降水资料同化在GRAPES-MESO模式中应用试验研究

利用国家气象中心中尺度业务数值预报模式GRAPES-MESO v3.0,以2010年6月1～30日为例,开展地面降水率1DVAR(one-dimensional variational assimilation)同化方案在GRAPES-3DVAR(three-dimensional variational assimilation)同化系统中的应用试验研究(ASSI试验),并以未加降水资料同化的试验为对照试验(CNTL试验),以评估全国1h加密雨量资料在模式中同化应用的效果。结果表明:1)在相对湿度背景误差和降水率观测误差范围内,1DVAR同化方案能够对湿度廓线进行有意义的调整,使分析降水向观测降水靠近;ASSI试验对初始温、压、湿、风场的修正主要为正效果;2)对2010年6月17～21日江南、华南连续性降水过程进行了分析,整体而言ASSI试验对逐日及逐时降水强度的预报普遍强于CNTL试验,与实况更加接近;3)ASSI试验对2010年6月1～30日08时起报的0～24 h模式预报的小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨、大暴雨各个降水量级TS评分及ETS评分相比CNTL试验均有较明显提高,预报偏差也更接近于1;4)ASSI试验较CNTL试验能更好地模拟雨带的分布、雨带演变特征和降水强度的变化;5)对降水所做的典型个例和统计检验分析从不同角度说明了地面降水资料1DVAR同化方案在GRAPES-3DVAR系统中的应用改善了GRAPES-MESO v3.0的降水模拟效果。     

两种初值方案对2008年中国汛期降水影响的数值试验

基于暴雨数值预报模式AREM,以2008年5月21日—7月30日为例,开展了以LAPS系统和GRAPES-3DVAR系统两种不同初值方案同化相同资料源(NCEP预报场、地面、探空资料)的AREM-LAPS和AREM-3DVAR试验,以探讨两种初值分析方案对降水模拟的影响。结果表明:(1) AREM-LAPS试验与AREM-3DVAR试验相比,各区域、各量级、各时效的降水预报在绝大多数情况下TS评分有较明显提高,特别是大雨、暴雨、大暴雨等强降水等级。(2) AREM-3DVAR试验可以大致模拟出与实况比较相近的平均降水量分布,但预报雨区范围偏小,强度偏弱;AREM-LAPS试验对此有较明显改善。(3) AREM-LAPS较AREM-3DVAR试验更好地模拟出了降水雨带的南北摆动及降水强度的变化。(4) AREM-LAPS试验较好地再现了我国西南地区东部、华南沿海、长江中下游-淮河流域及胶东半岛主要雨带区平均降水率逐日降水增强与减弱的过程,其强度也与实况大体相当;而AREM-3DVAR试验模拟的强度则明显偏弱,特别是我国西南地区东部。(5) 对2008年夏季10余次典型降水过程的对比检验表明,AREM-LAPS对雨带范围、位置、强度的预报都好于AREM-3DVAR,特别是对于降水强度的改进尤为突出。      

降水资料同化在梅雨锋特大暴雨个例模拟中的应用研究

利用暴雨数值预报模式AREM,以2009年6月29日发生在长江中下游地区的一次梅雨锋特大暴雨过程为例,以NCEP预报场为背景场,首先开展了不同化任何资料(无同化试验)以及分别利用GRAPES-3DVAR同化系统和局地分析预报系统(LAPS)同化地面、探空资料的3组数值试验,然后进一步开展了降水资料一维变分同化方法在GRAPES-3DVAR同化系统及LAPS系统中二次同化的效果研究,结果表明:(1)采用GRAPES-3DVAR系统同化地面、探空资料的数值试验,其降水预报效果不如无同化试验结果;而采用LAPS资料同化系统同化地面、探空资料的数值试验,其降水预报效果优于无同化试验结果,即就本个例而言,GRAPES-3DVAR同化系统对背景场的修正为负效果,LAPS同化系统对背景场的修正为正效果。(2)降水资料1DVAR方法在GRAPES-3DVAR同化系统中的应用,对物理量场有重要影响,使雨带上空变得更暖更湿,天气系统的配置更利于降水发生,中尺度系统的演变更有利于模拟出与实况更加接近的雨带位置、强度、中尺度结构特征,因而极大地改善了降水模拟效果,其模拟的1、6、24h累积降水量位置、强度、中尺度结构特征都有较明显改善。(3)降水资料1DVAR方法在LAPS系统中的应用同样改善了降水预报效果,使雨带落区位置更加接近实况。     

多普勒雷达估算降水和反演风在不同初值方案下对降水预报影响的数值研究

基于有限区域中尺度暴雨预报模式AREM,利用常德、荆州、宜昌3部多普勒雷达及武汉数字化天气雷达联合反演的1h降水量资料和宜昌、荆州多普勒雷达反演的水平风场资料,采用3种不同的初值方案:Grapes-3DVAR同化方案、Barnes客观分析法及Barnes-3DVAR同化方案,对2002年7月22日20:00—23日20:00发生在长江流域的一次大暴雨过程进行了多普勒雷达估算降水和反演风场在不同初值方案下对降水预报影响的数值试验,结果表明:(1)采用相同资料源(探空 T213L31分析场),3种初值方案降水模拟效果差别显著。整体而言,融合了Barnes和3DVAR两种方案的Barnes-3DVAR初值方案降水模拟效果最好:雨带模拟完整,位置与实况完全一致;降水中心中尺度结构清晰,位置、强度与实况接近。(2)Barnes-3DVAR同化方案与Grapes-3DVAR同化方案都能同化雷达降水和风场资料,但两者降水预报结果相差很大。Barnes-3DVAR方案下的降水模拟结果明显好于Grapes-3DVAR同化方案。(3)Grapes-3DVAR同化方案下,在控制试验的基础上增加雷达降水资料的同化,24h降水模拟效果有所改善;增加雷达风场资料的同化,仅部分改善模拟效果,某些地方效果反而变差;同时增加雷达降水和风场资料的同化,降水模拟效果反而明显变差。Barnes-3DVAR同化方案则不然,无论雷达降水资料和风场资料单独同化还是两种资料同时同化,降水模拟效果都有不同程度的改进,特别是对雷达降水和风场资料同时同化的模拟结果是各种试验中效果最好的。(4)融合Barnes客观分析方法和Grapes-3DVAR同化方案的Barnes-3DVAR同化方案,是同化雷达降水和风场资料的一种新的、有效的初值方案。     

雷达资料的3DVAR和EnSRF直接同化方法对一次暴雨预报的影响分析

利用合肥站雷达资料和NCEP再分析资料,采用WRF模式、WRF-3DVAR和WRF-En SRF同化系统设计了直接同化雷达径向风和反射率的试验,对2003年7月4—5日发生在江淮流域的一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行数值模拟分析。结果表明:(1)同化雷达径向风资料可以增加暴雨区低层的扰动,增强对流运动,同时可以减少模拟的过量降水;(2)3DVAR同化方法对水平风场调整明显,同化反射率改进了模式中的微物理量和动力场,同时同化径向风和反射率可以更好地调整风场,改善模拟雷达回波带的强度和位置;(3)En SRF同化方法可以将更多小尺度的风场信息同化进入模式,单独同化反射率可以较准确预报出降水中心,同时同化径向风和反射率可以改进模拟雷达回波带的位置;(4)使用3DVAR和En SRF同化雷达径向风和反射率可以提高降水预报,改善雨带的范围,对降水中心位置和强度的预报也有改进。     

一次局地大暴雨的地面观测资料同化预报试验研究

基于WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式及其3DVAR（3-Dimentional Variational）资料同化系统,采用36 km、12 km 、4 km三层嵌套网格进行逐3 h资料同化和快速更新循环预报,对2011年5月8日鲁中一次局地大暴雨过程进行了资料同化敏感性试验。试验结果表明,地面观测资料同化和快速更新循环对本次降水的预报起到了关键性作用。在快速更新循环预报时不同化地面观测资料,或同化全部观测资料进行冷启动预报,模式均不能预报出山东的降水。同化地面观测资料后,显著改进了模式降水落区预报。地面观测资料同化可以影响到700 hPa高度以上温压湿风要素的变化,从而改变了大气初始场的温湿结构,导致模式预报的700 hPa附近高空大气湿度和热力不稳定增强,700 hPa以下低层风场更强,850 hPa鲁中以南风速较无观测资料同化的偏强2～4 m·s-1,低层风场的动力作用触发高空的不稳定大气,降水出现在山东。     

基于多模式2015年江西省汛期区域性暴雨的检验

利用24 h降水实况资料和高空实况形势场资料、ECMWF模式形势场预报资料及ECMWF、JMA、T639模式降水预报资料,对2015年江西省汛期(4月上旬至7月上旬)区域性暴雨的时空分布特征进行分析,并对2015年江西省汛期区域性暴雨的影响系统和降水预报结果进行了短期主观检验,对比分析了ECMWF、JMA和T639等3种数值模式对江西省区域性暴雨系统预报的效果。结果表明:ECMWF模式对江西省汛期暴雨天气系统的调整和演变具有一定的预报能力,如对副热带高压和西南急流的预报;但随着预报时效增加,预报误差增大。ECMWF模式预报的48 h和72 h副热带高压强度较实况明显偏弱,预报的副热带高压西脊点位置偏东,随着季节转变预报的副热带高压强度明显偏弱,其中24 h预报的准确率较高。ECMWF模式对高空槽的预报基本准确;ECMWF模式对切变线移动的总体预报效果较好,72 h预报的切变线移动偏慢;ECMWF模式对700 hPa西南急流强度的预报易偏弱,对850 hPa和925 hPa西南急流的预报易偏强;ECMWF模式预报的急流轴位置多数偏北;ECMWF模式对低层比湿的预报较实况偏强。随着预报时效临近,ECMWF、JMA和T639等3种数值模式对江西省汛期区域性暴雨的预报具有较强的调整能力;JMA模式预报的暴雨与实况最接近,表现出对雨带分布具有较强的预报性能,但对降水量级预报偏弱;ECMWF模式对降水强度的预报性能较好,预报的降水分布总体偏北;T639模式预报的主雨带范围较实况偏大,3个模式均存在对暴雨以上量级降水漏报的问题。     

基于多模式2015年江西省汛期区域性暴雨的检验

利用24 h降水实况资料和高空实况形势场资料、ECMWF模式形势场预报资料及ECMWF、JMA、T639模式降水预报资料,对2015年江西省汛期(4月上旬至7月上旬)区域性暴雨的时空分布特征进行分析,并对2015年江西省汛期区域性暴雨的影响系统和降水预报结果进行了短期主观检验,对比分析了ECMWF、JMA和T639等3种数值模式对江西省区域性暴雨系统预报的效果。结果表明:ECMWF模式对江西省汛期暴雨天气系统的调整和演变具有一定的预报能力,如对副热带高压和西南急流的预报;但随着预报时效增加,预报误差增大。ECMWF模式预报的48 h和72 h副热带高压强度较实况明显偏弱,预报的副热带高压西脊点位置偏东,随着季节转变预报的副热带高压强度明显偏弱,其中24 h预报的准确率较高。ECMWF模式对高空槽的预报基本准确;ECMWF模式对切变线移动的总体预报效果较好,72 h预报的切变线移动偏慢;ECMWF模式对700 hPa西南急流强度的预报易偏弱,对850 hPa和925 hPa西南急流的预报易偏强;ECMWF模式预报的急流轴位置多数偏北;ECMWF模式对低层比湿的预报较实况偏强。随着预报时效临近,ECMWF、JMA和T639等3种数值模式对江西省汛期区域性暴雨的预报具有较强的调整能力;JMA模式预报的暴雨与实况最接近,表现出对雨带分布具有较强的预报性能,但对降水量级预报偏弱;ECMWF模式对降水强度的预报性能较好,预报的降水分布总体偏北;T639模式预报的主雨带范围较实况偏大,3个模式均存在对暴雨以上量级降水漏报的问题。     

MWHS-2和MHS资料同化对三江源地区暴雨模拟影响的对比研究

采用中尺度数值模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)中FY-3C卫星MWHS-2(Micro-Wave Humidity Sounder 2)卫星资料的直接同化模块,利用WRF-3DVAR(Three Dimensional Variation)方法对三江源地区的两次降水过程进行同化对比试验,详细对比分析了FY-3C搭载的MWHS-2微波湿度仪和NOAA-18(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-18)搭载的MHS(Microwave Humidity Sounder)微波湿度仪两种同化资料对模拟结果的影响。结果表明：MWHS-2和MHS资料同化的模拟结果基本一致,对于30 mm以下的降水,无论同化与否,模拟的降水范围均会偏大;但对于30 mm以上的降水,模拟范围和量级均偏小。资料同化增强了500 hPa西南风场,从而加大了水汽输送的强度,使得高空槽偏向西南,同时加强了300 hPa风场扰动,在共同作用下从而导致了30 mm以上的降水范围的增大,对降水量级结果能有一定改善,但降水落区相较...     

一次大暴雨过程的多普勒雷达资料同化的敏感性试验

利用WRF中尺度模式及WRF-3DVAR变分同化系统和LAPS雷达资料前处理模块建立试验平台,直接同化S波段多普勒雷达反射率和径向速度资料,通过对2008年8月15-16日发生在我国长江中游的一次大暴雨过程的各项预报对比试验研究,初步检验和评估不同种类多普勒雷达观测数据同化对改进数值模式初始场及其数值预报能力的影响及作用.初步结果表明:多普勒雷达资料同化对提高暴雨数值预报能力有重要作用.无论在24 h累计降水还是在逐时降水预报方面,同化多普勒雷达资料均可使降水雨带分布和强降水中心预报的准确性得到较大改善;多普勒雷达反射率资料同化对初始水汽场的改变显著,对初始风场影响较小,而同化径向速度对初始水汽场的改变较小,但可增加初始风场的中小尺度信息,使初始风场产生较大变化.总体上看,虽然雷达反射率和径向速度资料同化均可改进强暴雨的数值预报,但雷达反射率资料同化对降水雨带和中心预报的改进更为显著和重要.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences