激光雷达与微波辐射计联合观测大气边界层高度变化

为了研究苏州地区大气边界层结构的日变化及季节特征,利用2014年1—7月期间大气颗粒物激光雷达对苏州上空大气气溶胶进行了连续观测。选定2014年1月15日、3月16日、5月7日与7月22日全天的消光系数探测数据,通过优化后的梯度法得到了该地区的大气边界层高度,分析了其日变化特征,并分析了边界层高度与地表的温湿变化之间的相关性。结果表明除1月15日外,边界层的变化与地表温度存在明显的正相关,而与地表的相对湿度存在负相关。同时,对站点微波辐射计观测得到的温湿廓线与边界层内消光系数廓线进行了联合研究。研究结果表明,微波辐射计湿度垂直廓线与激光雷达消光系数廓线探测得到的边界层具有良好的一致性。     

关于非中性层结大气边界层湍流交换系数参数化公式的探讨

运用湍流半经验理论求解大气边界层的运动方程和大气污染物扩散方程的过程中,必须知道全边界层内湍流交换系数随高度的分布规律。本文利用平均场观测(如双经纬仪小球测风和低空探空)资料对目前理论计算中常用的四种非中性层结的km模式进行了计算分析,在此基础上得到中性和非中性层大气边界层参数化的km模式。     

地气耦合系统中温湿变化的数值模拟

本文提出了计算地气耦合系统中温度和湿度变化的一维数值模式,在土壤中,利用热量平衡和水份平衡原理计算土壤温度和湿度,在大气中,考虑了长短波辐射、云量和凝结等因素对大气温湿变化的影响。选择一种代表性土壤对模式进行了检验,结果发现,模式能较好地模拟诸多物理量的日变化过程。计算表明,大气和土壤的初始温湿分布,对结果有较大影响。本文的原理可应用于大气环流模式中陆气相互作用过程的参数化。     

高阶矩模式模拟对流边界层的可行性研究

本文建立了二阶矩闭合的大气边界层数值模式,并模拟了Wangara资料第33天09:00—18:00时对流边界层的发展过程。计算结果与实测资料比较吻合,同时利用该模式研究了高阶矩模式模拟对流边界层的可行性,结果指出:二阶矩方程中的湍流扩散项对模拟对流边界层内的挟卷和反梯度现象起主要作用。而局地时间变化项仅影响对流边界层内的边界湍流扩散项。因此,假如处理好二阶矩方程中的湍流扩散项,高阶矩模式和大涡模式一样可以很好地模拟对流边界层的发生、发展。     

数值模式中的大气边界层参数化方案综述

大气边界层对下垫面和自由大气之间的热量、动量和物质交换以及全球辐射的收支平衡有着非常重要的作用,数值模式中对边界层的模拟需要通过参数化方案表现出来。综述了数值模式中常用的边界层参数化方案,从闭合框架以及边界层内的重要物理过程这两个方面对各类方案进行了总结,并讨论了边界层参数化方案的发展方向。     

自由大气非定常扰动对大气边界层的内参数的影响

本文用大气边界层运动方程的数值积分方法,研究了当自由大气(边界层顶)风作非定常的周期扰动时,对非中性层结的大气边界层的内参数u*/G(u*为摩擦速度,G为自由大气风速)和角α(地面风与自由大气风向的夹角)的影响。并将其结果与中性层结大气边界层的相应结果作了对比。最后对斜压大气情形也作了相应讨论。说明了大尺度模式中边界层的参数化的结果应考虑层结、斜压性与非定常过程的共同作用。     

对流云街激发的重力波和波动阻力

大气边界层中的对流活动,可以在其上部稳定层中激发出重力波,并引起垂直动量输送,影响到对流层和平流层中的动量平衡过程.从二层模式中大气波动方程的线性解出发,得出了对流云街激发的重力波波阻解析表达式,并讨论了大气条件对波阻的影响.这些分析可有助于大气环流模式(GCM)中此类重力波波阻参数化表达式的建立和改进.     

一个中尺度模式中高分辨边界层的参数化

建立一个高分辨大气边界层模式。然后,把该模式与一个中尺度数值预报模式进行耦合并把模式计算结果与实测结果进行了对比。结果表明,该耦合模式能够模拟出大气边界层的流场、温度场和气压场的特征。     

WRF模式不同边界层参数化方案模拟兰州冬季边界层高度的研究

本文利用WRF模式中YSU、MYJ和ACM2三种不同的边界层参数化方案,模拟了2005年1月20-31日兰州市冬季大气边界层高度,并将模拟的边界层高度与同期系留探空资料位温廓线法计算的大气边界层高度进行了比较分析,从闭合方法和混合层高度计算方法等方面探讨了各个方案模拟结果的差异。结果表明:三种不同的参数化方案均模拟出了兰州市冬季边界层高度日变化的基本特征,其中,MYJ方案明显偏高,YSU和ACM2方案次之;统计分析结果显示,ACM2方案能较好地模拟兰州市冬季边界层高度。     

一维定常海上大气边界层数值模式

本文运用常通量层中的相似理论和湍流半经验理论,并通过Charnock提出的粗糙度随摩擦速度变化的经验公式,引入流动下界面的影响,建立了一维定常海上大气边界层数值模式。为检验模式的性能,对AMTEX’75实测资料进行了模拟,得到比较满意的结果。并计算了中性和不稳定层结下海上大气边界层中主要特征参量。     

一个引入近地层的土壤一植被－大气相互作用模式

本文在国外同类模式基础上，结合自己特点建立了一个土壤一植被－大气近地层的相互作用模式。在这个模式中，土壤和植被与大气之间的各种通量输送是与近地层大气进行的，而不是同较高层大气直接交换，更符合实际情况。以大气几十米高处的风、温度、湿度为输入参数，驱动运行本模式，进行敏感性试验，并用有限的观测数据相比较。结果证明，本模式能合理模拟土壤、植被、大气的温、湿以及各种通量的变化。进一步与中尺度大气模式耦合可以用于气候研究。     

SENSITIVITY TESTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAND SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESS AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER*

In this paper,an interactive model between land surface physical process and atmosphere boundary layer is established,and is used to simulate the features of soil environmental physics,surface heat fluxes,evaporation from soil and evapotranspiration from vegetation and structures of atmosphere boundary layer over grassland underlying.The sensitivity experiments are engaged in primary physics parameters.The results show that this model can obtain reasonable simulation for diurnal variations of heat balance,soil volumetric water content,resistance of vegetation evaporation,flux of surface moisture,and profiles of turbulent exchange coefficient,turbulent momentum,potential temperature,and specific humidity.The model developed can be used to study the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in city regions,and can also be used in the simulation of regional climate incorporating a mesoscale model.     

SENSITIVITY TESTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAND SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESS AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER

In this paper,an interactive model between land surface physical process and atmosphereboundary layer is established,and is used to simulate the features of soil environmental physics,surface heat fluxes,evaporation from soil and evapotranspiration from vegetation and structures ofatmosphere boundary layer over grassland underlying.The sensitivity experiments are engaged inprimary physics parameters.The results show that this model can obtain reasonable simulation fordiurnal variations of heat balance,soil volumetric water content,resistance of vegetationevaporation,flux of surface moisture,and profiles of turbulent exchange coefficient,turbulentmomentum,potential temperature,and specific humidity.The model developed can be used tostudy the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in cityregions,and can also be used in the simulation of regional climate incorporating a mesoscalemodel.     

多层土壤温度模拟及其检验

对陆面过程模式(BATS)土壤温度模拟进行了改进,提出了一个利用气象站资料模拟土壤温度的模式。研究结果表明：采用热扩散方程模拟多层土壤温度,可与观测站的资料直接比较;模式能很好地模拟各层土壤温度的年变化、季变化、日变化。冬季下层土壤温度高于上层土壤温度,夏季上层土壤温度高于下层土壤温度,上下层温度的转换时间大约在3月份和10月份,这与实测土壤温度的年变化非常一致;模式较准确地模拟了各层土壤温度垂直方向变化的时滞效应。     

Estimating the Number of Cloud Layers through Radiosonde Data from Russian Aerological Stations for 1964–2014

Radiosonde data are used for the period of 1964–2014 and the method that determines the boundaries and cloud amount based on the profiles of temperature and humidity [23]; long-period statistical characteristics are computed for the cloud layer number for different altitude ranges from the ground to 10 km. The study is performed for the Russian aerological stations located at different latitudes and climate zones. To specify the spatiotemporal features of the atmosphere layering into cloud layers and cloudless layers between them, the estimates of monthly mean, seasonal mean, and annual mean values of cloud layer number as well as of their standard deviations are computed, and the amplitude of their variations is determined. The results qualitatively agree with the data of aircraft-based sounding of the atmosphere as well as with the data of radars and experiments with free balloons.     

Observations of atmospheric boundary layer evolution above the Gulf Stream frontal zone

Ship borne measurements of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) parameters, sea-surface temperature and radar signals are analyzed to reveal the effects of the ABL transformation above the Gulf Stream temperature frontal zone. It was found that local changes in vertical gradients of wind speed and air temperature are well correlated with sub-mesoscale (~ 10 km) sea surface temperature variations. These effects are accompanied by appropriate variations in surface wind stresses that were identified from microwave backscatter.For steady atmospheric conditions the same effects were observed on spatial scales of 100 km, demonstrating positive radar signal contrast of the Gulf Stream warm waters with respect to surrounding Sargasso sea and shelf water areas. A simplified model of the ABL, accounting for an effect of spatial inhomogeneity by introducing an internal boundary layer, is used to analyze field observations. The model is able to reproduce both sub-mesoscale and mesoscale ABL evolution.     

Numerical Simulation Experiment of Land Surface Physical Processes and Local Climate Effect in Forest Underlying Surface

Based on the basic principles of atmospheric boundary layer and plant canopy micrometeorology, a forest underlying surface land surface physical process model and a two-dimensional atmospheric boundary layer numerical model are developed and numerical simulation experiments of biosphere and physiological processes of vegetation and soil volumetric water content have been done on land surface processes with local climate effect. The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with realistic observations, which can be used to obtain reasonable simulations for diurnal variations of canopy temperature, air temperature in canopy, ground surface temperature, and temporal and spatial distributions of potential temperature and vertical wind velocity as well as relative humidity and turbulence exchange coefficient over non-homogeneous underlying surfaces. It indicates that the model developed can be used to study the interaction between land surface process and atmospheric boundary layer over various underlying surfaces and can be extended to local climate studies. This work will settle a solid foundation for coupling climate models with the biosphere.     

Using a Modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Scheme （MSPAS） to Simulate the Interaction between Land Surface Processes and Atmospheric Boundary Layer in Semi-Arid Regions

This paper uses a Modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Scheme (MSPAS) to study the interaction betweenland surface and atmospheric boundary layer processes. The scheme is composed of two main parts:atmospheric boundary layer processes and land surface processes. Compared with SiB and BATS, which arefamous for their detailed parameterizations of physical variables, this simplified model is more convenientand saves much more computation time. Though simple, the feasibility of the model is well proved inthis paper. The numerical simulation results from MSPAS show good agreement with reality. The schemeis used to obtain reasonable simulations for diurnal variations of heat balance, potential temperature ofboundary layer, and wind field, and spatial distributions of temperature, specific humidity, vertical velocity,turbulence kinetic energy, and turbulence exchange coefficient over desert and oasis. In addition, MSPAS isused to simulate the interaction between desert and oasis at night, and again it obtains reasonable results.This indicates that MSPAS can be used to study the interaction between land surface processes and theatmospheric boundary layer over various underlying surfaces and can be extended for regional climate andnumerical weather prediction study.     

微波辐射计资料在大雾预报预警中的应用

MP-3000A 是一种新型大气探测仪器,可以连续得到从地面到10 km 高度上高分辨率的位温、相对湿度、水汽密度及其廓线。选取大雾发生、维持及消散时微波辐射计观测数据,分析发现,大雾从形成到消散过程中水汽密度、相对湿度和位温均有不同变化;大雾发生前近地层大气中的相对湿度、水气密度一般会稳定增加,大雾发生时两者会有爆发性增加的现象。大雾维持阶段在近地层多伴有逆温层,辐射雾逆温层明显;大雾期间雾层高度有稳定型也有波动型,雾层高度下降时大雾会迅速加强。大雾消散时近地层大湿区减小抬升,水汽密度迅速减小。因此研究微波辐射计探测的大气水汽密度、液态水含量和位温,将有助于提高大雾生成与消散的预报、预警。     

A bulk model for the atmospheric planetary boundary layer

The integrated momentum and thermodynamic equations through the planetary boundary layer (PBL) are solved numerically to predict the mean changes of wind and potential temperature from which surface fluxes are computed using bulk transfer coefficients of momentum and heat. The second part of the study involves a formulation and testing of a PBL height model based on the turbulent energy budget equation where turbulent fluxes of wind and heat are considered as the source of energy. The model exhibits capability of predicting the PBL height development for both stable and unstable regimes of observed conditions. Results of the model agree favourably with those of Deardorff's (1974a) and Tennekes' (1973) models in convective conditions.Contribution number 396.