台站1961-2010年夏季降水资料、NCEP／NCAR再分析资料、NOAA太平洋海温资料,应用SVD等多种统计方法探讨了河北夏季降水异常变化及其与环流和同期及前期太平洋海表温度异常（SSTA）的可能联系.研究结果表明：河北省夏季降水异常存在全省一致和东北-西南相反两种模态;夏季欧亚地区500 hPa高度场表现为从西到东的负、正、负、正的遥相关型时,河北降水偏多,最明显的区域主要位于河北省的东部;夏季东北部多雨、其他地区（保定、邢台和衡水）干旱与北太平洋SSTA的PDO正位相、赤道中东太平洋SSTA的El Niño位相具有较好的耦合关系;最大协方差分析（MCA）的诊断显示,前期冬季北太平洋SSTA类似PDO正位相且赤道中东太平洋SSTA出现El Niño型态,对河北省夏季多雨（尤其是东北部地区）的预测具有较好的指示意义.夏季850 hPa上在我国东部地区表现出明显的偏北（南）风距平,不（有）利于南方暖湿水汽向北的输送,是造成河北夏季降水异常少（多）的主要因素.     

我国西南地区夏季长周期旱涝急转及其大气环流异常

利用1961~2015年中国567站逐日降水资料,定义了一个西南地区夏季长周期旱涝急转指数,结果表明:1961~1970年夏季旱转涝多于涝转旱,1971~1980年夏季涝转旱年较多,1981~2000年旱转涝与涝转旱年相当,21世纪初以来,指数又呈现出负值的趋势,涝转旱年偏多。选取西南地区夏季旱涝急转典型年,对旱涝急转年的大气环流和水汽输送异常进一步分析发现,旱转涝年旱期西太平洋副热带高压偏西偏强,中高纬西风带偏强,冷空气不易南下,垂直场上表现为下沉运动,来自孟加拉湾和南海的水汽输送异常偏弱,西南地区亦处于水汽辐散区,因此降水偏少。而涝期中高纬环流的经向运动增强,乌拉尔山以东的槽加深,东亚沿岸脊加强,中高纬西风带偏弱,在垂直场上表现为上升运动,孟加拉湾和南海为西南地区提供了充足的水汽,有利于该地区降水增多;涝转旱年则相反。     

The Response of Anomalous Vertically Integrated Moisture Flux Patterns Related to Drought and Flood in Southern China to Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly

With the extreme drought (flood) event in southern China from July to August in 2022 (1999) as the research object, based on the comprehensive diagnosis and composite analysis on the anomalous drought and flood years from July to August in 1961-2022, it is found that there are significant differences in the characteristics of the vertically integrated moisture flux (VIMF) anomaly circulation pattern and the VIMF convergence (VIMFC) anomaly in southern China in drought and flood years, and the VIMFC, a physical quantity, can be regarded as an indicative physical factor for the "strong signal" of drought and flood in southern China. Specifically, in drought years, the VIMF anomaly in southern China is an anticyclonic circulation pattern and the divergence characteristics of the VIMFC are prominent, while those are opposite in flood years. Based on the SST anomaly in the typical draught year of 2022 in southern China and the SST deviation distribution characteristics of abnormal draught and flood years from 1961 to 2022, five SST high impact areas (i.e., the North Pacific Ocean, Northwest Pacific Ocean, Southwest Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and East Pacific Ocean) are selected via the correlation analysis of VIMFC and the global SST in the preceding months (May and June) and in the study period (July and August) in 1961-2022, and their contributions to drought and flood in southern China are quantified. Our study reveals not only the persistent anomalous variation of SST in the Pacific and the Indian Ocean but also its impact on the pattern of moisture transport. Furthermore, it can be discovered from the positive and negative phase fitting of SST that the SST composite flow field in high impact areas can exhibit two types of anomalous moisture transport structures that are opposite to each other, namely an anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation pattern anomaly in southern China and the coastal areas of east China. These two types of opposite anomalous moisture transport structures can not only drive the formation of drought (flood) in southern China but also exert its influence on the persistent development of the extreme weather.