ISENTROPIC TRAJECTORY ANALYSES OF POLLUTANT TRANSPORT IN NORTHEAST ASIA-INFLUENCE ON CHINA FROM NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES*

The transport of air pollutants from several big cities in the north of China and the neighboring countries is researched by using the isentropic trajectory model. The trajectories are calculated twice daily for the cities in January, April. July and October for the period of 1992-1994. The statistical method has been used to deal with trajectory dots at intervals of 30 min forthe for ward and backward trajectories during 0-24 h and 24-48 h. The probability distribution diagrams of trajectory show clearly the ensemble properties of isentropic trajectories for each city and the dominant transport directions of pollutants. They possess notable seasonal variations. The forward trajectory areas of the Ulaan Baatar in Mongolia can spread over North China. and those of the Chita in Russia can influence Northeast China except in summer. In July the forward trajectory of Pyongyang and Seoul can extend northward to the boundaries of China.     

东北亚地区污染物输送的等熵轨迹分析——周边国家对中国的影响

利用等熵轨迹模式研究了中国北方和邻国几个大城市排放的污染物的输送趋势。计算了１９９２－１９９４年期间１，４，７和１０月的每天两次轨迹，并以这些城市为目标，对其前向或后向轨迹线上每３０ｍｉｎ的轨迹点作统计，画出等熵轨迹概率分布图。这些图形表明，等熵轨迹的概率分布能很好地反映污染物的中、远程输送且有明显的季节变化。就前向轨迹区而言，在除夏季外的其它季节里，蒙古乌兰巴托的轨迹区能覆盖到中国华北，俄罗斯的赤塔也能影响到中国东北的大兴安岭地区。而平壤和汉城的前向轨迹区在夏季可向北伸展到中国     

我国大气污染物远距离传输的估计——Ⅰ:轨迹分析

根据1979年1,4,7和10月的1500m高度的测风资料,利用二维流场,计算了通过北京、西安、兰州等10个城市空气块的轨迹。依据轨迹及其终点的分布讨论了不同季节对上述这些城市有影响的污染物的来向及以这些城市为源地的污染物的远距离输送问题。     

中国沿海城市的气块后向轨迹分析

该文讨论了大连、青岛、上海、福州、厦门和广州６个沿海城市的气块长距离后向输送轨迹。输送层假设在１５００ｍ上。计算了１９８５年１、４、７、１０月份的轨迹。轨迹分析得出：①气块后向轨迹与天气形势和季节有关，且南北方有差异；②北方沿海城市的７２小时气块后向轨迹输送距离要比南方沿海城市远些。     

中国沿海城市的气块后向轨迹分析

该文讨论了大连、青岛、上海、福州、厦门和广州６个沿海城市的气块长距离后向输送轨迹。输送层假设在１５００ｍ上，计算了１９８５年１、４、７、１０月份的轨迹，轨迹分析得出：（１）气块后向轨迹与天气形势和季节有关，且南北方有差异；（２）北方沿海城市的７２小时气块后向轨迹输送距离要比南方沿海城市远些。     

THE ESTIMATION OF THE LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN CHINA——PART I: TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS

The trajectories of air parcels through the ten big cities of China(Beijing,Xi'an,etc.)have been computed by using the data of wind fields at 1500 m elevation.The data based on these trajectories and end points of trajectories have been used to calculate the long-range transport of pollutants emitted from these cities and to estimate the geographic position of distant sources affecting these cities.An advantage of the statistical trajectory model is eXpected that the error of the individual trajectories tends to be averaged out in the long run.     

An analysis of the air parcel trajectories of long- range transport at shanghai

CONCLUSION The analysis of air parcel trajectories affecting Shanghai indicates that the coming-direction of air parcel is different in various months. The transport track of trajectory (backward and forward) is closely related to the synoptic system, and also related to acid rain occurring in Shanghai region. Air pollution and acid rain in Shanghai region have relationship with both the influence of local pollutants and the influence of external pollutants from southwest and northeast.     

输送对区域本底站痕量气体浓度的影响

利用HYSPLIT4轨迹模式计算了临安、上甸子和龙凤山区域大气本底站2005年7月-2007年6月的气块后向轨迹, 并通过聚类分析取得了各站点平均轨迹的空间分布和季节变化等结果。将各站点同期观测到的O₃, SO₂, NO_x和CO浓度通过滑动平均法去除季节变化, 取得其短期变化信号, 并将轨迹与这种短期变化信号对应, 比较真实地反映了排放源空间分布和轨迹移动特性对污染物浓度的影响。研究结果表明:移动高度高、速度快的气块不利于污染物积累, 对站点污染物起清除作用。但个别来自高空的轨迹会将富含O₃的气块输送到地面, 从而使站点O₃浓度升高。各站均有大约50%~60%的轨迹输送污染气块, 导致站点气体浓度升高。临安站的污染主要来自S-SW和N-SE扇区; 上甸子站的污染最主要来自SE-SW扇区, 其次来自N-SE和W-N扇区; 龙凤山的污染主要由来自S-WSW扇区。     

大气传输对华北区域本底地区降水化学成分的影响

对华北区域本底站1999~2007年239次降水过程的气流后向轨迹进行分类,从中选取典型西北路径、西南路径和东南路径降水,研究了不同输送路径下降水pH值、电导率、化学组成特征及影响本底地区的主要排放源.结果显示,起源于我国中东部内陆地区途经太原、石家庄、北京等大城市的西南气流,起源于蒙古国途经我国内蒙地区的西北气流,以...     

合肥市PM10 输送轨迹分类研究

应用聚类分析的方法,对2001—2005年合肥市逐日72 h后向轨迹按季节分类,结合PM10日均浓度观测资料,分析了不同输送轨迹与该地区PM10浓度之间的关系。结果表明:不同方向后向轨迹所对应的PM10平均浓度有明显不同;最高PM10平均浓度对应的后向轨迹在春、秋和冬季都是来自西北方向,它们与季节平均的相对距平分别为44%,20%和31%;夏季为东北方向,与季节平均的相对距平为20%;其次为本地轨迹,各季的相对距平分别为5%,16%,18%和17%。根据分析得出合肥地区6组易于出现高浓度PM10的后向轨迹及对应的天气形势,并简要分析了其特征。气溶胶的远程输送主要发生在自由大气层,区域输送主要发生在边界层内。合肥地区大气污染事件超过50%与远程输送有关。移动快的气团不一定对应低浓度的PM10。     

2016年1月我国中东部一次大气污染物传输过程分析

利用常规气象数据和空气质量模式CAMx对2016年1月15—19日一次冷空气影响下郑州、武汉、南京的大气污染物传输过程进行了分析。观测发现,本次过程中武汉和南京在地面锋线到达后出现明显的PM2.5浓度的快速增长。通过分析发现,两地在1000~950 hPa高度层上偏北风的侵入带来上风向的大气污染物,同时在垂直方向上锋区内的稳定性层结抑制了大气污染物的扩散,两种作用共同导致污染物快速增长。在冷空气主体影响下,尤其是950~900 hPa高度层上弱风区消失后,污染物得到清除。大气污染物的传输作用主要发生在1000~950 hPa高度上。模式PM2.5来源示踪模拟结果表明,武汉(17日夜间至18日)和南京(17日夜间)在本次污染物快速增长过程中区域污染物输入的贡献在51%和58%左右。由于模式对PM2.5传输过程的低估,区域输送贡献率仍存在不确定性。但是,与1月15—19日平均相比, PM2.5的本地贡献明显减少,上风区域贡献明显增加。     

Local and regional sources of fine and coarse particulate matter based on traffic and background monitoring

The aim of this study was to identify local and exogenous sources affecting particulate matter (PM) levels in five major cities of Northern Europe namely: London, Paris, Hamburg, Copenhagen and Stockholm. Besides local emissions, PM profile at urban and suburban areas of the European Union (EU) is also influenced by regional PM sources due to atmospheric transport, thus geographical city distribution is of a great importance. At each city, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO₂, SO₂, CO and O₃ air pollution data from two air pollution monitoring stations of the EU network were used. Different background characteristics of the selected two sampling sites at each city facilitated comparisons, providing a more exact analysis of PM sources. Four source apportionment methods: Pearson correlations among the levels of particulates and gaseous pollutants, characterisation of primal component analysis components, long-range transport analysis and extrapolation of PM size distribution ratios were applied. In general, fine (PM_2.5) and coarse (PM₁₀) particles were highly correlated, thus common sources are suggested. Combustion-originated gaseous pollutants (CO, NO₂, SO₂) were strongly associated to PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, primarily at areas severely affected by traffic. On the contrary, at background stations neighbouring important natural sources of particles or situated in suburban areas with rural background, natural emissions of aerosols were indicated. Series of daily PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratios showed that minimum fraction values were detected during warm periods, due to higher volumes of airborne biogenic PM coarse, mainly at stations with important natural sources of particles in their vicinity. Hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory model was used, in order to extract 4-day backward air mass trajectories that arrived in the five cities which are under study during days with recorded PM₁₀ exceedances. At all five cities, a significantly large fraction of those trajectories were classified in short- and medium-range clusters, thus transportation of particulates along with slow moving air masses was identified. A finding that supports the assumption of long-range transport is that, at background stations, long-range transportation effects were stronger, in comparison to traffic stations, due to less local particle emissions. Short-range trajectories associated to PM transport in Stockholm, Copenhagen and Hamburg were mainly of a continental origin. All three cities were approached by slow moving air masses originated from Poland and the Czech Republic, whereas Copenhagen and Stockholm were also influenced by short-range trajectories from Germany and France and from Jutland Peninsula and Scandinavian Peninsula, respectively. London and Paris are located to the north-west part of Europe. Trajectories of short and medium length arrived to these two megacities mainly through France, Germany, UK and North Atlantic.     

锢囚气旋钩状云区暴雪过程的水汽源地及输送分析

利用常规高空、地面观测资料、FY-2E卫星云图和NCEP再分析场,分析了2013年11月25日发生在中国东北东部的暴雪天气过程,并用HYSPLIT模式模拟了暴雪区上空气块的轨迹。结果表明:卫星云图显示暴雪发生在锢囚气旋的钩状云区中,且具有中尺度特征。钩状云区不同代表点、不同层次25日08时120 h气块的后向轨迹计算结果表明,在每个代表点的6条轨迹中,只有1条轨迹来自新疆以西地区的对流层上层,其他5条轨迹均来自蒙古国或我国北方地区的对流层中低层。几乎每条轨迹对应的气块在东移或南移时先以水平运动为主,伴有弱的下沉;中低层气块在72～24 h经过渤海湾和日本海;而中上层气块则主要经过黄海或东海,到达降雪区前几小时气块移速快并有明显的上升运动。对钩状云区不同代表点1500和3000 m上空120 h后向轨迹中气块湿度分析表明,来自东亚大陆的气块水汽含量并不大、相对湿度也小于60%,但在经过渤海湾和日本海时,海气交换使得气块的含水量和相对湿度均呈增加的趋势;特别是气块途径日本海的时间和距离越长,水汽含量越多。因此暴雪区的水汽主要来自日本海,其次是渤海湾。在降雪发生前几小时,气块随偏南风或东南风快速北移,相对湿度接近饱和并伴有上升运动,从而引起降雪。     

对流层大气运动的Lagrange方法及应用

该文对对流层中轨迹法的应用进行了试验研究.结果表明, 对流层中等熵面上轨迹法应用效果最好, 同时通过对物质线轨迹积分的改进, 即在积分过程中不断加入新的点以保持物质线上点的密度, 使轨迹法能够利用现有的资料分辨率, 更细致的描述大气环流的演变.利用轨迹法分析了1991年江淮梅雨期7月1~7日过程的水汽输送, 表明此次过程江淮地区的水汽输送主要来源于孟加拉湾及南海, 且强度以前者较大.     

基于PSCF与CWT方法的赣江新区大气污染物潜在源区个例分析

利用TrajStat软件和GDAS全球同化气象数据,对江西省赣江新区2011—2020年四季72 h气团后向轨迹进行聚类分析,并结合PM2.5和O3逐小时浓度数据,运用潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）分析了2016年12月2—10日一次污染天气过程中大气污染物输送对赣江新区上空污染物浓度的贡献。结果表明,赣江新区2011—2020年四季气团后向轨迹中占比最大的均为短支气流,其中春季的短支气流来源于东侧,其他季节均来源于东北方向的安徽省,夏季和冬季的长支气流与季风的季节性变化一致。在2016年12月2—10日的污染天气过程中,赣江新区的PM2.5潜在源区主要分布于江西省北部、湖北省东南部,O3潜在源区主要分布于江西省北部、湖北省南部和湖南省东北小部分地区;同时天气形势显示,赣江新区处在槽后脊前,湖北省东南部存在偏强西北风,为大气污染物向赣江新区的输送创造了条件。     

区域空气质量数值预报模型

给出了区域尺度空气质量数值预报模型的基本物理构架, 重点介绍了欧拉型输送／沉降模式对各种物理 （沉降、输送）、化学 （气相化学与液相化学） 过程、初值与边界条件等问题的处理／简化; 利用本模型作了一周的预报实验, 实验结果与分析说明, 区域空气质量数值预报模型能够较好地反映全国重点城市的空气质量以及污染物随时间的演变态势; 最后, 指出了需要进一步完善的工作。     

贵州安顺市PM2.5气象输送条件及贡献源空间分布

利用贵州省安顺市2015—2019年大气污染物资料和气象资料,分析安顺市空气质量特征和主要大气污染物特征,通过TrajStat软件中HYSPLIT模型的后向轨迹模式,结合GDAS气象数据、PM_2.5浓度,分析不同季节输送途径及其污染轨迹,采用潜在源贡献作用和浓度权重轨迹分析方法,分析研究期内所有PM_2.5污染日（PM_2.5日浓度高于75 μg·m^-3）输送轨迹垂直与水平方向分布特征。结果表明: PM_2.5是安顺城区主要大气污染物,冬季输送污染轨迹占比较大,输送方向主要为贵州东北方向、偏南方向; 污染日PM_2.5输送路径以贵州东北方向近距离输送为主,该类轨迹基本分布在880—980 hPa高度; 潜在源高值区主要集中在贵阳整个地区、毕节织金县、黔西市、金沙县等,高贡献值区主要集中在安顺紫云县、镇宁县、毕节织金县、大方县等。     

Large-scale transport of a CO-enhanced air mass from Europe to the Middle East

On 14 November 1981, the shuttle-borne Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) experiment observed a carbon monoxide (CO) enhanced air mass in the middle troposphere over the Middle East. The primary source of this polluted air was estimated by constructing adiabatic isentropic trajectories backwards from the MAPS measurement location over a 36 h period. The isentropic diagnostics indicate that CO-enhanced air was transported southeastward over the Mediterranean from an organized synoptic-scale weather regime, albeit of moderate intensity, influencing central Europe on 12 November. Examination of the evolving synoptic scale vertical velocity and precipitation patterns during this period, in conjunction with METEOSAT visible, infrared, and water vapor imagery, suggests that the presence of this disturbed weather system over Europe may have created upward transport of CO-enhanced air between the boundary-layer and midtropospheric levels, and subsequent entrainment in the large-scale northwesterly jet stream flow over Europe and the Mediterranean.     

STUDY OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING AN AIR MASS TRANSFORMATION MODEL IN TAIYUAN

An AMT-model,consisting of a trajectory model and a one-dimensional boundary layer model,is tested fortrajectories arriving in Taiyuan to study the possibility of using it in Taiyuan.The sensitivity of the model tothe different processes was studied.Some parameters of the model were modified for the purpose of forecast-ing in specific mountainous terrain and dry climate conditions.Results of examples which we have workedout for Taiyuan circumstances for the periods of July(summer)1985 and January(winter)1986,show that the12h runs of the AMT-model are able to reproduce(on historical data)the sounding of Taiyuan.The AMT-modelcontributes fruitfully to short-range weather forecasts(12—36h ahead)during periods of severe air pollution andwhen cold waves occur.     

四川盆地一次当地排放和沙尘输送双重影响的区域空气重污染过程研究

针对四川盆地大气污染及其成因的特殊性,本文使用四川盆地18个城市的大气污染监测和气象观测数据以及NCEP1°×1再分析资料,对2017年12月19日～2018年1月3日四川盆地由当地过量排放和外来沙尘输送双重影响的区域性大气污染过程进行分析。结果表明：2017年12月19～28日四川盆地环流场配置不利大气污染物扩散,垂直温度层结稳定,在当地污染源持续排放下污染物浓度缓慢上升,此阶段为静稳型大气污染。之后29日冷空气过程打破前期不利污染物扩散的环流场及垂直温度层结,导致气态污染物下降明显,但伴随冷空气活动的外来沙尘使PM10浓度迅速增大,使四川盆地部分城市出现沙尘型重污染;特别是广元地区受沙尘直接影响最严重,PM10浓度是原来的4.5倍;成都市虽没有通过沙尘天气的表观判断,但对颗粒物离子浓度和化学组分都有显著影响;因此,当时PM10和CO浓度24h比值变化受沙尘输送和天气条件共同影响,在不同时段和地区都存在明显差异,初步揭示出由静稳型大气污染向沙尘型污染转换阶段的内在变化特征,具有重要科学价值。