1998年长江流域特大洪水的降水分析

利用长江流域 (102°E以东) 125个站的实测降水资料, 分析了1998年夏季长江流域降水的时空分布和气候统计特征, 并与历史同期进行了比较, 特别是和1931、1954年等特大洪水年份进行了较全面的对比.结果表明, 1998年夏季长江流域的强降水主要分为4个时段; 总降水量的分布成不对称的鞍型场; 上、中、下游地区异常频繁的、特别集中的强降水是造成长江持续高水位和特大洪涝灾害的最主要原因.     

1998年长江中下游梅雨期间对流层上层斜压波包的传播

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析和中国740站逐日降水资料,对1998年长江中下游梅雨期间对流层上层斜压波的活动进行了研究。结果表明,梅雨期间的高频斜压波动（周期≤7天）具有明显的下游频散效应,在其东传过程中常组织成局地波包向下游传播。波动起源于里海附近,沿着副热带急流带向下游传播,3天后传至长江中下游地区。斜压波所带来的扰动能量为长江流域暴雨的发生发展提供了必要的能量积聚。对低频扰动场的合成表明梅雨期间有准定常波列的存在,为高频斜压波动的传播提供了有利的背景条件。最后通过与1997年的比较,发现在梅雨降水偏少的1997年没有明显的斜压波动向下游传播。     

1998和2010年夏季降水异常成因的对比分析：兼论两类不同厄尔尼诺事件的影响

1998和2010年夏季长江流域均发生了明显的洪涝灾害,且都是厄尔尼诺事件的次年(衰亡位相).不同的是:1997/1998年冬季的厄尔尼诺事件是传统东部型,而2009/2010年冬季的厄尔尼诺事件是中部型(EL Ni(n)o Modoki).首先利用中国160个台站月降水观测资料,对比了1998和2010年降水异常情况,结果显示除长江流域多降水这一共同特征外,1998和2010年降水分布还存在一定差异.利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对比了大气环流异常特征.结果表明:与1998年相比,2010年西北太平洋对流层低层异常反气旋中心位置偏北偏西,西太平洋副热带高压偏强、脊线偏北,使得南海孟加拉湾西南风减弱而东亚南风加强,导致自印度洋、南海向内陆的水汽输送减少,而自西太平洋的水汽输送增加并输送到偏北的位置,雨带比1998年偏北,中国西南地区降水比1998年偏少.进一步分析厄尔尼诺的影响,揭示环流形势的变化与中部型厄尔尼诺年赤道太平洋异常上升气流比传统厄尔尼诺年偏西、西太平洋异常下沉气流随之变化有关.利用GFDL大气环流模式AM2.1,进行了给定1998和2010年实际观测海温强迫的试验,显示海温差异能够部分解释观测到的环流异常.最后,将这两个个例与历史合成进行了比较,发现2010年与历史合成的中部型厄尔尼诺存在较大差异,表明中部型厄尔尼诺对中国夏季降水的影响比以前所认识的要复杂.     

长江中下游地区水汽输送的气候特征

通过分析 1973 ～ 1998 年(共 26 年)4 月到 8 月 NCEP/ N CA R 再分析资料, 研究了夏季风期间长江中下游地区水汽输送的气候特征。 分析了旱涝年水汽输送差异, 特别考察了 1998 年长江流域洪涝期间水汽输送的一些特点, 发现长江中下游地区水汽水平输送特征在各月有很大差异。 来自孟加拉湾经中南半岛和来自华南的水汽输入是长江中下游地区水汽的主要来源。 长江中下游的旱涝与南海夏季风爆发的早晚有密切关系。 孟加拉湾地区及南海地区对长江中下游地区水汽输送的长时间维持是造成 1998 年长江流域洪涝的主要原因。     

对流层上层斜压波包活动与2003年江淮流域梅雨的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析和中国740站逐日降水资料, 研究了2003年淮河流域梅雨期间对流层上层斜压波动的传播情况。结果发现, 斜压波组织成波包向下游传播且具有明显的下游频散效应。波动起源于巴尔喀什湖西北侧, 沿着西北－东南向的路径向东南传播, 传至江淮流域大约需要3天。斜压波包所带来的扰动能量为江淮流域暴雨的发生发展提供了必要的能量积聚。通过与1998和1997年这两个梅雨年份的比较, 发现1998年异常强梅雨年的斜压波包的活动特征与2003年的相似, 但在梅雨降水非常偏少的1997年, 未发现有明显的斜压波包向下游的传播。     

长江流域水汽收支与高原水汽输送分量“转换”特征

文中采用"箱体"模型边界的整层水汽输送特征描述长江流域梅雨带水汽收支总体效应,发现长江流域夏季降水与"箱体"模型整层水汽输送收支总量呈显著相关;青藏高原动力、热力强迫构成周边水汽输送特殊流型结构,大地形动力强迫导致高原周边水汽输送在高原南侧与东侧存在经向或纬向不同分量的水汽流型,且它们分别对长江流域梅雨带"箱体"模型水汽收支具有重要的影响.研究还发现高原南侧经向水汽输送与高原东侧纬向水汽输送分量之间呈显著相关特征,此研究揭示了长江流域洪涝过程上游高原周边关键区水汽输送不同分量间的"转换"特征,且此类水汽输送流型对夏季长江全流域各区域降水具有不同程度影响.上述高原周边水汽输送经向-纬向分量间的相互"转换"效应,是认识长江流域异常洪涝过程形成的关键环节之一.高原周边水汽输送分量相关结构及区域边界水汽收支问题将为长江流域洪涝预报提供科学依据.     

1998年长江流域致洪暴雨的天气特点分析

通过1998年夏季（6-8月）天气图及部分资料的分析，对引起1998年夏季长江流域特大洪水的大到暴雨作了初步分析。结果表明：1998年夏季长江流域致洪暴雨的发生、发展是在一定环流形势下中低层中尺度系统活动频繁而造成的。还提出了1998年夏洪峰降水的两种环流模型，即副高西进低槽东移型和副高稳定且切变线上有西南涡活动型。并指出：当这两类暴雨环流型出现越频繁，暴雨出现次数越多时，长江流域易涝；反之，则长江流域易旱。     

夏季青藏高原上的对流云和中尺度对流系统

运用1998年6～8月逐日逐时日本地球静止气象卫星(GMS)红外辐射亮温资料,计算和分析了青藏高原及周边地区对流云和中尺度对流系统的活动,揭示了它们形成和发展的月际变化和地理分布、强度、日变化、移动和传播等诸多特征,以及与长江流域暴雨过程的关系.     

1998年长江流域梅雨期暴雨过程的水汽输送特征

通过对1998年第二次青藏高原大气科学试验期间的加密观测资料、NCEP／NCAR资料、1998年6—7月暴雨2个关键强降水时段水汽通量特征的诊断分析及其区域边界水汽输入问题的数值模拟研究表明：1998年长江流域特大暴雨过程是在有利的持续异常且稳定的大尺度环境场及中尺度风场的配合下发生的；6月与7月水汽输送特征存在差异；高原中部区域西边界与中国区域南边界的水汽输送对此次梅雨期特大暴雨的形成均有重要作用，即水汽源及其侧边界水汽通道特征的显著变化对梅雨期不同阶段长江流域特大暴雨的形成、发生和发展作用明显；水汽的时空分布特征为长江流域持续性特大暴雨的预报提供了着眼点。     

长江流域地区水汽输送及其对旱涝影响研究综述

大气水汽输送在气候系统中起着重要的作用.本文回顾了近年来关于长江流域地区水汽输送的相关研究进展,主要包括长江流域水汽输送的基本特征,旱涝年水汽输送的异常特征,青藏高原对长江流域水汽输送的影响,青藏高原水汽输送与长江流域旱涝的关系.     

中国东部夏季季节内降水异常及其伴随的热带和中高纬度大气环流演变特征

利用1981—2020年夏季(5—8月)CPC(Climate Prediction Center)逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料以及NOAA的向外长波辐射资料,通过经验正交函数(EOF)分解、超前滞后合成等方法,分析了中国东部夏季季节内降水异常的主要模态(即南方型和江淮型降水异常)及其伴随的热带和中高...     

一次大暴雨过程的中尺度系统分析

本文分析了京津冀地区一次大暴雨过程中出现的三类中尺度系统的降水回波特征、结构、移动、传播方式和环境场特征，以及各类中尺度系统形成的热力动力学机制。     

梅雨锋上短时强降水系统的发展模态

利用2010、2011年5～7月我国东部地区梅雨锋盛行期的58次强降水个例,对产生短时强降水的中尺度对流系统回波演变模态及其系统特征进行了统计分析。本文中短时强降水特指小时降水超过30 mm。结果表明,与梅雨锋相伴的短时强降水系统回波演变模态主要为纬向型、经向型、转向型和合并型四类。纬向型、经向型和70%的转向型发展模态中中尺度对流系统（MCS）呈线状,合并型则主要为卵状。纬向型、转向型和合并型MCS以后向传播为主,但它们的生命史、移速和产生强降水持续时间有很大差别:纬向型生命史最长,强降水持续时间比转向型短;三类发展模态中转向型移速最快,生命史较纬向型短,但强降水持续时间最长;合并型移动最慢,生命史最短,强降水持续时间也最短。经向型MCS前向传播为主,移动最快,系统持续史短,约为纬向型的一半,30 mm h-1、50 mm h-1以上强降水持续时间约为转向型的1/3和1/5。纬向型MCS可向东或向南移动,经向型MCS通常向东或向西运动,合并型MCS可往任意方向移动,并且只有该发展模态中MCS会向北运动。虽然转向型MCS带来的短时强降水（尤其50 mm h-1以上）持续时间最长,经向型和合并型MCS产生短时强降水持续时间短,但四类发展模态中MCS的回波强度和回波高度的统计特征无明显区别。推测强降水持续时间可能与MCS的传播关系更加密切:经向型和合并型MCS前向传播占很大比重,生命史和产生的强降水更短;转向型和纬向型MCS的后向传播比重大,尤其转向型中不存在前向传播,对应短时强降水持续时间最长。     

Analysis of Mesoscale Convective Systems Associated With a Warm-Sector Rainstorm Event Over South China

With multiple meteorological data, including precipitation from automatic weather stations, integrated satellite-based precipitation (CMORPH), brightness temperature (TBB), radar echoes and NCEP reanalysis, a rainstorm event, which occurred on May 26, 2007 over South China, is analyzed with the focus on the evolution characteristics of associated mesoscale-β convective systems (Mβcss). Results are shown as follows. (1) The rainstorm presents itself as a typical warm-sector event, for it occurs within a surface inverted trough and on the left side of a southwesterly low-level jet (LLJ), which shows no obvious features of baroclinicity. (2) The heavy rainfall event is directly related to at least three bodies of Mβcss with peak precipitation corresponding well to their mature stages. (3) The Mβcss manifest a backward propagation, which is marked with a new form of downstream convection different from the more usual type of forward propagation over South China, i.e., new convective systems mainly form at the rear part of older Mβcss. (4) Rainstorm-causing Mβcss form near the convergence region on the left side of an 850-hPa southwesterly LLJ, over which there are dominantly divergent air flows at 200 hPa. Different from the typical flow pattern of outward divergence off the east side of South Asia High, which is usually found to be over zones of heavy rains during the annually first rainy season of South China, this warm-sector heavy rain is below the divergence region formed between the easterly and southerly flows west of the South Asian High that is moving out to sea. (5) The LLJ transports abundant amount of warm and moist air to the heavy rainfall area, providing advantageous conditions for highly unstable energy to generate and store at middle and high levels, where corresponding low-level warm advection may be playing a more direct role in the development of Mβcss. As a triggering mechanism for organized convective systems, the effect of low-level warm advection deserves more of our attention. Based on the analysis of surface mesoscale airflow in the article, possible triggering mechanisms for Mβcss are also discussed.     

1980～2017年厦门地区小时尺度极端降水特征分析

利用1980～2017年厦门逐小时降水资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析厦门地区极端降水事件的气候特征,并初步讨论其成因。研究结果表明:1）极端降水事件的年发生频率呈现减少的趋势,厦门岛的减少趋势要比内陆更为显著。2）小时尺度的极端降水事件在较小尺度空间内无论是发生频率还是强度都存在明显的区域性差异,内陆地区在发生频率和强度上均高于厦门岛,但强度的平均值一致。3）造成极端降水事件的天气系统有4类,分别是热带气旋型、冷式切变型、西南风气流型和低槽冷锋型。随着城市抗灾能力的提升,对极端降水预报的要求也不断提高,基于小时值的结论可以为未来厦门地区极端降水事件的预报提供参考基础,进而提升预报的有效性和针对性。     

华北两类产生极端强天气的线状对流系统分布特征与环境条件

华北线状对流系统精细气候分布及其所产生的极端天气特征尚不清楚,本研究利用雷达拼图资料和客观识别方法普查2013—2018年华北171例线状对流系统的时、空分布特征,根据其所致强对流天气的统计结果,发现华北地区至少有2类线状对流系统,分别产生极端强雷暴大风和极端强降水。分析了这2类线状对流系统的环流形势、环境条件、地形作用和关键中尺度系统地面冷池等的特征。主要结论如下:华北线状对流系统的空间分布尤其是初始形成位置与大地形关系密切,京津冀的太行山和燕山山脚区域为其中的一个高发区;2类线状对流系统发生月份、空间尺度、移动速度、形成时刻和维持时间等都具有显著差异;2类线状对流系统的环流背景、环境条件和冷池也差别明显。强雷暴大风型线状对流系统的环境大气斜压性强,中层干和大的垂直减温率造成的最优对流有效位能、下沉对流有效位能大值区是产生极端大风的重要环境条件,地面强冷池以及0—3 km风垂直切变对前向传播起到了重要作用。强降水型线状对流系统产生的降水极端性较前一类型更为凸出,天气尺度强迫相对较弱,水汽条件极其充沛,地面弱冷池或地形与低层南风气流相互作用维持的后向传播是其发展和缓慢移动的主要机制,也是产生极端强降水的直接原因。      

全球热带SSTA与中国7月降水和气温的伴随相关型分析

用伴随相关型（ＡＣＰ）分析了中国７月降水和气温与全球热带ＳＳＴＡ的ＰＯＰ（主振荡型）间的关系,得到当两个典型的传播ＰＯＰ处在Ｅ１Ｎｉｎｏ事件发展相位时中国夏季总体呈南北旱,中间涝的形势,其中江淮流域,华中,东北东部和西北大部为降水正距平,华北,华南为负距平,降水偏多（少）时相应的气温偏低（高）,当两个传播型的典型模态处于ＬａＮｉｎａ事件发展相位时情况则相反。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAVITY WAVE PROPAGATION AND ENERGY CONVERSION IN A SUDDEN HEAVY RAINFALL EVENT

In this paper, a sudden heavy rainfall event is analyzed, which occurred over the Yellow River midstream during 5–6 August 2014. We used observational, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, high-resolution satellite, and numerical simulation data. The main results are as follows. Under an unfavorable environmental circulation, inadequate water vapor and unfavorable dynamic conditions but sufficient energy, a local sudden heavy rainfall was caused by the release of strong unstable energy that was triggered by cold air transport into middle and lower layers and the propagation of gravity waves. The distributions of rain area, rain clusters, and 10-minute rainfall showed typical mesoscale and microscale fluctuation characteristics. In the mesoscale rain area or upstream, there was a quasi-stationary wave of mesoscale gravity waves with their propagation downstream. In the course of propagation from southwest to northeast, the wavelength became longer and the amplitude attenuated. In the various phases of gravity wave development, there were evident differences in the direction of the wave front. Wave energy was mainly in the lower layers. Unstable vertical wind shear at heights of 1–6 km provided fluctuation energy for the gravity waves. The mechanisms of heavy rainfall formation were different at Linyou and Hancheng stations. Diabatic heating was the main source of disturbed effective potential energy at Linyou. The explosive short-period strong precipitation was caused by the release of strong effective potential energy triggered by the gravity waves, and its development and propagation after that energy maximized. In contrast, the latent heat release of upstream precipitation was the main source of disturbed effective potential energy at Hancheng. This formed a positive feedback mechanism that produced continuous precipitation. In the studied event, the development of westerly belt systems had disturbed the wind field. The contribution of kinetic energy generated by this disturbance could not be ignored. The Froude number, mountain shape parameter, and ratio between mountain height and temperature inversion layer thickness had various effects of atmosphere and terrain on mesoscale and microscale mountain waves. In upper and lower layers, there were five airflows that were strengthened by the terrain. All these had important influences on local heavy rainfall at Linyou and Hancheng stations.     

Comparison of the Structure and Evolution of Intraseasonal Oscillations Before and After Onset of the Asian Summer Monsoon

High-resolution satellite-derived data and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data are used to investigate intraseasonal oscillations （ISO） over the tropical Indian Ocean.A composite evolution of the ISO life cycle is constructed,including the initiation,development,and propagation of rainfall anomalies over the tropical Indian Ocean.The characteristics of ISO over the tropical Indian Ocean are profoundly different before and after the onset of the Indian summer monsoon.Positive precipitation anomalies before monsoon onset appear one phase earlier than those after monsoon onset.Before monsoon onset,precipitation anomalies associated with ISO first initiate in the western tropical Indian Ocean and then propagate eastward along the equator.After monsoon onset,convective anomalies propagate northward over the Indian summer monsoon region after an initial eastward propagation over the equatorial Indian Ocean.Surface wind convergence and air-sea interaction play critical roles in initiating each new cycle of ISO convection.     

Object-based tracking of precipitation systems in western Canada: the importance of temporal resolution of source data

Object-based algorithm provides additional spatiotemporal information of precipitation, besides traditional aspects such as amount and intensity. Using the Method for Object-based Diagnostic Evaluation with Time Dimension (MODE-TD, or MTD), precipitation features in western Canada have been analyzed comprehensively based on the Canadian Precipitation Analysis, North American Regional Reanalysis, Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation, and a convection-permitting climate model. We found light precipitation occurs frequently in the interior valleys of western Canada while moderate to heavy precipitation is rare there. The size of maritime precipitation system near the coast is similar to the continental precipitation system on the Prairies for moderate to heavy precipitation while light precipitation on the Prairies is larger in size than that occurs near the coast. For temporal features, moderate to heavy precipitation lasts longer than light precipitation over the Pacific coast, and precipitation systems on the Prairies generally move faster than the coastal precipitation. For annual cycle, the west coast has more precipitation events in cold seasons while more precipitation events are identified in warm seasons on the Prairies due to vigorous convection activities. Using two control experiments, the way how the spatiotemporal resolution of source data influences the MTD results has been examined. Overall, the spatial resolution of source data has little influence on MTD results. However, MTD driven by dataset with coarse temporal resolution tend to identify precipitation systems with relatively large size and slow propagation speed. This kind of precipitation systems normally have short track length and relatively long lifetime. For a typical precipitation system (0.7 \(\sim \) 2 \(\times \) 10\(^{4}\) km\(^{2}\) in size) in western Canada, the maximum propagation speed that can be identified by 6-h data is approximately 25 km h\(^{-1}\), 33 km h\(^{-1}\) for 3-h, and 100 km h\(^{-1}\) for hourly dataset. Since the propagation speed of precipitation systems in North America is basically between 0 and 80 km h\(^{-1}\), we argue that precipitation features can be identified properly by MTD only when dataset with hourly or higher temporal resolution is used.