低温对玉米种子发芽的影响

通过发芽试验研究了东北地区早、中、晚熟３个玉米品种在４℃、８℃、１３℃、１７℃、２１℃和２５℃黑暗条件下的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数;并求出不同品种的发芽临界温度。结果表明,低温抑制了种子发芽,降低了发芽能力;３个品种发芽的临界温度为３．２￣５．２℃。发芽临界温度愈低,种子的耐低温发芽能力愈强。稀土浸种有提高玉米种子发芽率和促进发芽的作用。     

化学融雪剂对小球藻生长和生理特性的影响

寒冷地区道路表面除雪化冰使用的化学融雪剂随着地表径流进入水体,将影响水生态系统中的水生生物正常生长,并破坏水生态系统平衡。为研究化学融雪剂对水生生物的毒性效应,分析了不同浓度有机融雪剂对小球藻生长特征、藻细胞光和色素、蛋白质及多糖含量的影响。结果表明：浓度为2 g·L^-1时有机融雪剂对小球藻生长无明显影响,当融雪剂浓度为4 g·L^-1时,小球藻细胞生长表现出明显抑制效应,且抑制效应随融雪剂浓度增加呈显著上升趋势(P<0.01);当融雪剂浓度小于4 g·L^-1时,有机融雪剂对小球藻细胞内叶绿素a合成有明显促进作用,但随着有机融雪剂处理浓度升高,藻细胞内叶绿素a含量逐渐下降。当融雪剂的处理浓度大于4 g·L^-1的时候,藻细胞内蛋白质和多糖含量与对照组相比呈显著下降趋势(P<0.01)。这说明融雪剂浓度高于4 g·L^-1时会抑制水体中小球藻正常生长繁殖,破坏藻体细胞,最终导致水生态系统平衡被破坏。     

低温处理对天然牧草种子发芽的影响

温度是影响牧草种子发芽的主要因素之一。本研究以大针茅和克氏针茅种子为研究对象,采用低温处理和常温发芽方式进行发芽试验,分析低温处理对两种牧草种子发芽率和发芽势的影响。结果表明:低温处理不同程度地提高了两种牧草种子的发芽率,同时也加快了起始发芽时间。对于大针茅而言,低温处理和常温发芽的种子发芽势从开始发芽到最后都体现了由慢变快再变慢的趋势,温度处理对其发芽历期的影响不很明显。而克氏针茅低温处理和常温发芽的种子发芽势却体现了相反的变化趋势,经过低温处理的种子发芽势逐渐变慢,发芽历期长,常温发芽的种子发芽势逐渐变快,发芽历期短。     

玉米种子后熟期和气象条件关系分析

1引言玉米是喜温作物,遇低温年就会造成贪青晚熟,黑龙江省地处中高纬度,热量资源不足,当活动积温低于2 300℃时就会出现严重的贪青,种子含水量大,后熟期不能通过而丧失发芽能力。尤其是上世纪六七十年代几次低温年造成黑龙江省玉米种子缺乏,不得不到海南繁殖玉米种子。虽然当前气候转暖,但专家指出"对气候预测具有不确定性"。事实     

不同增温影响小麦冠层反射光谱特性的研究

为了研究不同增温对小麦冠层反射光谱的影响,在南京信息工程大学农业气象试验站以徐麦31为供试品种,设置了2种不同的大田开放式增温处理:夜间增温2℃(T1)和白天温增2℃(T2),及不增温作对照(CK),研究采用Field Spec Pro FR光谱仪测定了小麦不同生育时期的冠层反射光谱,并研究不同的增温处理对小麦光谱反射特性的影响。结果表明,T2处理下小麦冠层反射光谱反射率在拔节期大于CK,孕穗期、开花期、灌浆期小于CK,其中孕穗期差值为0.1。T1处理情况下小麦冠层光谱反射率在拔节期大于CK,在孕穗期、开花期小于CK,孕穗期二者差值达到0.15,在灌浆期二者差异不明显。另外,在拔节期、孕穗期和开花期的冠层光谱反射率均有T2大于T1,灌浆期后T1大于T2。研究结果对于在不同增温处理的背景下,对小麦冠层光谱进行无损监测的可行性提供理论参考,从而有效监测小麦的生长。     

不同气象条件对冰草种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

研究了不同气象条件对三种进口冰草种子萌芽及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：干湿交替条件下，种子的发芽进程和幼苗生长显延缓，三种冰草种子的发芽特性和幼苗生长，在不同的气象条件下呈现出明显的种间差异。     

不同浓度化学融雪剂对草鱼抗氧化酶活性的影响

化学融雪剂是寒冷地区冬季除雪的主要措施之一,其对地表水生态系统的累积性影响已逐渐受到重视。拟以草鱼为研究对象,采用邻苯三酚自氧化法和紫外吸收的方法,研究不同浓度融雪剂对鱼鳃和肌肉组织中SOD和CAT活性的影响,旨在为融雪剂对水生生物的毒性效应提供数据支持。在4.10、5.13、6.41、8.01 g·L^-1和10.01 g·L^-1不同浓度条件下,进行融雪剂对草鱼的暴露实验。结果表明：融雪剂对草鱼的96 h LC50值为14.19 g·L^-1,安全浓度值应不超过4.03 g·L^-1。根据化学融雪剂对草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）96 h LC50值,5.13、6.41、8.01、10.01 g·L^-1浓度融雪剂暴露组与对照组相比,草鱼鳃和肌肉组织SOD的活性均被显著抑制 (P<0.05或P<0.01)。在7 d时,化学融雪剂胁迫下草鱼鳃和肌肉组织CAT活性均表现为显著抑制(P<0.05或P<0.01),草鱼鳃中CAT活性高于肌肉组织中。     

干旱胁迫对甘肃中部春小麦生理性状及灌水利用效率的影响

为研究干旱胁迫对春小麦生长发育阶段生理性状和灌水利用效率的影响,以高产优质抗旱春小麦新品种‘定丰18号’和‘定丰19号’为材料,对其分蘖期到成熟期进行正常供水(WW)、轻度土壤干旱(MD)和重度土壤干旱(SD) 3种不同水分处理,研究3种处理对小麦叶片水势、光合速率、籽粒灌浆速率、产量构成因素以及灌水利用效率的影响。结果表明,与WW处理比较,MD和SD处理显著降低了叶片水势(p <0. 05),MD处理通过夜间恢复其叶片水势可达到正常水平,SD处理不能恢复; SD处理显著抑制了叶片光合作用,MD处理与WW处理无显著差异(p> 0. 05);与WW处理相比,MD处理籽粒灌浆速率、粒重、穗粒数、千粒重和产量显著增加,而SD处理则显著降低(p <0. 05),不同处理间容重无显著差异(p> 0. 05)。两个不同小麦品种的两年试验结果基本一致,适度的水分亏缺有利于小麦增产,从而可提高其灌水利用效率。     

气象因子对里下河地区白皮小麦种植的影响

红皮小麦一直是里下河地区夏收的主要作物。随着农作物种植结构的调整及国家有关小麦收购政策的出台 ,白皮小麦逐渐受到人们的关注。地处里下河地区的宝应县 1 998年进行了小面积的白麦试种 ,取得初步成功。1 999年秋播白麦种植面积扩大到 6 70 0 hm2 ,但到今年小麦成熟收割期由于遇到持续性降水 ,导致严重的穗粒发芽 ,几乎绝收 ,农民损失惨重。本文试图通过白麦的品种特性和白麦成熟期里下河地区的气候条件分析 ,探讨江苏里下河地区白皮小麦发展的前景。1　白皮小麦的品种特性　　白皮小麦又称面包小麦 ,其面筋含量高 ,品质好 ,销售价格高 …     

不同CO2浓度处理对冬小麦的影响

利用ＯＣＴ－１型开顶式气室进行不同的ＣＯ２浓度处理对冬小麦生长发育影响的诊断试验。结果表明，不同ＣＯ２浓度处理对冬小麦的发育期、生物量、叶面积、产量、产品质量、种子发芽率以及粘虫等影响较为明显。     

辽宁春玉米出苗期水分胁迫试验初探

以丹玉39为试验材料,采用盆栽实验方法,研究辽宁春玉米25%、35%、45%、55%、65%、75%、85%、95%共8种供水处理条件下的玉米出苗率及玉米根系和叶片对水分胁迫的响应,旨在探索辽宁春玉米播种和出苗期间水分胁迫对玉米出苗及生长发育的影响,分析不同水分胁迫对其影响的程度。结果表明：玉米出苗率在中度到重度干旱条件下(<45%),为不能播种指标;在轻度干旱条件下(55%),为非经济播种指标;在适宜土壤水分条件下(65%—75%),为适宜播种指标;在85%左右时也为适宜播种指标;在偏湿条件下(95%),为可播种指标。玉米出苗期间,水分胁迫对玉米植株和根系的生长发育有较大影响,对根系影响比对植株的影响更显著。     

中国小麦和玉米农田N2O减排措施及潜力

旱作农田是N₂O的主要排放源,削减其N₂O排放有助于整体降低农田温室气体排放。运用整合分析(Meta-analysis)的方法,研究了不同农业管理措施对中国小麦和玉米农田N₂O排放的影响,并估算了各减排措施的减排潜力。结果表明：添加抑制剂可显著减少小麦和玉米农田N₂O排放36%~46%,并增加作物产量;施氮量减少30%以内,可削减N₂O排放10%~18%,且对产量无明显影响;施用缓(控)释肥和秸秆还田能显著减少小麦田N₂O排放,但对玉米田的减排效果并不显著。在不同的减排措施下,中国小麦和玉米农田N₂O减排潜力分别为9.29~13.90 Gg N₂O-N/生长季和10.53~23.19 Gg N₂O-N/生长季。河南、山东、河北和安徽省小麦田减排潜力最大,占全国小麦田N₂O减排潜力的53%;黑龙江、吉林、山东、河北和河南省玉米田减排潜力最大,约占全国玉米田N₂O减排潜力的50%。     

华北平原不同生长发育期作物长势对气候因子的响应研究

利用卫星遥感归一化植被指数(NDVI)时间序列数据和站点气象数据,从农作物生长发育过程的角度,分析了1981~2008年华北平原农田在12个生长发育期(冬小麦8个、夏玉米4个)对降水和温度不同的响应特征。研究区农田植被指数对降水响应的滞后性强于对温度的滞后性,其中对降水最为敏感的是前1和前2个生长发育期,对温度最为敏感的是同期和前1个生长发育期。不同种类作物在不同时期对气候因子响应不同:冬小麦发育中后期、夏玉米发育中期,绝大多数站点植被指数与降水呈正相关;冬小麦生长发育前中期植被指数与温度呈显著甚至极显著正相关。冬小麦出苗期温度、返青期温度和返青期降水分别与不同时期植被指数显著相关,出苗期和返青期为研究区农田长势对气候因子响应的敏感期。     

Single and dual crop coefficients and crop evapotranspiration for wheat and maize in a semi-arid region

In this study, weighing lysimeters were used to investigate the daily crop coefficient and evapotranspiration of wheat and maize in the Fars province, Iran. The locally calibrated Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Penman–Monteith equation was used to calculate the reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_o). Micro-lysimetry was used to measure soil evaporation (E). Transpiration (T) was estimated by the difference between crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) and E. The single crop coefficient (K _c) was calculated by the ratio of ET_c to ET_o. Furthermore, the dual crop coefficient is composed of the soil evaporation coefficient (K _e) and the basal crop coefficients (K _cb) calculated from the ratio of E and T to ET_o, respectively. The maximum measured evapotranspiration rate for wheat was 9.9 mm?day^?1 and for maize was 10 mm?day^?1. The total evaporation from the soil surface was about 30 % of the total wheat ET_c and 29.8 % of total maize ET_c. The single crop coefficient (K _c) values for the initial, mid-, and end-season growth stages of maize were 0.48, 1.40, and 0.31 and those of wheat were 0.77, 1.35, and 0.26, respectively. The measured K _c values for the initial and mid-season stages were different from the FAO recommended values. Therefore, the FAO standard equation for K _c-_mid was calibrated locally for wheat and maize. The K _cb values for the initial, mid-, and end-season growth stages were 0.23, 1.14, and 0.13 for wheat and 0.10, 1.07, and 0.06 for maize, respectively. Furthermore, the FAO procedure for single crop coefficient showed better predictions on a daily basis, although the dual crop coefficient method was more accurate on seasonal scale.     

Changes in Climate and Crop Production During the 20th Century in Argentina

This work was focused on the assessment of changes occurring in crop production and climate during the 20th century in Argentina. The study was carried out for nine sites located in the Pampas region that are representative of contrasting environments. We have considered the four main crops cultivated in this area (wheat, maize, sunflower and soybean). Historical climatic data and crop production related variables (yield, planted area, harvested area) were analyzed and, by means of crop simulation models, we quantified the impact of climate on crop yields. Changes occurring in climate during the three last decades of the 20th century were characterized by important increases in precipitation especially between October and March, decreases in maximum temperature and solar radiation in particular during spring and summer and increases in minimum temperature during almost all of the year. These changes contributed to increases in yields, especially in summer crops and in the semiarid zone, mostly due to increases in precipitation, although changes in temperature and radiation also affected crop yields but to a lesser extent. Comparing the period 1950–1970 with 1971–1999, yields increases attributable to changes in climate were 38% in soybean, 18% in maize, 13% in wheat, and 12% in sunflower while mean observed yield increases were 110% for maize, 56% for wheat and 102% for sunflower.     

First-order impacts on winter and summer crops assessed with various high-resolution climate models in the Iberian Peninsula

The first-order or initial agricultural impacts of climate change in the Iberian Peninsula were evaluated by linking crop simulation models to several high-resolution climate models (RCMs). The RCMs provided the daily weather data for control, and the A2 and B2 IPCC scenarios. All RCMs used boundary conditions from the atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) HadAM3 while two were also bounded to two other AGCMs. The analyses were standardised to control the sources of variation and uncertainties that were added in the process. Climatic impacts on wheat and maize of climate were derived from the A2 scenario generated by RCMs bounded to HadAM3. Some results derived from B2 scenarios are included for comparisons together with impacts derived from RCMs using different boundary conditions. Crop models were used as impact models and yield was used as an indicator that summarised the effects of climate to quantify initial impacts and differentiate among regions. Comparison among RCMs was made through the choice of different crop management options. All RCM-crop model combinations detected crop failures for winter wheat in the South under control and future scenarios, and projected yield increases for spring wheat in northern and high altitude areas. Although projected impacts differed among RCMs, similar trends emerged for relative yields for some regions. RCM-crop model outputs compared favourably to others using European Re-Analysis data (ERA-15), establishing the feasibility of using direct daily outputs from RCM for impact analysis. Uncertainties were quantified as the standard deviation of the mean obtained for all RCMs in each location and differed greatly between winter (wheat) and summer (maize) seasons, being smaller in the latter.     

Impacts of extreme weather on wheat and maize in France: evaluating regional crop simulations against observed data

Extreme weather conditions can strongly affect agricultural production, with negative impacts that can at times be detected at regional scales. In France, crop yields were greatly influenced by drought and heat stress in 2003 and by extremely wet conditions in 2007. Reported regional maize and wheat yields where historically low in 2003; in 2007 wheat yields were lower and maize yields higher than long-term averages. An analysis with a spatial version (10?×?10?km) of the EPIC crop model was tested with regards to regional crop yield anomalies of wheat and maize resulting from extreme weather events in France in 2003 and 2007, by comparing simulated results against reported regional crops statistics, as well as using remotely sensed soil moisture data. Causal relations between soil moisture and crop yields were specifically analyzed. Remotely sensed (AMSR-E) JJA soil moisture correlated significantly with reported regional crop yield for 2002–2007. The spatial correlation between JJA soil moisture and wheat yield anomalies was positive in dry 2003 and negative in wet 2007. Biweekly soil moisture data correlated positively with wheat yield anomalies from the first half of June until the second half of July in 2003. In 2007, the relation was negative the first half of June until the second half of August. EPIC reproduced observed soil dynamics well, and it reproduced the negative wheat and maize yield anomalies of the 2003 heat wave and drought, as well as the positive maize yield anomalies in wet 2007. However, it did not reproduce the negative wheat yield anomalies due to excessive rains and wetness in 2007. Results indicated that EPIC, in line with other crop models widely used at regional level in climate change studies, is capable of capturing the negative impacts of droughts on crop yields, while it fails to reproduce negative impacts of heavy rain and excessively wet conditions on wheat yield, due to poor representations of critical factors affecting plant growth and management. Given that extreme weather events are expected to increase in frequency and perhaps severity in coming decades, improved model representation of crop damage due to extreme events is warranted in order to better quantify future climate change impacts and inform appropriate adaptation responses.     

Quantifying the effects of climate trends in the past 43 years (1961–2003) on crop growth and water demand in the North China Plain

This paper explores changes in climatic variables, including solar radiation, rainfall, fraction of diffuse radiation (FDR) and temperature, during wheat season (October to May) and maize season (June to September) from 1961 to 2003 at four sites in the North China Plain (NCP), and then evaluates the effects of these changes on crop growth processes, productivity and water demand by using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator. A significant decline in radiation and rainfall was detected during the 43 years, while both temperature and FDR exhibit an increasing trend in both wheat and maize seasons. The average trend of each climatic variable for each crop season from the four sites is that radiation decreased by 13.2 and 6.2 MJ m^?2 a^?1, precipitation decreased by 0.1 and 1.8 mm a^?1, minimum temperature increased by 0.05 and 0.02°C a^?1, maximum temperature increased by 0.03 and 0.01°C a^?1, FDR increased by 0.21 and 0.38% a^?1 during wheat and maize season, respectively. Simulated crop water demand and potential yield was significantly decreased because of the declining trend in solar radiation. On average, crop water demand was decreased by 2.3 mm a^?1 for wheat and 1.8 mm a^?1 for maize if changes in crop variety were not considered. Simulated potential crop yields under fully irrigated condition declined about 45.3 kg ha^?1 a^?1 for wheat and 51.4 kg ha^?1 a^?1 for maize at the northern sites, Beijing and Tianjin. They had no significant changes in the southern sites, Jinan and Zhengzhou. Irrigation, fertilization development and crop variety improvement are main factors to contribute to the increase in actual crop yield for the wheat–maize double cropping system, contrasted to the decline in the potential crop yield. Further research on how the improvement in crop varieties and management practices can counteract the impact of climatic change may provide insight into the future sustainability of wheat–maize double crop rotations in the NCP.     

CO2和O3浓度倍增对作物影响的研究进展

文中利用自行设计的OTC - 1型开顶式气室进行了 9a的田间试验 ,取得了一批质量可靠的试验数据 ,分析了CO2 浓度倍增对大豆、冬小麦、棉花、玉米、春小麦和谷子的生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果表明CO2 浓度倍增对上述 6种作物的生物量及产量的影响均是正效应 ,对冬小麦、棉花和谷子品质的影响可能是有利的 ,对玉米品质的影响可能是不利的 ,对大豆的影响不大 ;分析了O3 浓度倍增对冬小麦、水稻、油菜和菠菜生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果表明O3 浓度倍增对上述 4种作物生物量的影响均是负效应 ,对冬小麦和水稻的产量影响是负效应 ,但是冬小麦和水稻籽粒中粗蛋白和 17种氨基酸含量都有所增加 ;分析了CO2 和O3 浓度复合倍增对大豆生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果是生物量和产量呈增加趋势 ,说明了CO2 的正效应大于O3 的负效应。采用作物模型数值模拟方法 ,分析了CO2 和O3 浓度倍增对冬小麦生物量及产量的影响。     

Increased yield potential of wheat-maize cropping system in the North China Plain by climate change adaptation

In the North China Plain, the grain yield of irrigated wheat-maize cropping system has been steadily increasing in the past decades under a significant warming climate. This paper combined regional and field data with modeling to analyze the changes in the climate in the last 40 years, and to investigate the influence of changes in crop varieties and management options to crop yield. In particular, we examined the impact of a planned adaptation strategy to climate change -“Double-Delay” technology, i.e., delay both the sowing time of wheat and the harvesting time of maize, on both wheat and maize yield. The results show that improved crop varieties and management options not only compensated some negative impact of reduced crop growth period on crop yield due to the increase in temperature, they have contributed significantly to crop yield increase. The increase in temperature before over-wintering stage enabled late sowing of winter wheat and late harvesting of maize, leading to overall 4–6% increase in total grain yield of the wheat-maize system. Increased use of farming machines and minimum tillage technology also shortened the time for field preparation from harvest time of summer maize to sowing time of winter wheat, which facilitated the later harvest of summer maize.