TRMM卫星对青藏高原东坡一次大暴雨强降水结构的研究

利用热带测雨卫星（TRMM）探测资料,NCEP、ERA-Interim再分析资料,结合C波段多普勒雷达和其他地面观测资料,研究了2013年7月21日发生在青藏高原东坡的一次大暴雨强降水结构。结果表明,高能、高湿的不稳定大气在700 hPa切变线及地面辐合线的触发下产生了此次大暴雨,降水具有明显的强对流性质。从水平结构来看,降水系统由成片的层云雨团中分散分布的多个对流性雨团组成,对流样本数远少于层云,但平均雨强是层云的4.7倍,对总降水的贡献达到25.6%;以超过10 mm/h雨强为强度标准,3个20-50 km、回波强度在45-50 dBz的β中尺度对流雨团零散地分布在主雨带中,对应 < 210 K的微波辐射亮温区和≥ 32 mm/h的地面强降水;对流降水的雨强谱集中在1-50 mm/h,其中20-30 mm/h的雨强对总雨强的贡献最大,这与中国东部降水有着显著区别,而90%的层云降水的雨强均小于10 mm/h。从垂直结构来看,对流降水云呈柱状自地面伸展,平均雨顶高度随地面雨强的增强而不断升高（5-12 km）,强降水中心区域的质心在2-6 km;降水廓线反映出强降水系统中降水主要集中在6 km以下高度范围,且降水强度在垂直方向分布不均匀,对流降水和层云降水的强度随高度升高的总趋势是趋于减弱,但在一定高度范围内,对流降水强度随高度升高而增大,并且在多个地表雨强廓线中都有体现。此外,地基雷达的探测结果也表明了强降水的低质心特点及显著的逆风区演变特征,这是对TRMM PR探测的验证和补充。      

大连地区一次局地大暴雨过程中尺度特征及加密自动气象站数据的应用

利用常规气象观测资料、加密自动气象站风场资料及雷达回波资料对2016年8月7—8日大连地区一次漏报的局地大暴雨过程的中尺度特征进行分析,并探讨了加密自动气象站数据的应用。结果表明:2016年大连地区此次局地大暴雨过程T639、欧洲和日本3种数值模式预报结果差异较大,均漏报了暴雨和大暴雨量级降水。环流形势和物理量场对此次暴雨过程的暴雨与大暴雨量级降水落区均无明显预报指标,而卫星云图上有TBB-45℃的中尺度对流云团与强降水区域对应;最强短时强降水区域雷达回波上有对流风暴单体,最大回波强度达55 d Bz,高度上升至4 km,50 d Bz强回波从地面伸展至6 km高度,且强度均匀,为低质心强降雨回波;同时,由加密自动气象站风场资料可知,提前1 h左右强降水落区有中小尺度辐合线形成,最强区域为中尺度气旋,这个指标配合雷达回波和卫星云图资料可以在环流形势、物理量场和数值预报均无明显特征时,作为局地大暴雨预警的指标。     

基于多元线性回归的滇西南短时强降水预报模型研究

利用云南省普洱市2015—2017年多普勒天气雷达资料、探空资料和气象观测站5 min雨量观测资料,分析了普洱地区研究期间41次短时强降水的环境场和雷达回波演变特征。结果表明:中尺度辐合线、中气旋、逆风区是强降水触发和维持的重要成因。短时强降水发生前,整层大气水汽充沛,静力不稳定层结,大气可降水量(PW)≥35 mm、SI≤-0. 23、K> 35,可作为环境场对流潜势的判定因子;短时强降水发生时,雷达回波最强反射率因子≥40 d Bz,35 d Bz回波顶高> 5 km,径向速度的辐合切变量> 5 m·s^-1。通过多元线性回归分析,选取4个相关性显著的影响因子,建立普洱市短时强降水预报模型。所选预报因子包括:35 d Bz回波顶高、30 d Bz垂直剖面中心高度、30 d Bz以上雷达回波面积和SI。预报模型的回报检验表明,普洱短时强降水平均雨强相对均方根误差为17. 0%,局地降水持续时间相对均方根误差为33. 9%,局地过程降水相对均方根误差为25. 6%,回报效果较好。4次短时强降水预报检验中,平均雨强的预报误差每5 min小于1. 2 mm,局地强降水持续时间的预报误差小于10 min,局地过程降水的预报误差小于4 mm,模型均预报出局地连续性降水超过50 mm。预报模型有较好的预报能力,可应用于普洱短时强降水的临近预报预警。     

基于TRMM PR探测的夏季合肥地区降水特征分析

利用热带测雨卫星TRMM搭载的测雨雷达（PR）1998-2012年的观测资料,研究了合肥地区夏季（6、7、8月）不同类型降水的降水强度和频次的水平空间分布、降水垂直结构、日变化特征以及气候变化等特征,揭示了城市化效应造成城市及其周边区域降水特征在时空上的分布差异。研究结果表明,（1）主城区对流和层云降水强度低于周边区域,对流降水频次也低于周边区域,但层云降水频次则相反。可见城市化发展是改变降水的空间分布的因素之一,且对不同的降水类型空间分布影响不同。（2）主城区降水回波信号高度高于周边区域,而降水强度低于周边区域,表明城市效应促进降水云发展而未造成降水强度增强。（3）合肥地区对流和层云降水的强度和频次日循环存在时空分布不均匀性,其中城区的对流降水强度和频次日循环与城市热岛效应日循环具有一致性。总体来看,城市化对局地降水强度影响较大,而对局地降水频次的总体影响不是很明显。（4）通过降水气候变化分析表明,城区两种类型降水强度和频次均呈逐年下降趋势,周边区域降水强度呈不显著上升趋势,降水频次呈逐年下降趋势,其中层云降水频次下降趋势较显著。城市化进程使得城市及其周边区域降水不均匀性逐年增强。极端降水空间分布特征分析表明,城市周边区域强降水频次高于主城区,尤其在城市的下风区高出主城区75%;而周边区域弱降水发生的频次低于主城区,城市下风区最低,低于主城区约18%。     

“碧利斯”(0604)暴雨过程不同类型降水云微物理特征分析

本文利用"碧利斯"(0604)暴雨增幅过程高分辨率的数值模拟资料, 将降水分成对流降水和层云降水, 对比分析了不同类型降水云微物理特征和过程的差异, 探讨了不同类型降水对暴雨增幅的贡献, 结果指出:(1)暴雨增幅前, 降水基本为层云降水, 对流降水只存在于零星的几个小区域, 暴雨增幅发生时段, 对流降水所占比例较暴雨增幅前有显著增加, 平均降水强度达层云降水强度的3倍多。(2)暴雨增幅时段, 云系发展更加旺盛, 云中各种水凝物含量较增幅前明显增加, 其中, 对流和层云降水区云中水凝物含量均有一定程度增长, 但对流降水区增加更显著;而无论增幅前还是增幅时段, 对流降水区云中水凝物含量均要明显大于层云降水区, 并且两者的这种差异随着地面降水强度的增强而增大。(3)暴雨增幅前后, 对流降水区雨滴的两个主要来源最终均可以追踪到云水, 通过云水与大的液相粒子(雨滴)和大的固相粒子(雪)之间、以及大的固相粒子(雪和霰)之间的相互作用和转化, 造成雨滴增长, 并最终形成地面降水, 而层云降水区中与雨滴形成相关的上述主要云微物理过程明显变弱, 但层云降水区中暴雨增幅时段的上述过程又要强于增幅前, 说明层云降水对暴雨增幅也有一定贡献。     

“16·7”华北极端强降水过程对流尺度集合模拟试验不确定性分析

基于4km水平分辨率的WRF-ARW中尺度模式,对2016年7月19日华北地区的极端暴雨过程进行了不同降水微物理过程的对流尺度集合模拟试验。结果表明:各个成员模拟降水的强度、时空分布与观测实况较为接近,但也具有明显的不确定性。通过邻域检验的ETS评分、相关系数和均方根误差等指标进行评估表明,采用Morrison方案和WSM6_P2方案的集合成员表现较好,对流尺度集合模式在降水强度和准确度较全球数值模式预报有一定提升。频率检验表明集合预报在50 mm以下量级的预报存在过量预报的倾向,而100 mm以上的强降水预报相对偏弱。不同降水物理过程的集合成员在高空急流和地面气旋等关键天气尺度系统的发展过程中表现出明显的不确定性;通过降水量与整层可降水含量,低层相对涡度和垂直运动等诊断量的联合分析表明,集合成员可分为强降水集合和弱降水集合两类,其中强降水集合拥有较强的对流性回波、较明显的对流性下沉以及较强的地面冷池,强的潜热反馈也导致对流层中层出现相对较大的正位涡异常,并进一步影响天气系统发展。弱降水集合成员降水以暖云降水为主,对流性上升和地面冷池相对较弱,但较为接近本次以稳定性暖云降水为主的天气过程。检验模拟雷达回波表明双参量降水物理方案在反映层云回波亮带和层云与对流核的分离特征上更为清晰合理。利用WSM6物理方案参数设置的敏感性试验表明,不同参数组合设置的预报成员分别表达了强对流风暴和暖云强降水两种性质的强降雨过程,对于一次特定天气过程中的对流系统发展能够预计到更多的不确定性,展现了对流尺度集合预报的优越性。     

安徽滁州夏季一次飑线过程的雨滴谱特征

选取2014年7月31日安徽滁州一次飑线过程,使用地基雨滴谱仪资料分析此次过程的雨滴谱特征。根据雷达回波和地面降水强度将这次降水过程划分为对流降水、过渡性降水和层云降水,并以10 mm·h-1为临界值将对流降水进一步划分为对流前沿降水、对流中心降水、对流后沿降水。结果表明:对流中心降水、过渡性降水、层云降水的质量加权直径均比较稳定,平均值分别为1.8 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.7 mm。对流降水的标准化截距相比层云降水更大。对流中心降水各粒径段雨滴数浓度均较高;层云降水小雨滴浓度较低,且有少量大雨滴;过渡性降水由小雨滴组成。当雨水含量相同时,层云降水的质量加权直径相比对流降水更大。当雨强相同时,层云降水的反射率因子相比对流中心降水更大。更为精细的降水类型划分可有效改善Z-I关系。     

近10年北京地区极端暴雨事件的基本特征

利用北京地区5 min间隔的自动气象站降水观测资料,SA雷达观测资料、FY-2卫星TBB(Temperature of Black Body)资料、常规气象探空资料和1°×1°NCEP/NCAR最终分析资料,对2006—2013年发生的10次极端暴雨事件(14个区(县)中,任意一个区县代表站24 h内降水量≥ 100 mm,且暴雨区内至少有一个自动气象站降水强度≥ 40 mm/h)的基本特征进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)长生命周期的单体或多单体组织合并的中尺度对流系统(第Ⅰ类中尺度对流系统)形成的暴雨中心一般位于北京西部山前地区或中心城区,这种分布与低空偏东气流的地形强迫作用或城市强迫作用有关;"列车效应"对应的多单体中尺度对流系统(第Ⅱ类中尺度对流系统)形成的极端暴雨事件往往与两次不同属性的降水过程有关:锋前暖区对流过程和锋面附近的对流过程。因此,降水分布往往平行于低空急流轴或锋面。(2)第Ⅰ类中尺度对流系统形成的极端暴雨过程局地性更强,全市平均降水量远小于暴雨量级(50 mm),其中,由混合型降水主导的极端暴雨事件一般是由几乎不移动的长生命周期单体反复生消造成的,对流高度相对较低;而深对流主导的极端暴雨事件一般由多单体组织、合并、加强造成,由于对流单体的上冲云顶很高,最低TBB一般低于-55℃,这类极端暴雨事件的短时强降水具有显著的间歇性:第一阶段的强降水与单体对流发展过程对应,以后的短时强降水与对流单体组织、合并过程对应。(3)"列车效应"对应的多单体中尺度对流系统暴雨过程,初始阶段一般表现为相互独立的两个对流带,即与锋面系统对应的对流带和与低空急流轴对应的暖区对流带,随着锋面对流带逐渐向暖区对流带移动,低空冷空气逐渐侵入到暖区对流带中,两条对流云带逐渐合并,对流活动进一步发展;或者由于暖区对流带截断锋面对流带的水汽入流,造成锋面对流减弱,而暖区对流带组织性更强,发展更加旺盛。与第Ⅰ类中尺度对流系统形成的极端暴雨过程不同,这类暴雨过程往往造成全市平均降水量达到暴雨(≥ 50 mm)甚至大暴雨(≥ 100 mm)。(4)不同类型的极端暴雨过程,大尺度水汽输送条件不同:"列车效应"造成的暴雨过程多数情况下由源于孟加拉湾和源于西太平洋的两支暖湿季风气流共同构成,大尺度水汽供应充沛;而第Ⅰ类中尺度对流系统中的混合型降水造成的暴雨过程的水汽来源主要与低空东南气流造成的近海水汽输送有关;第Ⅰ类中尺度对流系统中的深对流主导的深对流暴雨过程中整层水汽含量并不大,多数情况下水汽输送仅出现在对流层低层甚至仅在近地面层内。(5)大多数情况下,无论哪类性质的极端暴雨过程,在强降水发生时刻,雷达强回波高度一般在4 km以下,仅有极个别时刻强回波中心高于5 km。极端暴雨过程中,环境大气对流有效位能(CAPE)的大小一般与对流发展高度(雷达回波顶高)具有较好的对应关系,但与强降水发生时刻回波强度、最强回波高度、降水强度的对应关系较差。     

梅雨锋云系中尺度系统回波结构及其与暴雨的关系

梅雨锋云系中中尺度回波带主要有对流带和混合带二种类型,中尺度回波团一般为混合型回波。对流云回波带在初生、成熟和消散三个不同的演变阶段结构特征不同,下垫面对回波带的演变有一定的影响。中尺度系统能够产生高强度降水,多个中尺度系统相继通过一地或中尺度系统与对流回波群的汇集可以造成梅雨期的局地性暴雨和大暴雨。产生暴雨的中尺度系统常具有混合型回波结构,它们降水强度大,对降水的贡献也大。     

利用TRMM卫星资料对"07.7"川南特大暴雨的诊断研究

利用TRMM卫星探测结果,结合多普勒雷达风廓线资料,研究了2007年7月9日发生于四川盆地南部的一次特大暴雨过程在不同阶段的降水粒子风廓线、潜热和降水结构特征。结果表明：（1）大暴雨区存在低层辐合、高层辐散的典型垂直环流结构。（2）强降水系统由一个主降水云团和多个零散降水云团组成;降水系统中对流降水所占面积比层云降水面积小,但对流降水具有很强的降水率,对总降水量的贡献超过层云降水。（3）降水发展旺盛阶段,强对流降水的雨顶高度可达17 km,强降水主体中垂直方向和水平方向均存在非均匀的降水强度分布;减弱阶段,强降水雨顶高度仅10 km左右,且其层云降水有清晰亮度带。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.