河北冬季一次冷锋降雪云系微物理演变特征综合观测分析研究

利用河北省中南部地区皇寺国家观测站布设的毫米波云雷达、微雨雷达结合飞机等联合观测数据，对2019年2 月14日河北中南部地区一次冷锋降雪云系微物理演变特征进行分析，探讨雷达回波与冰雪晶粒子微结构的关系，以便更好地认识该地区自然降雪的宏微观结构特征。研究结果表明：降雪初生阶段表现为双层云结构，中云云顶高约4100 m，云底高约3600 m，低云云顶高约3100 m，云底高约200 m，中间存在一干层，3000 m以下高度粒子增长以凇附过程为主。降雪发展阶段上下两层云相接，雷达回波强度较强的时段地面降水量也较大，该时段降雪过程主要以凝华〖CD*2〗聚并增长为主。降雪后期回波强度最大值减小，云顶高降低，3000 m以下高度范围内回波强度、多普勒速度、谱宽随高度降低呈增大趋势；飞机观测结果显示，降雪消散阶段逆温层底部由于水云云层较薄，催化潜力较小,冰雪晶粒子主要位于云的中上部，随着高度降低，冰雪晶粒子在下落过程中增大，与雷达观测结果一致，毫米波云雷达和微雨雷达反射率因子随高度变化与降水粒子有效粒径之间相关系数分别为0.89和0.83, 雷达反射率因子主要受冰雪晶等大尺度粒子主导。     

初冬一次层状云较弱云区垂直结构的飞机观测

为分析层状云垂直微物理结构,了解雷达参数特征,揭示降水机制,利用机载Ka波段云雷达和DMT（Droplet Measurement Technologies）粒子测量系统,针对2019年11月17日山东冷锋层状云系开展从云顶至云底的垂直探测。结果表明:观测云层由高层云（3100~4500 m高度）和雨层云（800 ~2600 m高度）两部分组成。高层云过冷水含量较低,平均值为0.0026 g·m-3,最大值为0.008 g·m-3,云内冰晶通过水汽凝华增长,平均浓度为8.2 L-1,最大直径为900 μm,平衡谱状态下冰晶浓度与雷达反射率因子具有较好相关性,相关系数最大为0.84。雨层云过冷水含量丰富,最大含水量为0.354 g·m-3,过冷水区平均雷达反射率因子为7.48 dBZ,多普勒速度为-2.3 m·s-1,速度谱宽为0.7 m·s-1;雨层云中上部以冰晶为主,下部为暖区融化粒子,冰晶通过凇附过程增长,平均浓度为208 L-1,最大直径为450 μm;雷达反射率因子随高度降低至1500 m不断增大,在1200~1500 m高度保持不变,1200 m高度以下减小,未出现明显0℃亮带,速度谱宽随高度降低增大。     

太赫兹频段雷达探测的冰云微物理参数反演算法模拟研究

在假设冰云粒子呈球形以及粒子谱服从对数正态分布的条件下,利用离散偶极子近似法(DDA),计算出太赫兹频段(220 GHz)冰云粒子的雷达反射率因子,及其与瑞利假设下雷达反射率因子的比值。忽略衰减和多次散射的影响,根据太赫兹波段冰云的雷达反射率因子,基于最优估计理论反演冰云的微物理参数,并验证该算法的可靠性。反演结果表明,当冰云粒子大小在设定的尺度范围内时,有效粒子半径(r_e)的反演误差小于4%,粒子谱宽(σ)的误差小于2.5%、粒子数密度(N_T)的误差小于1%,冰水含量(IWC)的误差小于5%。还分析了当N_T和σ为定值时,反演结果随粒子尺寸的变化情况,当冰云粒子尺寸在模拟计算设定的范围内时,r_e的反演误差小于0.04%,σ的反演误差小于0.02%,N_T的反演误差小于0.50%,IWC的反演误差小于0.08%,如果冰云粒子大小超出模拟计算设置的范围,反演误差随着r_e增加而增大。该结果证明了基于最优估计理论反演得到的冰云微物理参数与模拟设定值有良好的一致性,说明该方法可应用于太赫兹频段云雷达的冰云观测及云微物理参数的反演和研究。      

毫米波云雷达及探空反演的云垂直结构对比分析

利用2021年9月9日—2022年1月31日泾河国家基本气象站毫米波云雷达（简称云雷达）的反射率因子及L波段探空雷达的温度、相对湿度数据,根据时空匹配方法,对比分析了二者探测和识别云的垂直结构特征（包括云底高度、云顶高度、云层数）的一致性。结果表明：云雷达和探空数据对低、中、高的单层云、双层云及临近降水云的垂直结构的识别结果基本一致;二者对于单层云的云底高度以及双、多层云的云顶高度识别一致性更好,探空识别的云底高度整体略高于云雷达的。引起二者识别云层数不一致的原因：一是因为低层相对湿度较大以及探空识别云算法的敏感性;二是当云体的结构松散时,加上探空漂移作用导致二者识别的云体不一致。在二者识别云层一致的情况下,识别单层云的垂直结构的差异是由于探空仪在低温条件的低敏感以及云雷达对高层薄云的探测能力引起;对于双层和多层云,主要是由于时空匹配方法对于短时间内垂直结构显著变化的云的识别还需要进一步改进。     

毫米波雷达与无线电探空对云垂直结构探测的一致性分析

在众多种针对云垂直结构的探测中,毫米波雷达可获取云底、云顶、云厚等完整的云垂直结构信息,并可以连续监测云的垂直剖面变化,是有力的探测手段之一。而无线电探空因其直接的测量优势,能直观、确切地描述大气湿度垂直结构,可将其进一步处理生成云垂直结构信息,并作为一种数据源用于与毫米波雷达云垂直结构探测结果进行比对,以评估毫米波雷达针对云宏观垂直结构的探测性能,为毫米波雷达更好地应用于云探测提供参考。通过获取位于北京南郊观象台的毫米波雷达2014年10月28日至2015年2月17日长达113天连续观测的反射率因子以及探空温、压、湿数据,设计或选取合适的方法对二者进行云边界的计算,并进行云高（包括云底高和云顶高）以及云层数的一致性比对分析。结果认为,除对于高层云的云顶高度毫米波雷达由于探测限制不能探测到10 km以上的云顶,某些时刻与探空产生较大差异外,在云底高度以及中低云的云顶高度上可以与探空观测取得很好的匹配效果,对于云的垂直分层上二者也有较强的一致性。该毫米波雷达具有较为准确并连续刻画10 km以下云垂直结构的能力。     

35GHz云雷达反射率因子数据的质量控制

大气非云粒子(气溶胶、昆虫、悬浮物)以及雷达元器件固有噪声,是影响云雷达定量探测大气云层宏观以及微观产品的重要因素。为了剔除云雷达基数据中的散点噪声对数据质量的影响,本文利用新一代多普勒偏振8.6 mm云雷达资料,基于模糊逻辑识别地物的方法分析雷达散点噪声、气溶胶以及大气云粒子的反射率因子回波的统计特征,通过统计的特征值对反射率因子进行分类,保留正常回波数据。结果表明:该方法能较好区分云粒子回波和非云粒子回波,提高云雷达反射率因子的数据质量。     

毫米波云雷达与探空测云数据对比分析

应用中国气象局大气探测综合试验基地2015年8—12月数据,对Ka波段毫米波云雷达与L波段探空云底高、云顶高及云垂直结构的探测进行对比分析,从分析结果可以看出,毫米波云雷达发射的电磁波能够穿透厚度较大的云层,探测出云垂直结构,所探测的云底高和云顶高与L波段探空结果保持良好的一致性。进一步分析一些云底、云顶高度差异较大的个例,得知与探空气球的漂移造成地域偏差和L波段探空相对湿度探测的误差相关。研究结果表明,Ka波段毫米波云雷达不仅探测能力强,探测精度也较高,是地基云探测的一种有效手段。     

FY-2卫星反演的云顶高度与多普勒雷达回波顶高的关系初探

对主要用FY-2C/D卫星并融合其他观测资料反演的云顶高度与多普勒雷达回波顶高的关系作了初步探讨。通过对20个主要由积层混合云和层状云造成的降水个例总数万个样本的统计分析表明,卫星反演云顶高与SA型号雷达回波顶高存在较好的正相关关系,两者的关系对组合反射率因子的大小不敏感。卫星反演云顶高与小于18 dBz反射率因子对应的回波顶高比与18 dBz回波顶高更接近,这主要是由于FY-2C/D卫星和SA型号雷达探测和反演的原理不同造成,卫星云顶高反映的是积层混合云和层状云顶部云粒子的辐射特性,而回波顶高体现的主要是云中下部较大降水粒子对雷达电磁波的衰减。     

基于卫星资料的中国西部地区云垂直结构分析北大核心CSCD

利用2007年3月2008年2月CloudSat与CALIPSO卫星相结合的云分类产品2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR数据,分析了中国西部及周边地区云的垂直结构特征。研究结果表明,各地区单层云出现频率均大于多层云,天山山脉、祁连山脉中西段多层云出现频率全年均大于周围地区;所有云的云顶和云底高度在不同高度的出现频率具有明显的区域和季节变化特征,且云顶高度的季节变化较云底高度显著;西北地区各云层高度的季节变化不明显,青藏高原(下称高原)地区各云层高度在冬、夏季反差较大;单层云的平均厚度超过2 km,2层云和3层云的厚度基本在1~2 km;云层间距以2层云最大,且高原地区云层间距季节变化较西北地区明显;高原南坡夏季冰云出现频率较多,其他地区冬、春季冰云出现较多,除高原南坡外,冬季冰云出现频率均在80%以上。     

基于卫星资料的中国西部地区云垂直结构分析

利用2007年3月2008年2月CloudSat与CALIPSO卫星相结合的云分类产品2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR数据,分析了中国西部及周边地区云的垂直结构特征。研究结果表明,各地区单层云出现频率均大于多层云,天山山脉、祁连山脉中西段多层云出现频率全年均大于周围地区;所有云的云顶和云底高度在不同高度的出现频率具有明显的区域和季节变化特征,且云顶高度的季节变化较云底高度显著;西北地区各云层高度的季节变化不明显,青藏高原(下称高原)地区各云层高度在冬、夏季反差较大;单层云的平均厚度超过2 km,2层云和3层云的厚度基本在1~2 km;云层间距以2层云最大,且高原地区云层间距季节变化较西北地区明显;高原南坡夏季冰云出现频率较多,其他地区冬、春季冰云出现较多,除高原南坡外,冬季冰云出现频率均在80%以上。     

A 35-GHz Polarimetric Doppler Radar and Its Application for Observing Clouds Associated with Typhoon Nuri

Millimeter-wavelength radar has proved to be an effective instrument for cloud observation and research. In this study, 8-mm-wavelength cloud radar (MMCR) with Doppler and polarization capabilities was used to investigate cloud dynamics in China for the first time. Its design, system specifications, calibration, and application in measuring clouds associated with typhoon are discussed in this article. The cloud radar measurements of radar reflectivity (Z), Doppler velocity (Vr), velocity spectrum width (Sw) and the depolar-ization ratio (LDR) at vertical incidence were used to analyze the microphysical and dynamic processes of the cloud system and precipitation associated with Typhoon Nuri, which occurred in southern China in August 2008. The results show the reflectivity observed using MMCR to be consistent with the echo height and the melting-layer location data obtained by the nearby China S-band new-generation weather radar (SA), but the Ka-band MMCR provided more detailed structural information about clouds and weak precipitation data than did the SA radar. The variation of radar reflectivity and LDR in vertical structure reveals the transformation of particle phase from ice to water. The vertical velocity and velocity spectrum width of MMCR observations indicate an updraft and strong turbulence in the stratiform cloud layer. MMCR provides a valuable new technology for meteorological research in China.     

Influence of drizzle on Z–M relationships in warm clouds

This paper addresses the sensitivity of the relationships between radar reflectivity (Z) and liquid water content (M) for liquid water clouds to microphysical drizzle parameters by means of simulated radar observation at a frequency of 3 GHz of modeled cumulus clouds. A power law relationship for non drizzling clouds with water content as high as 3 gm^− 3: Z_c = 0.026 M_c^1.61 is numerically derived and agreed with previous empirical relationships relative to cumulus and stratocumulus. This relationship is then used to explore the influence of drizzle on the correlation between radar reflectively and water content. Due to their large diameters with respect to cloud droplets, drizzle sized drops dominate radar reflectivity but do not carry the cloud water content so that reflectivity and liquid water content are expected to be not correlated in clouds containing drizzle. It is shown that for congestus or extreme congestus cumuli, microphysical conditions for which the Z_c–M_c relationship can be used with a tolerance of 5 and 10% are provided whereas for humilis or mediocris cumuli, the presence of drizzle breaks down the Z_c–M_c relationship whatever the situations.     

Retrieving microphysical properties and air motion of cirrus clouds based on the doppler moments method using cloud radar

Radar parameters including radar reflectivity,Doppler velocity,and Doppler spectrum width were obtained from Doppler spectrum moments.The Doppler spectrum moment is the convolution of both the particle spectrum and the mean air vertical motion.Unlike strong precipitation,the motion of particles in cirrus clouds is quite close to the air motion around them.In this study,a method of Doppler moments was developed and used to retrieve cirrus cloud microphysical properties such as the mean air vertical velocity,mass-weighted diameter,effective particle size,and ice content.Ice content values were retrieved using both the Doppler spectrum method and classic Z-IWC(radar reflectivity-ice water content) relationships;however,the former is a more reasonable method.     

对非球形冰晶94 GHz云雷达后向散射和衰减的研究

针对94 GHz毫米波云雷达的数据处理,基于离散偶极子近似法(DDA)计算了几种非球形冰晶的后向散射及衰减效率,探讨了不同冰云模型下冰云的雷达反射率因子(Z_e)和衰减系数(k)及冰水含量(IWC,记作W)的关系。结果表明:(1)形状对冰晶的散射及衰减效率与粒子大小有关。(2)在实际的冰云中,将六角形冰晶和椭圆冰晶看做同体积的球形粒子将低估其衰减和后向散射。将聚合物冰晶看做等体积球形,将高估其后向散射及衰减,子弹花冰晶的后向散射与同体积的球形相比有减小也有增大,但是衰减比同体积球形的小。(3)冰云模型对Z_e-k、Z_e-W关系具有较大影响,假设滴谱相同的条件下,得到了具体冰云模型下对应Z_e-k、Z_e-W关系的系数。这些探讨为我国W波段云雷达的数据处理提供了参考。     

双频毫米波雷达反演云微物理参数的模拟研究北大核心

根据雷达探测的云回波雷达反射率因子和多普勒速度,利用两种独立的双频反演算法,估算了云微物理参数。利用离散偶极子近似(Discrete Dipole Approximation,DDA)计算了云滴后向散射截面和衰减截面,根据模拟数据实验了三种频段组合的反演结果,探讨算法对滴谱参数、粒子形状的敏感性,比较两种方法反演水云和冰云的优劣。结果表明:双频比(Dual-Frequency Ratio,DFR)和多普勒速度差(Doppler Difference of Velocity,DDV)在水云中都可独立推导中值直径(D_(0)),但在高频波段,基于DFR的算法对雨、云水和水汽的衰减非常敏感,而基于DDV的方法受衰减的影响较小。鉴于高频波段衰减完全订正的困难性,水云的DDV反演方法比DFR更直接准确。对于冰云,DFR的技术相较于DDV的方法具有明显的优势,因为两频段处的DFR在冰云中的动态范围更大,而DDV的动态范围相对于系统和测量误差较小。     

Influence of drizzle on Z–M relationships in warm clouds

This paper addresses the sensitivity of the relationships between radar reflectivity (Z) and liquid water content (M) for liquid water clouds to microphysical drizzle parameters by means of simulated radar observation at a frequency of 3 GHz of modeled cumulus clouds. A power law relationship for non drizzling clouds with water content as high as 3 gm^− 3: Z_c = 0.026 M_c^1.61 is numerically derived and agreed with previous empirical relationships relative to cumulus and stratocumulus. This relationship is then used to explore the influence of drizzle on the correlation between radar reflectively and water content. Due to their large diameters with respect to cloud droplets, drizzle sized drops dominate radar reflectivity but do not carry the cloud water content so that reflectivity and liquid water content are expected to be not correlated in clouds containing drizzle. It is shown that for congestus or extreme congestus cumuli, microphysical conditions for which the Z_c–M_c relationship can be used with a tolerance of 5 and 10% are provided whereas for humilis or mediocris cumuli, the presence of drizzle breaks down the Z_c–M_c relationship whatever the situations.     

Analysis of the Microphysical Properties of a Stratiform Rain Event Using an L-Band Profiler Radar

This paper investigates spatial and temporal distributions of the microphysical properties of precipitating stratiform clouds based on Doppler spectra of rain particles observed by an L-band profiler radar.The retrieval of raindrop size distributions（RSDs） is accomplished through eliminating vertical air motion and isolating the terminal fall velocity of raindrops in the observed Doppler velocity spectrum.The microphysical properties of raindrops in a broad stratiform region with weak convective cells are studied using data collected from a 1320-MHz wind profiler radar in Huayin,Shaanxi Province on 14 May 2009.RSDs and gamma function parameters are retrieved at altitudes between 700 and 3000 m above the surface,below a melting layer.It is found that the altitude of the maximum number of raindrops was closely related to the surface rain rate.The maximum number of large drops was observed at lower altitudes earlier in the precipitation event but at higher altitudes in later periods,suggesting decreases in the numbers of large and medium size raindrops.These decreases may have been caused by the breakup of larger drops and evaporation of smaller drops as they fell.The number of medium size drops decreased with increasing altitude.The relationship between reflectivity and liquid water content during this precipitation event was Z = 1.69×10~4M~（1.5）,and the relationship between reflectivity and rain intensity was Z = 256I~（1.4）.     

Relationship between cloud characteristics and radar reflectivity based on aircraft and cloud radar co-observations

Cloud properties were investigated based on aircraft and cloud radar co-observation conducted at Yitong, Jilin, Northeast China. The aircraft provided in situ measurements of cloud droplet size distribution, while the millimeter-wavelength cloud radar vertically scanned the same cloud that the aircraft penetrated. The reflectivity factor calculated from aircraft measurements was compared in detail with simultaneous radar observations. The results showed that the two reflectivities were comparable in warm clouds, but in ice cloud there were more differences, which were probably associated with the occurrence of liquid water. The acceptable agreement between reflectivities obtained in water cloud confirmed that it is feasible to derive cloud properties by using aircraft data, and hence for cloud radar to remotely sense cloud properties. Based on the dataset collected in warm clouds, the threshold of reflectivity to diagnose drizzle and cloud particles was studied by analyses of the probability distribution function of reflectivity from cloud particles and drizzle drops. The relationship between reflectivity factor (Z) and cloud liquid water content (LWC) was also derived from data on both cloud particles and drizzle. In comparison with cloud droplets, the relationship for drizzle was blurred by many scatter points and thus was less evident. However, these scatters could be partly removed by filtering out the drop size distribution with a large ratio of reflectivity and large extinction coefficient but small effective radius. Empirical relationships of Z-LWC for both cloud particles and drizzle could then be derived.     

基于机载Ka波段云雷达和粒子测量系统同步观测的积层混合云对流泡特征

利用机载Ka波段云雷达（Airborne Ka-Band Precipitation Cloud Radar, KPR）和粒子测量系统（Droplet Measurement Technologies, DMT）,分析了2018年4月22日黄淮气旋背景系统下积层混合云中对流泡的动力和微物理特征。首先,对Ka波段云雷达观测的山东地区春季36个对流泡样本按照回波强度、水平尺度、回波顶高三个参量进行统计,结果表明平均回波强度为20～30 dBZ的对流泡占69%。对流泡水平尺度为15～30 km,占61%。对流泡最大回波顶高集中在6～8 km,比周边层云高2～4 km。之后,对4月22日积层混合云中的对流泡个例微物理参数进行统计,结果表明对流泡内部以上升气流为主,最大上升气流速度达到1.35 m s?1,平均上升气流速度为0.22 m s?1;对流泡内过冷水含量比较高,最大含水量为0.34 g m?3,平均含水量为0.15 g m?3。对流泡内冰晶数浓度是泡外的5.5倍,平均直径是泡外的1.7倍。结合云粒子图像探头,发现对流泡前沿和尾部冰粒子以柱状和辐枝状为主,而对流泡核心区域冰粒子以聚合体形式存在。冰粒子通过凇附过程和碰并过程增长,过冷水含量不足时冰粒子的凇附增长形成柱状粒子,含量充足时可迅速凇附成霰粒子。对流泡内降水形成的微物理机制不完全相同,主要依赖过冷水含量。当云中有充足的过冷水分布时,高层冰晶通过凇附增长形成霰粒子,通过融化层后形成降水;当云中缺少过冷水时,降水的形成主要通过水汽凝华过程形成冰雪晶,然后雪晶通过聚合过程实现增长。