丹东地区大气能见度变化及其主要影响因子分析

利用2007年6月至2009年11月丹东市区器测能见度资料和人工观测能见度资料,分析目测能见度与器测能见度的关系,探讨不同季节中,PM_10。和PM_2．5、PM_1.0。颗粒物浓度对大气能见度的影响,研究降水强度与PM的湿清除效率关系。结果表明：在低能见度情况下,目测能见度与器测能见度的比值相对较小;能见度较差时,PM_1.0粒子比重增大,PM_1.0／PM_1.0和PM2．s／PM_1.0比值与月平均风速为负相关;天气现象日数较多的月份,其对应的月平均能见度较小;PM日平均质量浓度的改变量以及降雨量对PM的湿清除效率与降水强度相关,器测目测能见度平均值随着降水强度的增加而降低。     

沙尘天气器测资料与常规观测资料的对比分析

利用2004—2007年内蒙古地区10次较强沙尘暴天气过程的常规观测资料和6个沙尘暴监测站的器测能见度、PM10等沙尘暴监测资料,针对仪器定量监测资料与常规观测资料的相关性及差异进行了分析。分析结果显示:器测能见度与能见度的变化趋势一致,相关性较好,大气能见度小时,两者数值接近,当大气能见度增大时,两者差异明显增大;器测能见度与PM10有很好的曲线拟合关系,较能见度与PM10的相关性要好,说明定量的器测能见度较能见度更具有连续性、稳定性,但器测能见度存在系统性的偏差,为了业务应用方便,文章给出了器测能见度的修正方案。     

广州站能见度数据质量评估及其参数化研究

利用广州地面观测站（简称广州站）的两种能见度仪和人工观测的能见度资料,分析两种观测方法之间的一致性和差异性,并对广州站能见度建立参数化模型。研究结果表明,不同的能见度范围和观测时次,两者均有较好的一致性;当能见度为3 km以下及10 km以上时,两者一致率较高;在5次正点观测的器测和目测值一致率均高达90%以上。10~30 km范围内的平均相对误差较低,其余范围均高于20%。在11、14和17时的相对误差低于10%,08和20时的相对误差较高。能见度在1~10 km范围内,随着能见度的增大,器测与目测平均相对误差增大,仪器粗差率增大。另外,基于大气相对湿度、颗粒物数浓度建立广州站能见度参数化模型,能较准确模拟出能见度变化的趋势。实际检验表明,模拟值与实况误差基本小于3 km。因此,该模型可以预报广州站的能见度,为准确判断广州市能见度变化提供一定的参考依据。      

辽宁中部城市群大气能见度器测目测差异比较

利用2009年5月至2009年11月鞍山、沈阳、本溪、抚顺4个市区的器测能见度和人工观测能见度资料,分别按照不同气象要素和天气现象等情形下,对两种观测数据资料的差异进行了详细的统计分析.结果表明:与无视程障碍天气情形相比,出现具有视程障碍天气情形时,器测、目测能见度差异较小;总云量越多,两种观测值差异越小;PM10质量...     

基于定量监测的沙尘暴定量预报方法

近年来,内蒙古自治区建立了6个沙尘暴监测站,对沙尘天气进行了连续、定量观测,在预报业务工作中可以得到器测能见度、PM10、TSP等定量数据,为沙尘暴的定量分析和预报提供了基础条件.选取了2004-2007年间内蒙古地区10次较强沙尘暴天气过程,利用内蒙古自治区的6个沙尘暴监测站器测资料,结合常规观测资料进行了分析.分析表明:器测数据具有连续、稳定、定量的优势;但器测数据与现行沙尘天气业务标准存在很大差异,需要新的分级标准.在现有数据条件下,初步确定了器测能见度、PM10的沙尘天气分级标准;讨论了沙尘暴形成的定量条件和机制,以沙尘综合指数、摩擦速度等为预报因子建立了器测能见度、PM10的沙尘暴定量预报方程.该预报方法在2008年的业务试用中预报效果较好.     

Model 6000型前向散射能见度仪性能评估及数据订正

介绍了器测能见度测量仪器的分类与测量原理。通过对目前珠江三角洲布网观测的前向散射式能见度仪的原始信号进行分析,探讨影响能见度测量性能的主要因素。结果显示:发射能量与气温呈反相关,在数据处理中可以通过归一化处理去掉其影响;背景噪声的波动具有明显的日变化,主要受光辐射的影响,安装能见度仪时应注意方向和位置,尽量减少背景噪声,提高仪器信噪比。通过能见度仪测值和人工观测值的比较分析表明:两者的变化趋势基本一致;在能见度小于15 km时,量值比较吻合;在能见度大于15 km时,器测值明显大于人工观测值;利用统计方法对器测值作数据订正,能有效减少高能见度的测量误差。利用激光雷达反演能见度,将其反演值与能见度仪测值进行比较,表明两种探测方法具有较高的相关性。     

PM10在沙尘天气观测分级中的应用

文章利用内蒙古自治区额济纳旗、乌中旗（海流图）、东胜、锡林浩特、朱日和、通辽6站2004-2006年3—5月及2007年3、4月地面气象常规沙尘观测记录,以及与其相对应的PM10自动监测仪逐日5min资料和器测能见度观测的额济纳旗、朱日和、乌中旗、锡林浩特4站对应浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴日逐日5min一次的能见度数据（世界时）,分析了PM10与水平能见度之间的关系;统计分析了沙尘天气发生时PM10的浓度分布特征;得出了利用PM10进行扬沙、沙尘暴天气观测分级的界限。     

浅谈目测项目内在质量的提高

地面气象观测要素中的目测项目包括云、能见度和天气现象等。目测项目,目前还不能用仪器作定量观测,只能根据一般的特征和标准由观测者进行估计和判断,由于观测者的经验和技术水平的不同,主观误差很大,而且这些项目出现疑误时,也不象器测项目那样较易判断和处理,因而目测项目内在质量的提高就显得更为重要和迫切。从目前情况看,目测项目的观测记录中出现的主要问题有以下几个方面:(一)     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地两种能见度仪测量结果的对比分析

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站的两种前向散射能见度仪(CJY-1C和FD12)2009年6月14日—8月5日的探测数据和人工目测数据对各种天气下的能见度变化进行了对比分析。结果表明,FD12和CJY-1C型能见度仪数据有很好的一致性。在能见度较低时,FD12型能见度数据与平均值偏离程度最小,测量更加稳定。FD12型能见度仪数据更接近于目测能见度数据。对于两种能见度仪,两者在扬沙天气的相关性最好,浮尘天气下的相关性较好,沙尘暴天气次之,典型晴天下的相关性最小,可在监测浮尘和扬沙天气时互相替代使用。     

2006年夏季塔中一次沙尘暴发生期问近地层气象特征个例分析

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站的两种前向散射能见度仪(CJY-1C和FD12)2009年6月14日-8月5日的探测数据和人工目测数据对各种天气下的能见度变化进行了对比分析.结果表明,FD12和CJY-1C型能见度仪数据有很好的一致性.在能见度较低时,FD12型能见度数据与平均值偏离程度最小,测量更加稳定.FD12型能见度仪数据更接近于目测能见度数据.对于两种能见度仪,两者在扬沙天气的相关性最好,浮尘天气下的相关性较好,沙尘暴天气次之,典型晴天下的相关性最小,可在监测浮尘和扬沙天气时互相替代使用.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences