基于多元线性回归的滇西南短时强降水预报模型研究

利用云南省普洱市2015—2017年多普勒天气雷达资料、探空资料和气象观测站5 min雨量观测资料,分析了普洱地区研究期间41次短时强降水的环境场和雷达回波演变特征。结果表明:中尺度辐合线、中气旋、逆风区是强降水触发和维持的重要成因。短时强降水发生前,整层大气水汽充沛,静力不稳定层结,大气可降水量(PW)≥35 mm、SI≤-0. 23、K> 35,可作为环境场对流潜势的判定因子;短时强降水发生时,雷达回波最强反射率因子≥40 d Bz,35 d Bz回波顶高> 5 km,径向速度的辐合切变量> 5 m·s^-1。通过多元线性回归分析,选取4个相关性显著的影响因子,建立普洱市短时强降水预报模型。所选预报因子包括:35 d Bz回波顶高、30 d Bz垂直剖面中心高度、30 d Bz以上雷达回波面积和SI。预报模型的回报检验表明,普洱短时强降水平均雨强相对均方根误差为17. 0%,局地降水持续时间相对均方根误差为33. 9%,局地过程降水相对均方根误差为25. 6%,回报效果较好。4次短时强降水预报检验中,平均雨强的预报误差每5 min小于1. 2 mm,局地强降水持续时间的预报误差小于10 min,局地过程降水的预报误差小于4 mm,模型均预报出局地连续性降水超过50 mm。预报模型有较好的预报能力,可应用于普洱短时强降水的临近预报预警。     

一次强降水天气过程分析与探讨

通过个例分析,认为对于高影响低概率事件应引起高度重视.首先应明确环流形势,特别要注意天气图上微小变化及观测数据的突变,强降水天气发生发展必须同时具备三个条件:充沛的水汽条件、不稳定能量、抬升机制.然后利用多普勒天气雷达观测资料,确定未来天气演变趋势;提出制作临近预报的思维过程.归纳总结出影响强降水天气过程的要素变化及多普勒天气雷达回波特征.认为当地强降水天气过程和飚线发生发展密切相关.最后根据天气系统和气象要素的演变及雷达回波特征,找出其各类指标,从而成为制作强降水天气短时临近预报的工具.     

雷达拼图资料上中尺度对流系统的跟踪与预报

在中尺度对流系统(Mesoscale Convective Systems,MCSs)自动识别基础上,利用相关法跟踪雷达回波(Tracking Radar Echoes by Cross-correlation,TREC)和面积重叠法完成新的跟踪预报方法.新方法利用TREC得到MCSs移动矢量,利用该矢量外推对应MCSs雷达回波.根据外推回波与相应回波实况,采用面积重叠法完成跟踪,同时利用移动矢量完成预报.采用4次强天气过程对算法进行检验,分析结果表明:(1)新方法能够有效实现MCSs跟踪与预报;(2)新方法得到MCSs移动速度相对稳定,不因为系统合并、分裂和生消出现速度大幅度波动现象,有效减小预报误差,6～60 min预报误差相对于原方法减小20％以上;(3)新方法虽然能提取得到较为稳定的系统移动速度,但不能得到系统的传播速度.原方法能得到系统的移动速度和传播速度合成,但提取速度不稳定,容易受到质心偏移的影响,预报误差较大.新方法在系统消亡期提取移动速度不稳定,导致跟踪丢失现象的发生,而原方法在系统合并与分裂时易出现跟踪丢失现象.     

多尺度合成的降水临近预报技术

基于我国新一代多普勒天气雷达观测资料,以梅雨锋等大范围降水为主要研究对象,研究了降水临近预报方法.根据暴雨回波的多尺度特征等,研究暴雨回波的尺度滤波,分割、匹配等处理技术;根据不同尺度回波生命史来约束其预报时效,得到分尺度下的降水预报场,实现暴雨回波多尺度的合成降水量临近预报;将分尺度与不分尺度降水预报结果进行了比较.结果表明,针对大范围强降水多尺度合成的降水量临近预报方法,因不同尺度的回波外推考虑了各自运动的特性及其生命史的差异,预报精度有所提高.     

一次局地短时强降水的成因和预报误差分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,对2016年8月6—8日潍坊一次强对流天气的成因和预报误差进行了分析,结果表明：1）500 hPa冷涡底部低槽、850 hPa低涡切变线和地面倒槽是主要影响天气系统, 数值预报对此次天气过程的影响系统预报偏差大,而预报员对数值预报依赖程度高是此次预报失误的主要原因;2）850 hPa以下强的水汽辐合是强降水发生的重要条件,低层辐合和高层辐散配置导致的强垂直上升运动是暴雨产生的动力机制,位势不稳定因中高层的冷空气入侵下沉得以加强;3）列车效应和强回波维持少动是造成短时强降水的重要回波特征,逆风区的发展和移动对于判断强降水的落区有指示作用,多普勒雷达反演风场中的中尺度辐合线是导致局地强降水发生的直接原因;4）风廓线雷达水平风场可以连续地反映降水过程中风场垂直结构及其变化,降水发生前探测高度明显升高,中高层冷空气侵入时间与强降水的时段相对应。     

自适应尺度的雷达回波交叉相关跟踪算法研究

提出了一种能够自动选取跟踪单元大小的雷达回波交叉相关跟踪外推算法(ATREC).ATREC方法通过雷达回波的边界识别,得到不同尺度的雷达回波的特征运动信息,再不断地内部分化,得到不同次级尺度的内部运动信息,将特征尺度的特征运动场和次级尺度的内部运动场进行合成,最后得到外推的运动矢量场.ATREC方法可以在回波总体运动场...     

“16·7”华北极端强降水过程对流尺度集合模拟试验不确定性分析

基于4km水平分辨率的WRF-ARW中尺度模式,对2016年7月19日华北地区的极端暴雨过程进行了不同降水微物理过程的对流尺度集合模拟试验。结果表明:各个成员模拟降水的强度、时空分布与观测实况较为接近,但也具有明显的不确定性。通过邻域检验的ETS评分、相关系数和均方根误差等指标进行评估表明,采用Morrison方案和WSM6_P2方案的集合成员表现较好,对流尺度集合模式在降水强度和准确度较全球数值模式预报有一定提升。频率检验表明集合预报在50 mm以下量级的预报存在过量预报的倾向,而100 mm以上的强降水预报相对偏弱。不同降水物理过程的集合成员在高空急流和地面气旋等关键天气尺度系统的发展过程中表现出明显的不确定性;通过降水量与整层可降水含量,低层相对涡度和垂直运动等诊断量的联合分析表明,集合成员可分为强降水集合和弱降水集合两类,其中强降水集合拥有较强的对流性回波、较明显的对流性下沉以及较强的地面冷池,强的潜热反馈也导致对流层中层出现相对较大的正位涡异常,并进一步影响天气系统发展。弱降水集合成员降水以暖云降水为主,对流性上升和地面冷池相对较弱,但较为接近本次以稳定性暖云降水为主的天气过程。检验模拟雷达回波表明双参量降水物理方案在反映层云回波亮带和层云与对流核的分离特征上更为清晰合理。利用WSM6物理方案参数设置的敏感性试验表明,不同参数组合设置的预报成员分别表达了强对流风暴和暖云强降水两种性质的强降雨过程,对于一次特定天气过程中的对流系统发展能够预计到更多的不确定性,展现了对流尺度集合预报的优越性。     

交叉相关外推算法的改进及其在对流临近预报中的应用

交叉相关外推算法是目前对流临近预报的主要算法之一。它主要是通过计算雷达回波等资料在连续时次的空间最优相关, 得到对流系统不同位置的移动矢量特征, 并基于这些获得的移动矢量对雷达回波等进行外推, 从而达到预报的目的。因为算法既考虑了回波移动矢量大小和方向的变化, 也考虑了整个回波在移动过程中的形变, 所以, 基于该算法的外推临近预报具有一定的物理意义。该文介绍了交叉相关外推预报算法的基本原理, 对算法进行了一系列的质量控制, 包括抑制地物杂波和噪声的影响、对“丢失”计算的点进行矢量补充以及对追踪的矢量进行平滑处理等多个步骤。个例对比分析表明:算法在通过质量控制和优化处理后, 追踪的回波移动矢量质量明显改善。利用优化后的算法, 对2004年夏季和2005年夏季发生在京津冀地区的4个强对流个例, 包括2次飑线过程、1次雹暴过程和1次强雷暴过程, 进行了外推临近预报试验, 并且对算法在对流临近预报中的效果做了初步的检验评估。结果表明:该算法对强对流天气过程的临近预报具有一定效果, 算法可以给出未来30 min或者60 min内雷达回波和雷暴位置以及形状的外推预报, 预报结果与实况比较接近。     

一种改进的循环神经网络雷达图像外推算法

临近强降水预报目的是预测未来两小时内局地降水强度的分布,准确的外推雷达图像可以为临近强降水预报提供准确的时空参考数据。近两年循环神经网络模型应用于天气雷达回波图象外推得到了较好的结果。本文基于分析现有ConvLSTM和TrajGRU模型的基础上,从输入雷达数据层数和修改模型损失函数两个方面对循环神经网络外推模型进行改进,并对业务上的雷达图象序列和竞赛雷达图象序列进行试验。试验结果表明,改进的外推模型能更好地捕捉时空相关性,具有更精确的外推效果。     

强降水雷达回波参数特征

利用７１３型测雷达资料,对江西强降水回波参数特征进行统计,分析结果表明：强降水与回波顶高、回波强度、水平尺度及地形等有关,为强降水天气预测提供了依据．     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences