应用分布式存储技术优化省级CIMISS数据服务能力

随着气象数据量的不断增长,进一步提升CIMISS数据管理和服务能力的需求变得日益迫切。为解决存储系统动态扩展能力不足、并行计算与吞吐效率低下等限制CIMISS继续发展的问题,采用分布式文件系统和NAS技术替代GPFS建设共享文件系统,实现非结构化气象数据的存储功能;采用分布式数据库替代Oracle RAC建设关系数据库管理系统,实现结构化气象数据的存储功能和非结构化气象数据的索引功能。实践证明,该方案能够有效地改善CIMISS的数据存储能力、并发响应能力,适应未来气象业务对数据存储和应用的需求。     

北京全球信息系统中心的数据缓存功能优化

世界气象组织信息系统 (WMO Information System,WIS) 是一个支撑全球气象数据交换共享的通用信息服务平台,北京全球信息系统中心作为WIS的核心功能中心之一,必须缓存最近24 h内的WMO全球交换数据以提供高效的数据访问服务。为了检查收集到的全球交换数据的合法性,需要校验每条数据是否存在与之匹配的元数据,这些元数据信息以关系型数据库方式存储在北京全球信息系统中心中。由于每日接收到的WMO全球交换数据文件个数多且收集时间分布不均,大量频繁的数据库查询操作导致处理性能下降,特别在数据密集收集的情况下容易产生较大延迟,直接影响业务的实时性。设计并实现一种基于内存对象缓存的应用优化现有通过数据库查询的校验方式,实现在内存中一次性载入元数据信息,并在内存中完成缓存数据校验的操作,以此来减少磁盘的读写访问,提升处理效率。此外,还通过多线程方法实现与缓存数据相关的功能,使该方案具有良好的扩展性。实际应用表明:数据缓存功能优化后能满足实时业务性能要求。     

Rainfall regionalization on the basis of the precipitation convective features using a raingauge network and weather radar observations

The main objective of the present paper is to show a methodology for undertaking rainfall regionalization of a region taking into account the convective features of the precipitation, and useful for establishing homogeneous zones for improving the alert system. This methodology has been applied to a hydrographic region located in northeast Spain, with an area of 16000 km² and characterized by a highly contrasted topography. Information provided by meteorological radar and 5-min precipitation data for 126 automatic raingauges has been used for the period 1996–2002. The previous analysis done on the basis of the 1927–1981 rainfall rate series for the Jardí raingauge, located in Barcelona, has also been considered. To that end, the first step was to draw up a proposal for classification of the pluviometric episodes. Recourse was had for this purpose to definition of the β parameter, related with the greater or lesser convective character of the event and calculated on the basis of the rainfall intensity at the surface (Llasat, 2001) and, when data are available, on the basis of radar reflectivity. Results show that the threshold of 35 mm/h to characterize convective episodes from raingauge data can be corroborated from the radar point of view when convective precipitation is identified using 2-D algorithms with a reflectivity threshold of 43 dBZ. Once the soundness of the β parameter had been corroborated, it was applied to more than 2900 precipitation episodes recorded in the region, in order to discriminate the features of the different subregions and their time and space distribution throughout the entire series of the samples. Using this definition, 92% of the precipitation events recorded in this region, with accumulated rainfall above 35 mm, are classified as convective ones, representing 95% of the precipitation amount. Application of the β parameter combined with monthly rainfall data allows differentiation of 8 regions with different convective precipitation features.     

公路交通气象自动观测系统设计

公路交通气象自动观测系统(RWIS)的设计以满足高速公路沿线天气预报和实况预警需求为出发点,在技术选取方面既保持与常规气象观测技术指标的一致性,又考虑了公路交通气象野外监测对数据时效性和可靠性的要求。与常规地面气象观测方法相比,该系统设计主要具有适应野外无人探测环境、观测要素按需选取、模块化设计灵活可配、传感器布局有特殊要求以及数据流、状态流和控制流兼容并行等特点。公路交通气象观测系统的硬件结构采用模块化设计集成各类传感器,通信传输采用数据对象字典方式组织气象观测数据和设备状态信息以数据流方式实时上传,观测信息和设备信息通过采集软件和中心站软件进行分析处理。目前该系统已在全国推广应用,数据上传至中国气象局,并形成业务化系统平台,观测产品已通过CMACast系统分发至全国各地共享应用。     

Optimization of the raingauges for a representative all-India and subdivisional rainfall series

Summary An objective approach similar to the forward selection of independent variables in the multiple linear regression has been attempted to optimize the network of raingauges for the summer monsoon rainfall (June–September total) series (1871–1984) of India as well as its 29 selected meteorological subdivisions prepared involving the data of 306 raingauges. For the all-India monsoon rainfall series twenty seven gauges entered the selection whose mean showed the correlation coefficient (CC) of 0.9869. Keeping in view the difficulties of getting data from all the 306 gauges, 35 India Meteorological Department (IMD) gauges with mean showing CC of 0.9898 have been identified for updating this series. The constructed all-India monsoon rainfall series for the period 1871–1992 using 35 selected observations is presented. It was interesting to note that the set of 35 gauges selected for the monsoon total has shown equally promising results for the all-India monsoon monthly (June–September) as well as the annual rainfall series.For the 29 subdivisional monsoon rainfall series, however, in total 188 IMD-gauges (62% of the total of 306 gauges) entered the selection. For 17 subdivisions the CC exceeded 0.98, for 3 subdivisions it varied between 0.97 and 0.98, for 5 subdivisions between 0.96 and 0.97 and for the remaining 4 subdivisions between 0.90 and 0.94. They showed equally encouraging results for the monsoon monthly and annual rainfall series for the different subdivisions.Limitations and implications of the optimization technique are also briefly discussed.With 9 Figures     

CIMISS中气象观测资料处理入库效率优化方法

气象资料种类多、海量、格式多样复杂,造成综合气象信息共享系统(CIMISS)巨大的处理压力。以高空L波段数据作为个例,进行详细的分析,在数据库表设计上,通过"键-要素"的拆分方式减少数据库冗余,建立合理的索引和分区提高数据表访问效率。在处理流程方面,通过简约化流程减少系统间消息交互和IO,从而优化系统的存储效率。同时简约流程中对比PRO*C和OCI两种入库方式,PRO*C简单高效便于开发,而OCI功能全面但相对复杂,通过比较两种入库方式的效率,系统采用PRO*C方式。高空L波段数据实际运行效果表明,平均28s完成一份数据的处理。对比高空探测数据的处理,简约流程比原流程入库更快。     

基于WEB方式下的DST视频终端中远程监控技术的实现

文章提出并实现了一种基于现有硬件视频会商/会议系统的在线可控的远程监控功能。通过和鼎视通技术人员合作,利用DST视频终端,通过B/S的方式,依托高可靠的音频、视频处理技术,以"全程全网全视频"系统为嵌入点,开发并实现了远程实时监控功能。用户可以通过身份认证和优先级别授权使用该系统,实现对远程站点的实时监控。     

MESIS信息检索及可视化产品制作平台实现

MESIS (气象服务信息系统) 是国家气象中心及各个省级气象部门用于制作气象服务材料的新一代业务服务系统,该系统运用了GIS、数据库、可视化、多媒体和Web等综合技术实现了决策气象服务产品的共享体系、服务产品的显示与综合集成、统计分析检索、制作、分发,以及重大气象灾害辅助决策支持与气象应急服务等功能。该文重点对MESIS中气象信息检索平台的架构体系、功能设计、GIS应用等关键技术进行了探讨,介绍了MESIS中气象信息检索及可视化产品制作平台的设计和实现。     

一次引发华北和北京沙尘(暴)天气起沙机制的数值模拟研究

在对气象背景场进行诊断分析的基础上,集中对一次沙尘(暴)天气的起沙机制进行了数值模拟.具体做法是先将澳大利亚新南威尔士大学(UNSW)邵亚平博士发展的具有清晰物理概念的起沙数值模式(非参数化方案),与PSU/NCAR的中尺度气象预报模式MM5进行耦合.使用该模式系统,根据陆面状况和大气条件,定量模拟出沙尘(暴)起沙的过程.对2000年4月6～7日发生在华北和北京的一次沙尘暴过程的数值试验结果表明,该模式对沙尘天气的起沙过程有较好的模拟能力.     

新型的决策气象服务系统

江苏省气象台近年来针对各级党政领导指挥生产建设和防灾减灾进行决策时对气象工作的更高要求,变革传统的文稿传统的文稿函发、电话口传、传真传送的落后服务手段,研制了新型的“气象信息服务系统”,以全方位和多层次的综合化服务方式和内容,由网络通读和计算机显示再加上多媒体技术等手段,主支、及时、准确、科学、高效地提高了决策气象服务的水平,较好的发挥了气象工作为各级党政领导的参谋和助手作用。     

台风及海洋气象一体化预报平台的开发与应用

台风及海洋气象一体化预报平台为面向台风和海洋气象业务的预报预警服务的支撑系统,集数据采集、转换、预报、分析、产品制作、发布等功能于一体。该平台基于人机交互气象信息处理和天气预报制作系统MICAPS4（Meteorological Information Comprehensive Analysis and Processing System Version 4）框架开发,结合台风、海洋气象新型的观测和预报数据,实现台风、海洋气象数据的集约化检索与显示、精细化格点编辑、台风和海洋气象产品制作、产品发布等功能。台风及海洋气象一体化预报平台设计基于面向服务和分层体系结构,采用组件化设计方法,涵盖数据解析、分析处理、产品制作、交互工具、配置管理等核心组件,形成可扩展的业务功能模块和二次开发接口,目前已作为中央气象台台风海洋气象预报预警业务的主要平台投入使用。     

雨量自动采集与Web图像制作技术

利用C^＋＋ Builder语言编写雨量计数软件,每计数一次数字信号即为0．1mm,同时存入数据库,实现对翻斗式遥测雨量器的雨量自动采集,并在Web中生成当日实时雨量的曲线图像,直观显示当天雨量、雨强等降水信息。该项技术现已在泉州气象网（www．qzqxw．com）上成功体现。     

Monthly precipitation mapping of the Iberian Peninsula using spatial interpolation tools implemented in a Geographic Information System

Summary In this study, spatial interpolation techniques have been applied to develop an objective climatic cartography of precipitation in the Iberian Peninsula (583,551 km²). The resulting maps have a 200 m spatial resolution and a monthly temporal resolution. Multiple regression, combined with a residual correction method, has been used to interpolate the observed data collected from the meteorological stations. This method is attractive as it takes into account geographic information (independent variables) to interpolate the climatic data (dependent variable). Several models have been developed using different independent variables, applying several interpolation techniques and grouping the observed data into different subsets (drainage basin models) or into a single set (global model). Each map is provided with its associated accuracy, which is obtained through a simple regression between independent observed data and predicted values. This validation has shown that the most accurate results are obtained when using the global model with multiple regression mixed with the splines interpolation of the residuals. In this optimum case, the average R ² (mean of all the months) is 0.85. The entire process has been implemented in a GIS (Geographic Information System) which has greatly facilitated the filtering, querying, mapping and distributing of the final cartography.     

Lustre并行文件系统的发展及在气象领域的应用前景

Lustre是一个在Linux集群环境中广为应用的并行文件系统。该文介绍Lustre相关技术, 并针对气象应用的特点和国家气象信息中心的现状和发展, 设计了一个基于Lustre的多集群全局文件系统整合模型。分析表明:这一模型可以为气象应用提供高效、灵活和统一的在线存储资源, 同时能够较好地满足总体计算环境对“业务连续性”的需求。     

雷达远程实时信息提取及显示系统的实现

介绍基于网络通信技术、Web技术和SQL2000数据库,设计开发的雷达远程实时信息提取及显示系统。该系统将多普勒雷达产生的监控信息通过计算机网络传输到监控中心数据库;并通过W eb服务器将信息发布出去;当雷达设备故障时系统会通过短信发送报警信息。     

不同雨量计测值误差分析

目前气象部门使用的雨量计,基本上为自动气象站遥测雨量传感器、双翻斗遥测雨量计、虹吸式雨量计和雨量器等几种类型。根据北京朝阳气象站近几年的雨量测量数据,分析了各种雨量计在不同降水情况下所产生误差的原因,分析发现相同工作原理的仪器由于仪器本身的性能差异和不可预见的故障会造成较大测量误差,由于降雨强度突然变化的影响,雨量计产生的测量误差是不可避免的。并提出增加备份仪器、随时仔细观察每一种仪器的变化从而减小误差的建议,为以后降水测量数据的分析提供参考和帮助。     

基于GIS的小麦赤霉病气象等级预报系统的设计与实现

以江苏省为例,介绍了基于地理信息系统的小麦赤霉病气象等级预报系统的设计思路及核心技术。系统采用VB.Net 2005和ArcEngine做为开发平台,基于MSSQL SERVER 2005数据库查询,利用日平均相对湿度、日平均气温和日照时数3个气象要素,用两种算法来计算小麦赤霉病发生发展的气象等级,生成包含地理信息的文字产品和图形产品,实现了小麦赤霉病气象等级业务预报。系统具有功能强大,算法高效,操作简单等特点,解决了业务部门资料分析处理和赤霉病气象等级预报的相关问题,具有很好的业务应用和推广价值。     

Quality control algorithms for rainfall measurements

One of the basic requirements for a scientific use of rain data from raingauges, ground and space radars is data quality control. Rain data could be used more intensively in many fields of activity (meteorology, hydrology, etc.), if the achievable data quality could be improved. This depends on the available data quality delivered by the measuring devices and the data quality enhancement procedures. To get an overview of the existing algorithms a literature review and literature pool have been produced. The diverse algorithms have been evaluated to meet VOLTAIRE objectives and sorted in different groups. To test the chosen algorithms an algorithm pool has been established, where the software is collected. A large part of this work presented here is implemented in the scope of the EU-project VOLTAIRE (Validation of multisensors precipitation fields and numerical modeling in Mediterranean test sites).     

回首甲子峥嵘,再展万千气象——南京信息工程大学大气学科60年发展历程回顾

南京信息工程大学缘气象而生、因气象而兴,是一所具有显著行业特色的高校。大气科学是南京信息工程大学的学科根基和学科之魂。回顾大气科学60年的发展历程,历经几代人的砥砺奋进,坚持改革创新、特色发展,铸就了大气科学的辉煌成就。20世纪60年代,大气学科为服务国家气象事业急需而创立,改革开放之后,对接中国气象事业发展需要,构建完整的学科体系,并为中国和世界气象事业发展做出了重大贡献,有着“中国气象人才培养摇篮”之美誉。21世纪以来,学科建设进一步加快,2017年大气科学入选国家“双一流”建设学科,开启了世界一流学科建设的新征程。自此,南信大站在历史发展新方位,擘画大气科学发展新蓝图,打造大气学科新高地,推动大气学科建设进入高质量发展新阶段。     

CLIMATIC RISK ZONING OF DOUBLE CROPPING SUPER RICE CULTIVATION IN HUNAN PROVINCE

Based on meteorological data including daily sunshine duration, temperature and precipitation from 97 meteorological stations in Hunan province during the period of 1981—2010, in combination with the field experiment in different places at different sowing dates, the precise climatic risk zoning of double cropping super rice cultivation has been studied by using the spatial interpolation method and other Geographical Information System(GIS)technologies. Three key climatic factors were selected including chilling in May, high temperature heat damage during July to early August and low temperature damage in autumn in this study. Furthermore, based on the analysis of climatic conditions suitable for double cropping super rice cultivation and climatic disasters, 8-22 ℃ active accumulated temperature, sunshine duration from late March to October, climatic risk index of the low temperature in autumn, and climatic risk index of chilling in May were selected as key climatic factors to study the precise agro-meteorological regionalization of double cropping super rice in Hunan province. The results showed that: the high-yielding zones of double cropping super rice in Hunan were mainly located in Zhuzhou, Hengyang, Yongzhou and Chenzhou City, the moderate-yielding zones were primarily located in the east and north reaches of Dongting Lake,together with most of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan City, and other regions in Hunan were not suitable for double cropping super rice. These findings can provide valuable information for the large-scale cultivation of double cropping super rice in Hunan province.