大同市玉米水分供求矛盾分析研究

分析研究了大同市主要粮食作物玉米产量与降水量的关系，玉米各生育阶段的耗水量指标，并用降水-耗水量差表征玉米生育期的水分盈亏量，探讨其水分供求矛盾，为合理灌溉、提高玉米产量提供科学依据。     

春玉米灌溉量的确定方法及抗旱对策

根据试验资料，建立春玉米耗水量的数学模式，计算不同生育阶段的耗水量。在此基础上，借助农田水分平衡议程，设计出计算春玉米不同生育阶段灌溉量的动态变化议程，综合考虑未来天气趋势和土壤性质的作用，判断未来旱象的发生发展，科学地决策抗旱措施。     

山东省夏玉米优化灌溉模式的研究

在三年全方位控制水分试验的基础上，获取了夏玉米最优耗水量，以此为准，权衡山东省各地不同水文年型下的有效雨量，划分出三个类区，进而确立了不同类区的优化灌溉模式。     

棉花耗水规律和灌溉随机控制

根据5年田间试验资料,分析了棉花产量与耗水量的抛物线关系,确定了棉花最佳耗水量;根据棉花植株在不同土壤湿度情况下气孔阻力、蒸腾强度和蕾铃脱落率的变化,确定了不同生育阶段的适宜水分指标和干旱指标。在此基础上,研制了棉花灌溉随机控制模型,可以动态预报棉田土壤有效水分含量和实际蒸散量,并从经济效益和水分利用效率的角度提出优化灌溉决策。     

冷凉气候区水稻高产的一种地温调控技术

通过分析敦化市历所水稻产量和６￣９月５ｃｍ平均地温的关系,提出水稻高产的地温指标。根据不同年份和水稻的不同发育阶段采取不同的灌溉措施,通过调控５ｃｍ地温使之达到的要求,通过１９８６￣１９９０年的试验,水稻均获得了高产,提供了冷凉气候区水稻高产稳产的一种调控技术。     

冬小麦干旱综全防御技术应用研究

应用足墒深耕、适时播种、西方施肥、指标灌溉、喷抗旱剂等多项小麦抗旱管理措施,使麦田浇水次数减少１～２水,耗水量平均减少２０．４ｍｍ,决量提高１４．８％,水分利用效率提高２０．６％,经济效益提高１８．０％。实践证明,这是一套简便易行,具有巨大经济效益的干旱综合防御技术。     

冬小麦干旱综合防御技术应用研究

应用足墒深耕、适时播种、配方施肥、指标灌溉、喷抗旱剂等多项小麦抗旱管理措施 ,使麦田浇水次数减少 1～ 2水 ,耗水量平均减少 2 0 4mm ,产量提高 1 4 8% ,水分利用效率提高 2 0 6% ,经济效益提高 1 8 0 %。实践证明 ,这是一套简便易行 ,具有巨大经济效益的干旱综合防御技术。     

论持续农业与水资源利用

水资源紧张是我国面临的严重问题，河南更甚。由于地下水的超量开采，地下水位逐年下降，水资源失衡总是日趋严重。如此发展下去，必将危及农业和整个国民经济的持续发展。缓解这种紧张局的根本途径是在提高全民节水意识的基础上，发展节水农业，即在有灌溉条件的地方实行节水灌溉，提高水分利用效率，重点改进田间灌溉设施配套技术和实行优化灌溉，辅之推行各种有效的农业节水措施。在水资源短缺和没有灌溉条件的地方，要发展旱地农     

水稻节水栽培效益和节水灌溉技术

1922~1994年在潢川县进行了水稻节水栽培试验,结果表明,节水栽培不仅节水、省电,而且可改善水稻生长形态,增强根系活力,减少病虫害,提高产量。节水灌溉技术包括浅、湿、晒灌溉,湿润灌溉,间隔灌溉和无水层灌溉。     

内蒙古半干旱地区农田优化灌溉软件的应用与介绍

该系统适合地处干旱和半干旱的农业区。可以根据使用站点不同的特点,灵活选择产区和主要农作物。依照作物生长模式可以计算生长过程中的农作物根深、土壤有效相对含水量、叶面积指数,并根据农作物不同发育期灌溉指标计算出符合实际的灌溉日期和灌溉水量,对安排田间作物合理灌溉有较大帮助。     

灌水量和气温对玉米生物耗水及产量的影响

为了掌握玉米适宜灌水量,以石羊河流域武威荒漠生态和农业气象试验站为试验地点,按照常规灌水方式设计玉米全生育期灌水量3 750 m3·hm-2、4 500 m3·hm-2、5 250 m3·hm-2、6 000 m3·hm-24种处理,并按1∶1.5∶1∶1比例分4次灌溉,采用水量平衡法计算玉米不同生育阶段的耗水量,分析研究不同灌水处理对玉米产量的影响。结果表明:在相同气候年景下,不同灌水条件对玉米发育期影响不明显;在玉米生物耗水过程中,气温升高耗水量增加,气温升高1℃,耗水量增加124mm;玉米全生育期耗水量呈抛物线变化,峰值出现在拔节至抽雄期间,此期间也正是耗水量影响玉米产量最敏感的时期,期间耗水量每增加1 mm,玉米产量增加0.33 kg·hm-2;不同灌水处理情景下,水分利用率以灌水量为5 250 m3·hm-2最高,可达34.7 kg·hm-2·mm-1,故该灌水量可视为当地适宜灌水量。     

Climate change, sea level rise and rice: global market implications

Climate change will influence yields while sea level rise can inundate producing lands. The research reported investigates the individual and simultaneous effects of these factors on production, trade and consumption of rice the world’s number one food crop. A global rice trade model is utilized to do this. The results indicate that the combination of yield and sea level effects causes a significant reduction in production and an increase in rice prices which may have important policy implications for food security. Global rice production is reduced by 1.60% to 2.73% while global rice price increases by 7.14% to 12.77%. Sea level rise is particularly a risk factor in Bangladesh, Japan, Taiwan, Egypt, Myanmar and Vietnam. In the face of such developments, adaptation may well be desirable and thus an investigation is done over adaptation options of increased technical progress or trade liberalization with the results showing that both can mitigate such damages.     

An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on rice farmers and markets in Bangladesh

Bangladesh, the sixth largest rice producer in the world, has been identified as high risk from the effects of climate change. Many of the adverse impacts of climate change such as land inundation and changes in weather patterns and CO₂ levels will impact the agricultural sector. This study develops a partial-equilibrium multi-regional farm household model of Bangladesh rice and non-rice agricultural markets to quantify the impacts of climate change on consumption, production, prices, and farmers’ welfare. The model is calibrated to the Bangladesh rice market using Household Income and Expenditure Survey data. The model is simulated to analyze the impact of land reduction and productivity decline resulting from climate change. The results show that the decline in production in the coastal and northern regions offsets the production increase in the central and eastern regions, and the simulation predicts that total rice production for Bangladesh falls by about 2%. As total rice consumption falls and imports rise, the net effect leads to a rise in the rice price by 5.71% and a decline in farmers’ welfare. Sensitivity analysis shows that more- (less-) effective abatement technology could play a key role in mitigating (exacerbating) the price and welfare effects. The model predicts that many farmers in regions directly impacted by climate change could leave farming in search of off-farm work. Thus, the government can ease this transition by promoting urban development to provide more job options and technical training for farmers.     

干旱地区春小麦耗水量和节水措施的探讨

本文研究了春小麦耗水量与产量的关系及其耗水规律，分析了土壤湿度、耗水量对春小麦生长发育的影响。结果表明：拔节至抽穗是春小麦的水分临界期，抽穗至成熟期耗水量最多，耗水模系数最大；产量与耗水量呈二次曲线关系，适宜土壤水分下限为：出苗至拔节期为田间持水量的70％-75％，拔节至抽穗期为60％-65％、抽穗至灌浆初期为55％-60％．灌浆初期至成熟期为50％-55％，本文还对春小麦覆盖地膜的节水增产原因及效果进行了探讨，提出了黑河流域春小麦节水增产的技术措施及进一步研究的意见。     

Spatial modelling of rice yield losses in Tanzania due to bacterial leaf blight and leaf blast in a changing climate

Rice is the most rapidly growing staple food in Africa and although rice production is steadily increasing, the consumption is still out-pacing the production. In Tanzania, two important diseases in rice production are leaf blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae and bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The objective of this study was to quantify rice yield losses due to these two important diseases under a changing climate. We found that bacterial leaf blight is predicted to increase causing greater losses than leaf blast in the future, with losses due to leaf blast declining. The results of this study indicate that the effects of climate change on plant disease can not only be expected to be uneven across diseases but also across geographies, as in some geographic areas losses increase but decrease in others for the same disease.     

二次规划在调水决策和水分配问题中的应用

首先用二次函数建立了企业用水量与其用水效益的关系,然后根据这种关系,利用拉格朗日乘数法来确定该地区最优化水资源分配方案,并得到了该地区总的用水量与用水效益的关系,最终建立了区域调水中各地区间的调水总量的分配模型。此时原问题转化为一个典型的二次规划问题,结合各个地区的用水效益情况,可实现对各地区、各行业分水。利用假设的理想数据对模型进行检验,取得了较好的结果。对南水北调的实际情况,根据北方6个缺水地区基本的水资源及工农业用水情况进行了实际数据模拟,提出了南水北调的简单分配方案。该模型不仅可以用于区域间调水的优化控制,而且还可应用到其他水资源分配与管理。     

水稻干旱动态模拟及干旱损失评估

根据农田水分平衡原理, 结合水稻生育特点建立了稻田水分平衡方程; 以广东省早、晚稻大田生育期为例, 模拟各个生育阶段稻田水分逐日动态变化, 得出生育期缺水状况, 并分别就自然环境和灌溉条件下的水稻受旱损失进行了客观定量评估。首次根据试验资料就水稻作物的缺水敏感系数进行研究计算, 得出了十分有意义的结果。     

Impact of climate change on irrigation water demand of dry season Boro rice in northwest Bangladesh

Climate change will affect irrigation water demand of rice via changes in rice physiology and phenology, soil water balances, evapotranspiration and effective precipitation. As agriculture is the main sector of water use in Bangladesh, estimation of the agricultural water demand in the changing environment is essential for long-term water resources development and planning. In the present paper, a study has been carried out to estimate the change of irrigation water demand in dry-season Boro rice field in northwest Bangladesh in the context of global climate change. The study shows that there will be no appreciable changes in total irrigation water requirement due to climate change. However, there will be an increase in daily use of water for irrigation. As groundwater is the main source of irrigation in northwest Bangladesh, higher daily pumping rate in dry season may aggravate the situation of groundwater scarcity in the region.     

A global comparison of carbon-water-food nexus based on dietary consumption

Exploring the environmental impact of dietary consumption has become increasingly important to understand the carbon-water-food nexus, vital to achieving UN sustainable development goals. However, the research on diet-based nexus assessment is still lacking. Here, we developed an Environmentally Extended Multi-Regional Input-Output (EE-MRIO) model with compiling a global MRIO table based on the latest Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) 10 database, where we specifically constructed a water withdrawal account and matched it to each economy at the sectoral level. The regional heterogeneity and synergy of carbon-water nexus affected by dietary patterns in nine countries was explored. The results show that: (1) Dietary consumption is the main use of water withdrawal for each country; Japan, the US, South Korea, and India have a high per capita dietary water footprint. Mainly due to consumption of processed rice, Japan has the highest per capita value of 488 M³/year, accounting for 63.4% of the total water footprint. (2) The total dietary carbon footprints in China, India, and the US are high, which is mainly caused by the high consumption of animal products (including dairy) either due to the large population (China, India) or animal-based diet (the US). Americans have the highest per capita dietary carbon footprint, reaching 755.4 kg/year, 2.76 times that of the global average. (3) Generally, imported/foreign footprints account for a greater share in dietary water and carbon footprints of developed countries with an animal-based diet. (4) In the nexus analysis, the US, Japan, and South Korea are key-nexus countries, vegetables, fruit and nuts, tobacco and beverages, and other food products are selected as key-nexus sectors with relatively high dietary water and carbon footprint. Furthermore, dietary consumption choices lead to different environmental impacts. It is particularly important to find a sustainable dietary route adapted to each country considering that heterogeneity and synergism exist in key-nexus sectors to achieve the relevant Sustainable Development Goals.