浙江沿海登陆台风结构特性的多普勒雷达资料分析

利用浙江省新一代多普勒雷达组网资料,选取在浙江东南沿海近乎同一地点登陆的3个台风进行研究。从登陆前6 h到登陆后7 h,对比分析3个台风在登陆前后的雷达回波和降水结构时空变化特征。利用单多普勒雷达四维变分风场反演技术,对温州多普勒雷达探测资料进行了风场反演。结合利用雷达回波强度资料,对3个台风登陆前后1 h在云岩、昌禅等地造成特大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的三维结构及其演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明,台风强度与其螺旋云带中的对流单体密切相关。台风强度愈强,其中低层环状平均回波强度就愈强,对流活动也就愈旺盛,降水强度也愈大。台风登陆前,回波(雨带)从眼墙向外围传播。台风登陆后,随着台风外围回波(雨带)明显减弱,台风眼墙回波(雨带)则明显增强,台风眼区逐渐被强回波所取代,使台风登陆后眼墙的平均雨强比登陆前增大。台风登陆后1 h,由于低(高)层水平辐合(散)增强,强对流回波中倾斜的上升(下沉)气流明显增大,使对流运动更加活跃,造成登陆后1 h的降雨量显著增强。台风强度与登陆后1 h降雨量的增强幅度成正比。台风强度越强,垂直风切变就越大,垂直切变风速大值区与最大降雨区有较好的对应关系。台风登陆后1 h,垂直切变风速的明显增加对登陆台风螺旋雨带中的中小尺度对流的加强和维持起到了非常重要的作用。     

台风“Chanchu”变性过程位涡及锋生特征分析

利用非静力中尺度WRF模式输出的0601号"Chanchu"台风模拟资料分析了台风变性过程中的结构演变特征,并从位涡的角度,利用湿位涡方程对"Chanchu"变性过程中强度减弱但却能引发强风暴雨的原因进行了探讨。分析表明:台风在变性过程中,尺度逐渐增大并与东移南下的高空槽不断接近,在与高空槽相互作用之前,台风眼壁及外围雨带雷达回波减弱,最大风速减小,最大风速半径圈向外拓展;高低层位涡相接之后,由于高层正位涡的下传携带冷空气侵入台风,在低层锋区上诱发出气旋性环流,进而重新引发强对流,并在角动量的输送作用下,台风外围环流风速再次增大。变性后高空槽和台风在位相上仍有一定距离,高空槽仅与台风的外围环流相互作用,冷空气没有入侵台风内部,这是"Chanchu"没有重新加强的原因之一。利用锋生函数对引起锋生的各分量进行分析,结果显示非绝热加热是造成锋生的主要原因,散度和变形项的贡献次之,倾斜项对锋生几乎没有贡献。     

高低空急流与台风环流耦合下的中尺度暴雨系统

对9216号台风登陆后进入200 hPa西南风急流入口区右侧, 引起远距离台风中尺度暴雨系统突然发生发展的过程进行了分析.利用二维模式研究了高、低空急流与台风环流耦合和中尺度暴雨增幅的相互促进正反馈机制, 认为Wave-CISK过程和斜压基流的对称不稳定可能是低空急流发展和倒槽形成的更切合实际的动力机制.对流不稳定与斜压大气的结合有利于北传的重力惯性波不稳定发展.     

Development of an Integrated Vertical-Slantwise Convective Parameterization Scheme and Its Associated Numerical Experiments

An integrated vertical-slantwise convective parameterization scheme,based on the vertical Kuo-Anthes and the slantwise Nordeng convective parameterization schemes,is introduced into the MM5 model.By employing the MM5 model with the proposed scheme,numerical simulations of a snowstorm event that occurred over southern China on 28 29 January 2008 and of Typhoon Haitang (2005) are conducted.The results indicate that during the snowstorm event,the atmosphere was convectively stable in the vertical direction but with conditional symmetric instability (CSI) in the lower troposphere,and when the area of CSI developed and extended to upper levels,strong rising motion occurred and triggered the release of large amount of energy,producing enhanced convective precipitation with the total precipitation much closer to the observation.The development and strengthening of CSI corresponded to changes in the intensity of snowfall,convergence,and ascending motions of air,revealing that CSI was responsible for the initiation and growth of the snowstorm.The results from a 72-h explicit simulation of Typhoon Haitang indicate that CSI occurred mainly at lower levels with a well-defined spiral structure,and it tended to have a larger impact on the intensity of typhoon than on its track.The minimum pressure at the typhoon center for the 72-h runs with the integrated vertical-slantwise convective parameterization scheme was on average 3 hPa (maximum 8 hPa) lower than that from the runs with only the vertical cumulus parameterization scheme.Introducing the influence of CSI into the model has improved the warm core structure at the middle and upper levels of the typhoon,with stronger and persistent upward motions causing increased precipitation,and the latent heat released through convection in turn made the typhoon develop further.     

台风低压发展的数值模拟研究——凝结加热廓线的影响

本文用一个同时考虑Ekman抽吸和积云动量输送作用的二维轴对称原始方程模式,就对流凝结加热廓线对台风低压发展的影响进行了数值模拟研究。试验结果表明,对流层中下部有较强加热时,模式台风低压的低压环流发展较快;对流层上部有较强加热时,系统结构更类似于实际台风。在台风低压发展过程中,对流凝结加热廓线也会改变,最强加热可能由对流层中下部向中上层发展和传播,从而,台风低压发展既快、系统结构又类似于实际台风。这样一种过程可能正是热带低压发展为台风的一般过程。      

Development of an integrated vertical-slantwise convective parameterization scheme and its associated numerical experiments

An integrated vertical-slantwise convective parameterization scheme, based on the vertical Kuo-Anthes and the slantwise Nordeng convective parameterization schemes, is introduced into the MM5 model. By employing the MM5 model with the proposed scheme, numerical simulations of a snowstorm event that occurred over southern China on 28-29 January 2008 and of Typhoon Haitang (2005) are conducted. The results indicate that during the snowstorm event, the atmosphere was convectively stable in the vertical directi...     

Numerical simulation of a South China Sea typhoon Leo (1999)

Summary ?A South China Sea typhoon, Leo (1999), was simulated using the Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model MM5 with the Betts-Miller convective parameterization scheme (BMEX). The simulation had two nested domains with resolutions at 54 and 18 km, and the forecast duration was 36 hours. The model was quite successful in predicting the track, the rapid deepening, the central pressure, and the maximum wind speed of typhoon Leo as verified with reports from the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). The structure of the eye, the eye wall, and the spiral convective cloud band simulated in the model are found to be comparable to corresponding features identified in satellite images for the storm, and also with those reported by other authors. A trajectory analysis was performed. Three kinds of trajectory were found: (1) spirally rising trajectories near the eye wall; (2) spirally rising/descending trajectories in the convective/cloud free belt; (3) straight and fast rising trajectories in a heavy convection zone along one of the cloud bands on the periphery of the tropical cyclone. Both the HKO and the U.S. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) reported the rapid deepening of Leo started around 00 UTC 29 April. In the model, the eye was first formed in the lower troposphere, and it extended to the upper troposphere within a few hours. We speculate that the spin-up of cyclonic rotation in the low-level eye enhanced the positive vorticity along the low-level eye wall. The positive vorticity was then transported to the upper troposphere by convection, leading to an extension and growth of the eye into the upper troposphere. To examine the impact of convective parameterization scheme (CPS) on the simulation, the Grell scheme (GLEX) was also tested. The GLEX predicted a weaker typhoon with a wilder eye that extended not as high up in the upper troposphere as BMEX. The different structures of the eye between the BMEX and GLEX suggest that the mesoscale features of the eye are dependent on the convection. In other words, the vertical and horizontal distribution of convective heating is essential to the development and structure of the eye. Received December 18, 2001; accepted May 7, 2002 Published online: March 20, 2003     

涡旋Rossby波传播和台风切向风速变化的数值研究

设计了一个高分辨率f平面准地转正压涡度方程半谱模式，用以研究非线性对台风切向风速变化，以及不同初始异常条件下台风环流内涡旋Rossby波传播和台风切向风速变化特征。6类(14组)试验的数值结果表明：非线性使台风切向风速的增强减弱，可能使最大风速半径收缩。初始扰动中心位置对涡旋Rossby波传播和台风切向风速变化的影响明显。扰动中心在最大风速半径附近时，台风最大切向风速增强最多；异常中心在台风外区时，使最大切向风速减小。初始异常尺度(范围)减小对台风最大切向风速变化的影响减弱。双涡分布条件下，台风环流外区的涡旋使内区或近眼壁区对流涡旋对台风最大切向风速的影响减弱。     

模拟台风Ewiniar（2006）内部扰动的时空变化特征

在使用WRF（V2．2）模式双向移动嵌套方案对台风Ewiniar模拟结果的基础上,利用空间上的离散功率谱和时间上的连续功率谱、最大熵谱方法对Ewiniar内部扰动的时空变化特征作简要的分析。结果表明：台风内部波动在空间上以长波分量占优,距台风中心越近,长波分量的比重越大,而台风外围的短波分量则有所增加;Ewiniar内部的振荡现象具有非对称特征,这种非对称特征在对流层中高层及台风前移的左右两侧的眼壁内表现得非常明显,越往台风外围、越往对流层低层越不明显;对流层低层的台风眼壁内部,无论是台风前移的左侧还是右侧,低频振荡总是占很大优势。     

Elucidating the characteristics of eyewalls and rainbands associated with a severe typhoon influenced by Taiwan��s high orography using Doppler radar analysis

Radar observations of the strong Typhoon Bilis (2000) are unique for investigating the effect of Taiwan high orography on the mesoscale structures of storm system in the vicinity of southeastern Taiwan. Typhoon Bilis was the first tropical storm, which possessed the double eyewall feature observed by Doppler radar over the Taiwan area. The inner eyewall exhibited an approximately circular shape with a diameter of 20?km. Convections associated with the storm were cyclonically and radially outward propagated, with the linear aspect in the right flank of the system and counterclockwise and spiral migration in the left flank, maintaining the development of the outer eyewall. The low-level maximum Doppler winds in the left and right flanks relative to the typhoon movement were comparable, owing to a prominent confluence in the left flank. The prominent confluent zone was constructed by two wind fields, the northwesterly from the inner circulation of the typhoon and the outer circulation in the streamline analysis. The replacement of maximum wind between the inner and outer eyewalls, extending from low levels to middle levels in the left flank of the storm, was a clear model for the examination of the significance of the orographic effect on a severe typhoon. A conceptual model for a case of super typhoon under the influence of Taiwan high terrain was constructed.     

登陆孟湾风暴结构演变特征数值模拟研究

利用MM5V3中尺度数值模式对2004年5月19日登陆的孟湾风暴进行了数值模拟分析,讨论了风暴中心移动路径,分析了风暴登陆前后的流场、动力场和热力场结构,并与西太平洋登陆台风的结构变化做了比较。结果表明,风暴中心的模拟路径与实况路径虽有一定误差,但总趋势均向东北方向移动,表明模式对本个例的模拟预报可以参考;孟湾风暴登陆前后,其结构与登陆台风变性阶段一样,经历了从热带气旋的基本对称的垂直分布结构演变到斜压非对称结构;风暴登陆后,由于地形和冷空气的作用,动力场和热力场表现为对流层中低层锋区增强、倾斜涡度发展,导致对流不稳定和斜压不稳定。     

Impact of Different Cloud Microphysics Parameterization Schemes on Typhoon Intensity and Structure

The impact of different cloud microphysics parameterization schemes on the intensity and structure of the Super-strong Typhoon Rammasun (1409) in 2014 is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model version 3.4 with eight cloud microphysics parameterization schemes. Results indicate that the uncertainty of cloud microphysics schemes results in typhoon forecast uncertainties, which increase with forecast time. Typhoon forecast uncertainty primarily affects intensity predictions, with significant differences in predicted typhoon intensity using the various cloud microphysics schemes. Typhoon forecast uncertainty also affects the predicted typhoon structure. Greater typhoon intensity is accompanied by smaller vortex width, tighter vortex structure, stronger wind in the middle and lower troposphere, greater height of the strong wind region, smaller thickness of the eyewall and the outward extension of the eyewall, and a warmer warm core at upper levels of the eye. The differences among the various cloud microphysics schemes lead to the different amounts and distributions of water vapor and hydrometeors in clouds. Different hydrometeors have different vertical distributions. In the radial direction, the maxima for the various hydrometeors forecast by a single cloud microphysics scheme are collocated with each other and with the center of maximum precipitation. When the hydrometeor concentration is high and hydrometeors exist at lower altitudes, more precipitation often occurs. Both the vertical and horizontal winds are the strongest at the location of maximum precipitation. Results also indicate that typhoon intensities forecast by cloud microphysics schemes containing graupel processes are noticeably greater than those forecast by schemes without graupel processes. Among the eight cloud microphysics schemes investigated, typhoon intensity forecasts using the WRF Single-Moment 6-class and Thompson schemes are the most accurate.     

Numerical simulation of the structure and evolution of a polar mesocyclone over the Kara Sea. Part 1. Model validation and estimation of instability mechanisms

Numerical experiments based on the WRF model were conducted to analyze the structure and evolution of the polar mesoscale cyclone developed over the Kara Sea on September 29-30, 2008. It was found that baroclinic instability in the lower troposphere and convective instability (including that due to the wind-induced surface heat exchange) did not play a significant role. Significant contribution was made by the downward advection of potential vorticity from the upper troposphere and by the conditional instability of second kind. It is demonstrated that if water phase transitions are not taken into account, the mesocyclone intensity is reduced by 7-20% and the time of its development increases by 4 hours. The advection of potential vorticity was not the only process causing the intensification of the lower potential vorticity anomaly associated with cyclonic circulation.     

A Study on a Heavy Rainfall Event Triggered by an Inverted Typhoon Trough in Shandong Province

A heavy rainfall event that occurred in Shandong Province in 26 28 August 2004 was caused mainly by Typhoon Acre and cold air activities related to a westerly trough. The event was triggered by an inverted typhoon trough, which was closely associated with the intensification of the low-level southeasterly flow and the northward transport of heat and momentum in the periphery of the typhoon low. A numerical simulation of this event is performed using the nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 with two-way interactive and triply-nested grids, and the structure of the inverted typhoon trough is studied. Furthermore, the formation and development mechanism of the inverted typhoon trough and a mesoscale vortex are discussed through a vorticity budget analysis. The results show that the heavy rainfall was induced by the strong convergence between the strong and weak winds within the inverted typhoon trough. Dynamic effects of the low-level jet and the diabatic heating of precipitation played an important role in the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex. The vorticity budget analysis suggests that the divergence term in the low troposphere, the horizontal advection term, and the convection term in the middle troposphere were main contributors to positive vorticity. Nonetheless, at the same pressure level, the effect of the divergence term and that of the adveetion term were opposite to each other. In the middle troposphere, the vertical transport term made a positive contribution while the tilting term made a negative contribution, and the total vorticity tendency was the net result of their counteractions. It is found that the change tendency of the relative vorticity was not uniform horizontally. A strong positive vorticity tendency occurred in the southeast of the mesoscale vortex, which is why the heavy rainfall was concentrated there. The increase of positive vorticity in the low （upper） troposphere was caused by horizontal convergence （upward transport of vorticity from the lower troposphere）. Therefore, the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex were mainly attributed to the vorticity generated in the low troposphere, and also the vertical transport of vorticity from the low and middle troposphere.     

大涡模拟试验中台风梯度风平衡分析

尽管经典台风强度理论是基于梯度风平衡模型,但是已有的飞机观测资料和数值模拟研究发现,边界层中和眼墙附近存在非梯度风平衡气流,前人数值模拟发现,眼墙附近最大的超梯度风可以达到切向风速的16.7%。大涡模拟可以模拟出滚涡和龙卷尺度涡旋等小尺度系统,这些小尺度系统对梯度风平衡可能产生影响,使用中尺度天气预报模式结合大涡模拟（WRF-LES）对模拟台风内核区域方位角平均的梯度风平衡进行了分析,三个大涡模拟试验的水平分辨率分别为333 m、111 m和37 m,结果表明非梯度风平衡气流并未因为分辨率提高而显著增强或产生结构差异,最大超梯度风出现在边界层顶处最大切向风半径的内侧,达到梯度风速的10.8%~16.1%。进一步分析发现,不同台风中心定位方法会影响非梯度风平衡气流,最小气压方差法和最大切向风法可以得到与前人模拟一致的结构,而气压权重法得到的低层超梯度风中心远离眼墙、靠近台风中心,位涡权重法得到的低层超梯度风的径向范围向内扩大,最小气压方差法和最大切向风法更适合用于梯度风平衡研究中的台风中心定位。     

江苏一次突发暴雨的数值模拟

采用中尺度WRF模式（WRF3．4）和WRF-3DVAR系统,同化GTS常规观测资料和GPS反演的探空廓线资料,对2012年8月10日发生在江苏东北部地区的一次突发性特大暴雨进行数值模拟,并利用高分辨率的模式输出数据对此次暴雨过程进行多尺度分析和对流不稳定性研究。结果表明：模拟结果较好地再现了此次过程;台风低压和中纬度槽脊系统相互作用,中低层弱冷空气扩散和高、低空急流耦合为此次暴雨过程提供了有利的大尺度背景;地面中尺度辐合线和迅速发展的β中尺度对流系统（M8CS）是直接导致此次局地突发性暴雨的中尺度系统,地面中尺度辐合线的位置和暴雨的落区基本一致,M8CS的强烈发展对应于暴雨的最强阶段;暴雨发生前和暴雨发生时,对流系统中等日。线密集而陡峭,不稳定能量的突然性释放造成αθ／Oz迅速减小,口。垂直剖面呈伸向低空的“漏斗状”分布,有利于垂直涡度和对流不稳定发展。     

副高外围对流雨带中的对流—对称不稳定及锋生的诊断分析

对2009年8月25日西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）西北外围对流雨带的云图特征进行了分析,利用WRF3.3中尺度模式对对流雨带的发生发展进行了数值模拟,在模拟较成功的基础上,利用模式输出结果分析了对流雨带发生时的对称不稳定、对流不稳定、惯性不稳定以及锋生等。结果表明：副高外围对流雨带由若干具有一定间隔的对流单体构成,单体在随对流层中层气流的移动中逐渐发展直至消亡。对流雨带的西北侧为宽广的带状斜压云系,东南侧为副高控制的晴空区。对流雨带发生于对流层低层（700 hPa以下）的对称不稳定区,700～500 hPa存在对流不稳定和弱的惯性不稳定。随着对流的发展,700～500 hPa的对流不稳定度明显减弱,而惯性不稳定明显加强。对流层低层为倾斜上升区,中高层为垂直上升区,左侧对应下沉气流,呈现明显的倾斜对流和垂直对流的混和特征,体现了对流—对称不稳定的作用。对流层低层（750 hPa以下）锋生的存在提供了对流—对称不稳定能量释放的有利条件。对流雨带与500～800 hPa等厚度线基本平行,而与500 hPa等高线存在明显的交角,雨带中的对流单体随环境气流移动,雨带符合与对称不稳定相联系的带状降水特征。上述结论对实际预报副高外围对流雨带的位置和走向具有指示意义。     

引发华北特大暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统结构特征研究

利用常规观测资料、FY2C卫星TBB资料以及NCEP再分析资料对2005年7月22～24日发生在华北地区的大到暴雨天气过程进行了观测分析和模拟研究.结果表明,“海棠”台风减弱的低压倒槽内发生发展的两个中尺度对流系统是暴雨的直接影响系统,中尺度对流系统发展到成熟阶段首先在对流层中层形成中尺度低涡,然后向低层发展.水汽辐合...     

影响山东的台风暴雨天气的湿位涡诊断分析

应用湿位涡理论 ,对发生在山东境内由台风和台风减弱的低压引发的两场大暴雨过程进行诊断。结果表明 :这两场暴雨都产生在θe 陡立密集区附近 ,θe 陡立密集区附近易导致湿斜压涡度发展 ;对流层中低层MPV1 <0 ,850hPa上MPV2 >0 ,综合反映了暴雨区对流不稳定和斜压不稳定的发展 ;对流层高层高值湿位涡下传 ,有利于位势不稳定能量的储存和释放 ,使降水增幅。     

守恒系统中台风强度变化及其可能因子的数值研究

用一个高分辨率的 f平面正压涡度方程模式 ,实施了时间积分为 36h的 2 1组试验 ,研究相邻中尺度涡旋与台风涡旋的相互作用。结果指出 :这种相互作用能否导致台风加强 ,取决于两类因子 :一是台风涡旋最大风速的取值以及圆形基流切变的强弱 ;二是切变基流中的中尺度涡旋的自身条件 ,包括中尺度涡旋的分布、尺度、强度和结构。台风强度与初始中尺度涡旋的尺度、强度之间存在着非线性的联系