多普勒激光雷达探测台风“利奇马”边界层风场精度分析

多普勒激光雷达在台风等强天气背景下的探测能力亟待研究,为此将多普勒激光雷达与70 m测风塔超声风温仪在同址同高度探测台风“利奇马”影响期间的边界层风场数据进行对比,并分析多普勒激光雷达的误差分布以及变化情况。结果显示:在高度70 m上,两者的水平风速、风向相关系数分别为0.97和0.99,垂直风速的相关系数为0.36。以超声风温仪为参考值,激光雷达水平风速、垂直风速和风向均方根误差分别为1.06 m/s、0.46 m/s和17.10 °。深入研究表明:降水对多普勒激光雷达测量水平风速和垂直风速误差均有一定影响。当激光雷达信噪比大于2 000时,各参量的误差与信噪比呈负相关关系。研究表明多普勒激光雷达至少可以较好地刻画台风环流内的水平风场结构及演变,可应用于台风外围环流影响下(即较弱降雨条件下)边界层风场的高分辨率探测和研究。      

降雨强度对激光雷达测风精度的影响研究

多普勒激光雷达在大气、环境以及风能等领域得到越来越广泛的应用，但对于复杂天气下多普勒激光雷达的适用性仍然有待深入研究。为此本研究采用2020年8—10月期间位于福建三沙的地基多普勒激光雷达与边界层高塔所搭载的超声风温仪观测的风场数据进行对比，发现多普勒激光雷达在水平风速、风向方面具有稳定的高精度探测性能，与超声风温仪之间相关系数达到了0.948和0.984。相比之下，激光雷达垂直风速的探测误差较大，与超声风温仪之间相关系数仅有0.353。研究发现，降雨强度与激光雷达垂直风速误差呈正相关关系，强降雨下垂直风速偏差最大可达到9 m/s。     

超大城市综合气象观测试验之测风激光雷达数据评估

为评估用于超大城市综合气象观测试验的测风激光雷达,从最大有效探测高度和数据获取率两方面对测风激光雷达的探测能力进行分析,同时使用测风激光雷达与深圳气象梯度观测塔的测风资料从不同观测高度、不同观测值等方面进行对比分析,结果表明:测风激光雷达与深圳气象梯度观测塔的风速、风向一致性较好,相关系数分别为0.96、0.99,平均绝对误差分别为0.54 m/s、9.95 °,且不同高度层的测风结果也较为一致,但雨天和雾天条件对测风激光雷达的最大有效探测高度和数据获取率影响较大,设备探测能力受到一定的限制。      

ASCAT与HY-2A风场产品在南海的精度评估

基于中国科学院南海海洋研究所提供的2012年1月1日—2013年12月31日西沙自动气象站观测资料以及同时间序列的欧洲中心ERA-interim再分析风场产品,统计了ASCAT和HY-2A散射计风场产品的误差特征,分析散射计资料在南海的适用性。分析得出:ASCAT和HY-2A的风速、风向与自动站一致性高,相关系数均大于0.85,ASCAT风速和风向均方根误差分别为1.57 m/s和15.42 °,HY-2A均方根误差略微偏大,分别为2.02 m/s和24.75 °;ASCAT和HY-2A散射计与ERA-interim风速、风向有很好的一致性,在不考虑低风速（ < 3 m/s）的条件下,风速均方根误差分别为1.40 m/s和1.56 m/s,风向均方根误差分别为15.09 °和17.07 °,与设计精度一致,表明ASCAT与HY-2A风场产品在南海是适用的。此外,散射计相对再分析风场的偏差没有明显的季节性变化      

CSAT3三维超声风速仪观测资料质量检验

利用江西省永修县吉山铁塔50 m处CSAT3三维超声风速仪和常规仪器的风观测资料,以及铁塔附近气象观测站同期降水资料,通过对比分析,检验了超声风速仪水平风观测资料质量,还考察了降水(降水强度大于3 mm/h)对观测资料质量的影响。结果表明:超声风速仪观测的水平风速的数值和演变趋势与实际基本一致;超声风速仪观测的风向方位和高频区分布与实际基本吻合。降水期间,风速和风向观测结果与实际仍然一致,降水对超声风速仪的水平风观测资料质量影响不大。     

丘陵地区大气边界层风廓线雷达适用性分析

本文利用2010年夏季福建省三明市开展的大气扩散实验资料,研究了大气边界层风廓线雷达在福建丘陵地区的适用性,并探讨了风廓线雷达探测的误差特征和修正方法。结果表明：大气边界层风廓线雷达水平风场的探测结果在300~2 000 m高度范围的偏差与高度和风速具有一定统计关系;通过与100 m气象铁塔水平风场资料对比,说明风廓线雷达对丘陵地区低层大气风场的探测具有一定局限性。经过修正的风廓线雷达探测结果可以较好地反映实验区域大气边界层水平风场的垂直结构。     

多普勒声雷达测风与直接测量仪器的观测比较

文中对多普勒声雷达测风和325 m铁塔上风速、风向仪及超声风速仪的测量值进行了观测比较。结果表明,当信噪比大于1时,两种方法测量的平均风速、风向的相关较好,风速、风向廓线较为接近;声雷达测量的垂直风速平均值和均方根差比超声风速仪的测量值略偏大。这与国外进行的观测比较结果一致。 需要指出,声雷达和直接测量仪器的观测比较中存在一定差异,特别是对比每一次的观测值就可以看出,在某些情况下还存在明显差异。进一步分析声雷达测风产生偏差的原因,对误差做出合理的订正是十分必要的。     

Windcube激光雷达与测风塔测风结果对比

在张家口市张北县国家风光储输试验场,采用Windcube激光雷达测风系统与测风塔测风设备同步观测试验数据,计算了各种统计量,对风速、风向、标准偏差和湍流强度进行了对比分析.结果表明:Windcube测量数据有效率在140 m以下达到97％以上,测量结果基本不受降水影响;Windcube与测风塔测得的风速、风向相关系数均达到了0.99以上,100 m高度风速偏差为-0.197 m/s,相对偏差为-2.3％,平均风向偏差为-6.2°,平均湍流强度偏差0.0093,与其他文献的对比分析结果一致,能够满足风能资源评估的要求.     

深圳气象梯度塔与测风激光雷达观测对比分析

为了更好的了解WindView 10多普勒风廓线激光雷达的准确性,2017年7月在深圳石岩气象综合观测基地进行了一次成功的风速风向观测对比试验(时间为2017年7月20—30日),利用356 m气象梯度塔与测风激光雷达测得的风数据进行了不同时次和不同高度(40、80、100和150 m)的对比,结果表明:梯度塔和雷达在300 m以下高度范围内风速风向的观测结果比较一致,各层风速风向结果的标准差、最小最大值、均值、中位数都非常接近。风速的均值偏差最小为-0.000 09 m/s,标准差偏差最小为0.002 63 m/s,风向均值偏差最小为0.169 83°,标准差偏差最小为-1.304 83°。4层高度风速风向的相关系数都很高,风速的相关系数普遍在0.95以上,风向由于360°的过零问题导致相关系数较低,但也普遍大于0.75。同时,激光雷达测得的风速均值普遍小于梯度塔,风向均值在低层小于梯度塔,在高层则偏大。验证结果表明,该型多普勒测风激光雷达是一款观测结果可靠的低层大气风廓线测量仪器。     

Galion激光测风雷达探测性能分析

Galion激光雷达是应用第二代技术的激光雷达设备，具备对全天空、全角度的扫描能力，目前是市场上唯一的三维扫描设备。本文利用深圳356 m梯度塔与锡林浩特100 m梯度塔的观测数据分析了Galion激光雷达的探测性能，并得出以下结论：PPI模式下，深圳激光雷达与测风塔测得风速相关系数为0.85，风向相关系数为0.9；锡林浩特激光雷达与测风塔测得风速相关系数为0.9，风向相关系数为0.95；此外，雷达在各个角度探测的结果相关性都较好，说明激光雷达在PPI模式下具有很好的探测性能。     

How Well Can We Measure the Vertical Wind Speed? Implications for Fluxes of Energy and Mass

Sonic anemometers are capable of measuring the wind speed in all three dimensions at high frequencies (10–50 Hz), and are relied upon to estimate eddy-covariance-based fluxes of mass and energy over a wide variety of surfaces and ecosystems. In this study, wind-velocity measurement errors from a three-dimensional sonic anemometer with a non-orthogonal transducer orientation were estimated for over 100 combinations of angle-of-attack and wind direction using a novel technique to measure the true angle-of-attack and wind speed within the turbulent atmospheric surface layer. Corrections to the vertical wind speed varied from −5 to 37% for all angles-of-attack and wind directions examined. When applied to eddy-covariance data from three NOAA flux sites, the wind-velocity corrections increased the magnitude of CO₂ fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, and latent heat fluxes by ≈11%, with the actual magnitude of flux corrections dependent upon sonic anemometer, surface type, and scalar. A sonic anemometer that uses vertically aligned transducers to measure the vertical wind speed was also tested at four angles-of-attack, and corrections to the vertical wind speed measured using this anemometer were within ±1% of zero. Sensible heat fluxes over a forest canopy measured using this anemometer were 15% greater than sensible heat fluxes measured using a sonic anemometer with a non-orthogonal transducer orientation. These results indicate that sensors with a non-orthogonal transducer orientation, which includes the majority of the research-grade three-dimensional sonic anemometers currently in use, should be redesigned to minimize sine errors by measuring the vertical wind speed using one pair of vertically aligned transducers.     

不同天气条件下脉冲激光风廓线仪测风性能

将2012年5月21日-8月16日广东省湛江市东海岛气象观测站内脉冲激光风廓线仪WINDCUBE V2与气象站内的100 m测风塔进行同步观测试验,在经过观测数据同步性调整、有效性检验和代表性样本筛选基础上,分大小风和有无降雨天气过程,对杯式测风仪、超声风速仪与激光风廓线仪的同步测风数据进行比较,结果显示:脉冲激光风廓线仪与杯式测风仪测量水平风参数的相关性较好,10 min平均风速、风向的线性拟合度均大于0.99,3 s阵风风速的拟合度大于0.96,湍流强度的拟合度大于0.67,风速标准差的拟合度大于0.79;大风情况下,激光风廓线仪对风参数的测量效果更佳。无降雨情况下,激光风廓线仪的测量效果较降雨时略好,10 min降水量小于15 mm的降雨对这款激光风廓线仪的风速、风向、湍流强度、3 s阵风风速的测量没有显著影响,对风速标准差有一定影响。当水平风速增大和有降雨时,激光风廓线仪对垂直速度的测量效果欠佳。该对比分析可为激光风廓线仪观测数据的可靠性提供参考。     

基于不同时间尺度风切变指数推算风资源的对比分析

利用2014—2018年辽宁省探空资料分析了水平风速的垂直风廓线分布特征。用2座代表性测风塔逐时梯度风观测分析了采用不同高度组合方案计算出风切变指数的月、日变化特征, 分别用月、小时、年风切变指数推算高层风速和风功率密度, 并与实测对比。结果表明: 沈阳相较于大连地区风速随高度增加较快, 180 m高度以上风速基本保持不变, 而大连因其纬度低且靠近海洋, 300 m以下风速均匀上升。在非复杂地形情况下, 距地面10 m高度以上间隔一定高度设立4层风观测, 基本可以满足近地层风资源评估需求。受太阳辐射、下垫面、海陆热力性质差异等影响, 辽宁省风切变指数日变化特征比月变化更显著。利用小时风切变指数推算高层风速和风功率密度的方案优于采用月、年风切变指数方案。风切变指数日变化越显著, 采用逐时风切变指数推算方案越优于其他计算方案。     

复杂下垫面风电场风速数值模拟及误差特征

利用WRF模式分别对沿海及山地条件下风电场风速进行高分辨数值模拟,并对其误差特征进行分析,结果表明:1)WRF模式对复杂地形条件下的风速模拟性能良好,模拟值较好地体现天气尺度的周期变化;2)沿海及山地条件下模拟与观测的误差特征各不相同。模式静态数据未能显现沿海的小岛,并且低估了山地测风塔所在的海拔,导致沿海平均模拟风速偏大,山地平均模拟风速偏小;3)分析不同风向的归一化均方根误差,沿海陆风情况下,下垫面相对复杂,误差明显增大;沿海海风情况下,下垫面均一,误差明显减小;4)仅作单个风电场周边数百平方千米的模拟,采用一台12核的服务器进行WRF模式的并行计算可满足48 h短期预测的时效性。仅仅提高模拟的网格分辨率,并不一定能提升模拟的准确性。     

Modelling the Meteorology at the Cabauw Tower for 2005

The meteorology at the Cabauw tower site in the Netherlands has been modelled for 2005 using a local scale prognostic meteorological and air pollution model called TAPM. A number of performance measures have been used to assess model accuracy, including comparison statistics such as root-mean-square error (RMSE) and index of agreement (IOA). Results show that the model performs very well for prediction of wind and temperature at the six tower levels that range from 10 to 200 m above the ground, as well as performing well for radiation and surface fluxes. The model simulation shows almost no bias in mean and standard deviations of wind and temperature at each tower height level, with small RMSE (e.g. RMSE of 1.2 m s⁻¹ for 10-m wind speed, and 1.6°C for 10-m temperature) and high correlation and IOA (e.g. IOA of 0.92 for 10-m wind speed and 0.98 for 10-m temperature). Results for radiation and surface fluxes also show good performance, although some biases were seen for these variables, and possibilities for future model development were identified. An examination of model sensitivity also explored several aspects of the model configuration and input.     

风廓线雷达资料对华南区域模式预报的影响

设计基于GRAPES_Meso的不同试验模拟2014年3月28日-4月8日的广东前汛期降水过程,评估风廓线资料对同化和预报的影响。对资料同化后分析增量的分析表明:相比同化时仅使用自动气象站资料,风廓线雷达资料对1000 hPa到850 hPa纬向风增量均有贡献,在850 hPa,700 hPa高度以上贡献迅速减小。应用3个试验的预报结果计算探空站、风廓线雷达站预报值与观测值的11 d均方根误差发现,同化加入风廓线雷达资料对各预报要素的改善在850 hPa高度最明显,其中风速预报误差显著降低,为0.7 m·s-1。此外,风廓线雷达资料对700 hPa风速预报有一定改善,而在925 hPa高度模拟效果反而降低。通过对2014年3月30日12:00（世界时）的个例分析发现,同化加入风廓线雷达资料的风速预报均方根误差在大雨级别以上的降水落区更大,其原因还有待于进一步研究。     

数值模拟技术在风电场宏观选址上的应用

现有气象站分布稀疏,难以全面反映潜在大风区域。数值模拟技术通过提高分析区域的空间分辨率,弥补气象站点分布稀疏的缺陷。利用中尺度天气预报模式WRF对吉林省西部地区风能资源进行了数值模拟。结果表明：数值模拟结果反映了实际风速日变化和年变化规律,10 m、50 m、70 m高度模拟值与实际观测值相关系数分别达到0.889、0.862和0.865,均达0.001 的显著水平;模拟结果揭示了地面观测资料未反映出来的潜在大风区。经实际立测风塔观测证实,数值模拟技术可以用于风电场宏观选址。同时揭示了模拟的风速较实际风速大,且模拟风速空间分布差异小于观测的风速,说明现有数值模式模拟的精确度还存在着局限性,风电场微观选址仍依赖于立测风塔进行实地观测。     

Surface and Mixed-Layer Variance Methods to Estimate Regional Sensible Heat Flux at the Surface

Turbulence measurements in the lower half of the convective boundary layer (CBL), which includes both mixed layer and surface layer, were carried out with five sonic anemometers mounted on a 213-m tower over a complex flat suburban area with patches of forest, agricultural land, houses and buildings. Also made were radiosoundings of temperature, humidity and wind speed, to determine the CBL height. The sonic anemometer data of wind speed and temperature were processed to derive the second-moment turbulent statistics and were analyzed to investigate the applicability of variance methods to estimate regional surface fluxes of sensible heat. It was found that the temperature variances in the lower mixed layer, coupled with universal functions, produced sensible heat fluxes H over the area with an rms error of the order of 40 Wm^-2 when compared with H values derived from the eddy correlation method. The variance of the vertical wind speed did not produce as good a result. In contrast, the surface-layer temperature variances yielded H values with rms error of the order of 20 Wm^-2, even though the underlying surface was non-uniform and highly non-isothermal, above which enhanced temperature variances could be suspected.     

Analysis of Wind Power Assessment Based on the WRF Model

Assessing wind energy is a key step in selecting a site for a wind farm. The accuracy of the assessment is essential for the future operation of the wind farm. There are two main methods for assessing wind power： one is based on observational data and the other relies on mesoscale numerical weather prediction（NWP）. In this study, the wind power of the Liaoning coastal wind farm was evaluated using observations from an anemometer tower and simulations by the Weather Research and Forecasting（WRF） model, to see whether the WRF model can produce a valid assessment of the wind power and whether the downscaling process can provide a better evaluation. The paper presents long-term wind data analysis in terms of annual, seasonal, and diurnal variations at the wind farm, which is located on the east coast of Liaoning Province. The results showed that, in spring and summer, the wind speed, wind direction, wind power density, and other main indicators were consistent between the two methods. However, the values of these parameters from the WRF model were significantly higher than the observations from the anemometer tower. Therefore, the causes of the differences between the two methods were further analyzed. There was much more deviation in the original material, National Centers for Environmental Prediction（NCEP） final（FNL） Operational Global Analysis data, in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. As the region is vulnerable to cold-air outbreaks and windy weather in autumn and winter, and the model usually forecasted stronger high or low systems with a longer duration, the predicted wind speed from the WRF model was too large.