Difference in the Interdecadal Variability of Spring and Summer Sensible Heat Flux over Northwest China

The present study investigates the difference in interdecadal variability of the spring and summer sensible heat fluxes over Northwest China by using station observations from 1960 to 2000. It was found that the spring sensible heat flux over Northwest China was greater during the period from the late 1970s to the 1990s than during the period from the 1960s to the mid-1970s. The summer sensible heat flux was smaller in the late 1980s through the 1990s than it was in the 1970s through the early 1980s. Both the spring and summer land-air temperature differences over Northwest China displayed an obvious interdecadal increase in the late 1970s. Both the spring and summer surface wind speeds experienced an obvious interdecadal weakening in the late 1970s. The change in the surface wind speed played a more important role in the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux during the summer, whereas the change in the land-air temperature difference was more important for the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux in the spring. This difference was related to seasonal changes in the mean land-air temperature difference and the surface wind speed. Further analysis indicated that the increase in the spring land surface temperature in Northwest China was related to an increase in surface net radiation.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF 10-DAY MEAN SURFACE SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX VARIATIONS IN THE SCS MONSOON REGION AND POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS WITH THE SCS SUMMER MONSOON ONSET

The time and space variations of the ten-day mean surface sensible heat flux have beenanalyzed in this paper based on the data of NCEP/NCAR from January of 1979 to December of1995 in the South China Sea(SCS)monsoon region.It is found that large variations of the surfacesensible heat flux standard deviations exist in the northwestern Indochina Peninsula and the IndianPeninsula regions,and their locations and strength change significantly during the onset period ofSCS monsoon.The negative deviations appear evidently earlier in the Indocbina Peninsula than inthe Indian Peninsula but the deviation strength in the Indian Peninsula is stronger than that in theIndochina Peninsula.The appearance of the zonal negative mean deviations in the southern part ofthe Indochina Peninsula corresponds to the date of the SCS summer monsoon onset,while theoccurrence of the deviation decrease corresponds to the date of the South Asian monsoon onset.The sensible heat flux increases dekad by dekad before the onset of the summer monsoon in theIndian Peninsula and the Indochina Peninsula and decreases after the monsoon onset.Therefore,the surface sensible heat flux changes in the Indochina and the Indian Peninsula regions maybe havesome connections with the SCS monsoon onset and the Indian monsoon onset,and the IndochinaPeninsula maybe becomes the sensitive or key region to the SCS monsoon onset and the land maybeplays an important role in triggering summer monsoon onset.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF 10-DAY MEAN SURFACE SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX VARIATIONS IN THE SCS MONSOON REGION AND POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS WITH THE SCS SUMMER MONSOON ONSET*

The time and space variations of the ten-day mean surface sensible heat flux have been analyzed in this paper based on the data of NCEP/NCAR from January of 1979 to December of 1995 in the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon region.It is found that large variations of the surface sensible heat flux standard deviations exist in the northwestern Indochina Peninsula and the Indian Peninsula regions,and their locations and strength change significantly during the onset period of SCS monsoon.The negative deviations appear evidently earlier in the Indocbina Peninsula than in the Indian Peninsula but the deviation strength in the Indian Peninsula is stronger than that in the Indochina Peninsula.The appearance of the zonal negative mean deviations in the southern part of the Indochina Peninsula corresponds to the date of the SCS summer monsoon onset,while the occurrence of the deviation decrease corresponds to the date of the South Asian monsoon onset.The sensible heat flux increases dekad by dekad before the onset of the summer monsoon in the Indian Peninsula and the Indochina Peninsula and decreases after the monsoon onset.Therefore,the surface sensible heat flux changes in the Indochina and the Indian Peninsula regions maybe have some connections with the SCS monsoon onset and the Indian monsoon onset,and the Indochina Peninsula maybe becomes the sensitive or key region to the SCS monsoon onset and the land maybe plays an important role in triggering summer monsoon onset.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF 10-DAY MEAN SURFACE LATENT HEAT FLUX VARIATIONS IN THE SCS MONSOON REGION AND POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS WITH THE SCS SUMMER MONSOON ONSET*

The temporal and spatial variations of the ten-day mean surface latent heat flux (TMLH) have been analyzed in this paper based on the data of NCEP from January of 1979 to December of 1995 in the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon region.It is found that there exist maximum centers of TMLH standard deviation in the northwest Indochina and the Indian Peninsula as well as the western Pacific,SCS,the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal,and their locations and strengths change significantly during the period of SCS monsoon onset.A positive zonal deviation of TMLH occurs first in the Indochina Peninsula,apparently earlier than that in the Indian Peninsula.The appearance of maximum positive zonal deviations of TMLH approximately coincides with the summer monsoon onset.Over the Indochina and Indian Peninsulas,the TMLH increases gradually with a small amplitude of variation before the onset of summer monsoon,and the rate of increase is significantly enhanced after the onset of the monsoon; whereas over the ocean,TMLH decreases before the monsoon onset,varies little during the period of monsoon and increases gradually after the ending of monsoon.Therefore,it seems that the surface latent heat flux plays an important role in the maintenance of the summer monsoon,and its variation is an phenomenon accompanying the onset of summer monsoon.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF 10-DAY MEAN SURFACE LATENT HEAT FLUX VARIATIONS IN THE SCS MONSOON REGION AND POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS WITH THE SCS SUMMER MONSOON ONSET

The temporal and spatial variations of the ten-day mean surface latent heat flux (TMLH) havebeen analyzed in this paper based on the data of NCEP from January of 1979 to December of 1995in the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon region. It is found that there exist maximum centers ofTMLH standard deviation in the northwest Indochina and the Indian Peninsula as well as thewestern Pacific, SCS, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal, and their locations and strengthschange significantly during the period of SCS monsoon onset. A positive zonal deviation of TMLHoccurs first in the Indochina Peninsula, apparently earlier than that in the Indian Peninsula. Theappearance of maximum positive zonal deviations of TMLH approximately coincides with thesummer monsoon onset. Over the Indochina and Indian Peninsulas, the TMLH increases graduallywith a small amplitude of variation before the onset of summer monsoon, and the rate of increase issignificantly enhanced after the onset of the monsoon; whereas over the ocean, TMLH decreasesbefore the monsoon onset, varies little during the period of monsoon and increases gradually afterthe ending of monsoon. Therefore, it seems that the surface latent heat flux plays an importantrole in the maintenance of the summer monsoon, and its variation is an phenomenon accompanyingthe onset of summer monsoon.     

Effects of the Indo-China Peninsula Heat Fluxes on the 1998 South China Sea Summer Monsoon

1. IntroductionBecause the South China Sea (SCS) is one of theregions where the Asian summer monsoon onset oc-curs earliest, the SCS summer monsoon (SCSSM) hasalways been a research focus, especially in recent yearswith the implementation of the SCS Monsoon Exper-iment (SCSMEX) (e.g., Tao and Chen, 1987; Changand Chen, 1995; Lau et al., 2000; Ding and Li, 1999;Ding and Liu, 2001; Li and Wu, 2000; Xie et al., 1998;Zhang et al., 2004). Climatologically, the SCSSM on-set is a rem…     

BASIC CLIMATOLOGICAL FEATURES OF AIR-SEA HEAT EXCHANGES IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA (SCS) REGION AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH THE SCS MONSOONS

By using the NCEP reanalysis data set in 1979-1995, the fluxes of the latent heat, thesensible heat and the net long-wave radiation in the South China Sea (SCS) are expanded by meansof EOF in order to discuss the basic climatological features in the SCS. The detailed analysis showsthat the air-sea heat exchanges in different SCS regions have different seasonal variations. Themiddle and the north of the SCS are the high value regions of the air-sea heat exchanges during thewinter and the summer monsoon periods, respectively, the seasonal variations of air-sea heatexchanges in the south of the SCS are small. In addition, the proportions of different componentsin the total air-sea heat exchanges have different seasonal variations in different regions. Theresults show that the SCS monsoon and the air-sea heat exchanges in the SCS region are theaccompaniments of each other, the great difference of the sensible heat flux between the IndochinaPeninsula and the SCS before the SCS summer monsoon onset may be one of the triggers of thelatter. There maintains a high value center of the sensible heat flux before the 13th dekad, itsdisappearing time consists with that of the summer monsoon onset. It means that as far as the SCSlocal conditions are concerned, the northwest of the Indochina Peninsula is probably a sensitiveregion to the SCS summer monsoon onset and the land may play a leading role in the SCS summermonsoon onset.     

An Assessment of the Quality of Surface Sensible Heat Flux Derived from Reanalysis Data through Comparison with Station Observations in Northwest China

The present study compares seasonal and interdecadal variations in surface sensible heat flux over Northwest China between station observations and ERA-40 and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data for the period 1960-2000.While the seasonal variation in sensible heat flux is found to be consistent between station observations and the two reanalysis datasets,both land-air temperatures difference and surface wind speed show remarkable systematic differences.The sensible heat flux displays obvious interdecadal variability that is season-dependent.In the ERA-40 data,the sensible heat flux in spring,fall,and winter shows interdecadal variations that are similar to observations.In the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data,sensible heat flux variations are inconsistent with and sometimes even opposite to observations.While surface wind speeds from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data show interdecadal changes consistent with station observations,variations in land-air temperature difference differ greatly from the observed dataset.In terms of land-air temperature difference and surface wind speed,almost no consistency with observations can be identified in the ERA-40 data,apart from the land-air temperature difference in fall and winter.These inconsistencies pose a major obstacle to the application in climate studies of surface sensible heat flux derived from reanalysis data.     

欧亚大陆干旱半干旱区感热通量的时空变化特征

利用1958—2002年ERA-40再分析感热通量资料进行EOF分析,结果显示,无论春季还是夏季,欧亚大陆干旱半干旱区感热通量都有3个主模态。第1模态都表示空间分布的一致性,20世纪70年代中后期开始,欧亚大陆干旱半干旱区春季感热通量明显增强,而夏季却明显减弱。第2、3模态表示了空间分布的不一致性,且存在年际、年代际变化特征。小波分析结果表明,欧亚大陆春、夏季感热通量存在明显的年际、年代际变化特征,且年代际变化信号强于年际变化信号。     

东海黑潮区潜热变化对中国春季降水的影响及其影响过程

本文利用美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、哈德来(Hadley)中心海温数据、国家气候中心的观测站降水和客观分析海气通量(OAFlux)潜热感热通量资料,研究了1960~2010年春季黑潮区潜热输送对中国春季降水的影响及其影响过程。本文以黑潮流经的中国东部海域及邻近海域为研究对象,该区域是黑潮的主体区域,在文中简称为东海黑潮区。对中国东海以及邻近海域海温与降水的分析表明,在夏季该区域可能以大气强迫海洋为主,而在春冬两季可能主要为海洋强迫大气为主,秋季则可能为不明显的海气相互作用。在春季西北太平洋区域中感热和潜热都对黑潮流经的区域有比较好的敏感性,黑潮流经区域感热和潜热的气候平均值分别约为30 W m-2与120 W m-2;春季的感热通量标准差大值区主要集中在日本以西区域,潜热通量标准差主要集中在中国东海区域与日本东南区域(即东海黑潮区域)。春季潜热EOF第一模态的主要变化就集中在东海黑潮流域。相关分析与合成分析的结果表明,当黑潮潜热指数为正时,华南地区春季降水偏多,长江以北地区偏少,反之亦然。在物理过程分析中,黑潮潜热指数大于0.8时,长江以南的中国大陆有比较强盛的异常北风,使得水汽无法输送到更北的地区,导致在华南地区水汽的积累,并且在海面出现有利于降水的垂直运动异常延伸到大陆上,使华南地区降水增多,而长江以北的东部地区由于水汽输送偏弱,导致水汽积累偏少,从而降水减少。当黑潮指数小于-0.8时,有较强盛的异常南风,有利于水汽输送到北方地区,水汽在华北地区积累,导致长江以北出现降水正异常,而华南地区由于南风偏强,水汽输送加强,导致水汽无法在此区域积累,并且出现不利于降水的垂直运动异常,从而导致降水偏少。     

Interdecadal Variations of the Western Pacific Subtropical High and Surface Heat Flux over East Asia and Their Relationship

The interdecadal variation of intensity of the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH) during the period 1951-2001 is studied by using data from the National Climate Center(NCC),China Meteorological Administration.The characteristics of the circulations at 500 hPa and the surface heat flux over East Asia are also analyzed based on the NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data.The results reveal that the WPSH and the circulations exhibit interdecadal variations around 1978,with enhancing intensities.The interseasonal persistence of the WPSH intensity alters correspondingly to some extent,which is more significant during 1978-2001 than during 1951-1978.The surface heat flux over East Asia also displays a remarkable interdecadal variation,which leads that of the WPSH intensity.The key variation areas of the surface sensible heat flux(SSHF) are mainly located over the eastern and western Tibetan Plateau around the late 1960s.However,the difference of the SSHF between the eastern and western Plateau exhibits a change in the mid 1970s,close to the time of the abrupt climate change of the WPSH intensity.The SSHF of the Plateau stably increases in the west and decreases in the east before the mid-late 1960s,while it stably increases in the east and decreases in the west after the mid-1970s.On the other hand,the key variation area of the surface latent heat flux(SLHF) is mainly situated over the West Pacific(WP),where the SLHF anomaly in spring changes from positive to negative in the south before 1978,but from negative to positive in the north after 1978;while in summer it turns from positive to negative all over the WP after 1978.The interdecadal variation of SLHF in both spring and summer corresponds well to the interdecadal variation of the WPSH intensity in the same season.The notable correlation between the WPSH intensity and SSHF(or SLHF) maintains without any change although each of these qnantities varies on the interdecadal scale.     

中国东部春季极端降水与同期欧亚大陆地表感热的可能联系

利用1960~2010年ERA-20C再分析资料和中国东部站点降水观测资料,探讨了我国东部春季极端降水与欧亚大陆地表感热通量的联系和可能影响途径。结果发现,当春季欧亚大陆中纬度巴尔喀什湖以西及贝加尔湖以南区域地表感热通量偏弱（强）,我国东部沿海地区地表感热通量偏强（弱）时,我国东部春季极端降水呈现南少（多）北多（少）的反相分布特征。当春季欧亚大陆中纬度关键区地表感热偏弱,低纬度关键区地表感热通量偏强时,春季副热带西风急流偏弱、位置偏北,我国东部北方地区大气斜压不稳定和对流不稳定偏强,北方地区极端降水偏强,而南方地区大气斜压不稳定和对流不稳定偏弱,南方地区极端降水偏弱。当春季欧亚大陆中纬度关键区地表感热偏强,低纬度关键区地表感热通量偏弱,我国东部极端降水的情况大致相反。     

南疆夏季降水异常的环流和青藏高原地表潜热通量特征分析

利用1980—2004年NCEP/DOE新再分析月平均资料及我国225个测站1980—2004年月降水量资料,通过诊断分析,研究了南疆夏季降水异常的环流和高原地表潜热通量特征。结果表明:南疆夏季降水偏少年,南亚高压西部偏强,西风急流位置偏北,500 hPa中高纬环流经向度减弱,伊朗高压偏北、偏东,西太平洋副热带高压偏西、偏南;降水偏多年则相反。南疆夏季降水偏少年,高原北部和南疆地区为下沉的垂直环流距平,Ferrell环流增强;降水偏多年则相反。南疆夏季降水偏少年和偏多年的前期冬春季开始孟加拉湾、青藏高原和南疆地区地表潜热通量具有相反的变化,南疆夏季降水与高原北部地表潜热通量呈显著正相关,与南部地表潜热通量呈反相关关系。     

2004年南海夏季风的爆发及中南半岛陆面-过程的可能影响Ⅱ： 数值试验

在对南海夏季风的爆发及中南半岛陆面过程的可能影响进行了诊断分析的基础上,应用MM5/NOAHLSM模式,研究了中南半岛陆气相互作用对2004年南海夏季风爆发过程的可能影响。结果发现:在南海夏季风爆发前,中南半岛南海地区低层气温差确实出现低值,甚至负值;尽管短期内中南半岛土壤湿度和降水的变化没有引起季风爆发日期的改变,但对季风爆发的强度有影响。土壤湿度和降水变化引起的干异常可导致地表感热通量的增大和地表温度的升高,致使中南半岛与南海之间低层的温差异常(负温差)减小,季风爆发强度减弱;不同的是,湿异常可引起季风爆发强度增强。这一结果说明,在南海夏季风爆发前期,中南半岛上空对流活动和降水异常及其引起的土壤湿度的异常变化在一定程度上会影响到季风爆发的过程。文章还比较了不同温湿地表条件下低层大气状态的差异和地表能量、水分平衡过程的不同,分析了陆气相互作用对季风活动产生影响的物理机制。     

半干旱区不同下垫面近地层湍流通量特征分析

本文分析了2003～2005年半干旱区退化草地和农田下垫面近地层湍流通量日、季、年的变化特征, 探讨了不同年份的气候背景和下垫面土地覆被对地气交换过程的影响。结果表明: 半干旱区退化草地和农田近地层湍流通量具有明显的日变化、季变化周期; 地气间通量交换年际间的差异主要受当年的气候背景影响, 尤其是降水的影响; 同时还受到下垫面覆被的影响。潜热通量和感热通量的能量分配比率呈反位相变化, 且农田和退化草地的变化趋势相似, 在夏季潜热通量所占比例均超过感热通量; 两种下垫面的波恩比月均值变化趋势十分相似, 量级接近, 夏季低, 春、秋季高; 夏季退化草地和农田下垫面波恩比均小于或等于1。     

西北地区绿化对该区及东亚,南亚区域气候影响的数值模拟

西北地区干旱化是我国气候灾害和全球变化的主要问题之一,本文利用ＧＣＭ－ＳＳｉＢ模式,通过一次敏感性试验,发现西北地区绿化后使东亚,南亚年平均地表温度升高,海平面气压下降,我国及中南半岛地区降水增多和印度降水减少,升温及降压中心位于绿化区,降水增加中心在我国长江中,下游及中南半岛,绿化后西北地面热源增强明显,并通过环流影响使东亚,南亚地区冬季减弱,夏季风增强,西北地表热源增加主要由地表热增加引起,扫     

中国西北干旱、 半干旱区感热的年代际变化特征及其与中国夏季降水的关系

利用1951～2000年我国西北干旱、 半干旱区地温、 气温和表面风场逐日4个时次 (02、 08、 14和20时) 的台站观测资料, 计算并分析了我国西北干旱、 半干旱区春、 夏季感热的年代际变化特征。分析结果表明: 中国西北干旱、 半干旱区春、 夏季感热输送出现相反的年代际变化特征, 春季感热从20世纪70年代中期开始增强, 而夏季感热却减弱了。并且还分析了中国西北干旱、 半干旱区4月感热与中国夏季降水的相关关系, 其结果表明了中国西北干旱、 半干旱区的春季感热输送与中国夏季降水有很好的相关关系, 其中正相关区分别位于东北地区和长江中下游地区, 而负相关区分别位于华北地区和西南地区。作者还利用欧洲中心 (ECMWF) 1958～2000年再分析资料分析水平和垂直环流的年代际变化特征, 在1977～2000年期间, 中国西北地区春季感热增强, 使此地区上升气流增强, 华北地区上空下沉气流增强, 不利于华北地区夏季降水偏多, 并出现持续性干旱, 而长江流域的上升气流增强有利于长江中下游地区夏季降水增多, 出现洪涝。因此, 西北地区春季感热异常可以作为我国夏季降水的一个预报因子。     

气溶胶影响亚洲夏季风机理的数值研究

利用NCEP/NCAR （National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research）2001-2010年再分析资料,检验了全球气候系统模式CESM中大气模块CAM （Community Atmosphere Model）对亚洲夏季风和大气热源的模拟能力。结果显示,模式可以再现亚洲夏季风和大气热源的主要特征。通过敏感试验探讨人为气溶胶影响亚洲夏季风的机理,分析、讨论了气溶胶引起的非均匀加热的变化对辐散风和无辐散风强度的影响,在机理上解释了亚洲夏季风减弱的原因。结果表明,人为气溶胶浓度的升高使东亚夏季风强度在中国东南地区、中南半岛北部和印度半岛北部减弱。而中国东南部季风的减弱促使中国内陆降水减少,沿海降水增多。进一步分析人为气溶胶浓度升高的作用发现,其改变了大气热源的分布,造成阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾和中国南海大气热源增强,中国东部地区和中南半岛大气热源减弱,其中气溶胶通过影响凝结潜热来改变大气热源,主要是对对流过程的影响。此外,大气热源分布的变化改变了季风区的热力结构,使中国东南地区、中南半岛北部的加热减弱,从而减少了全位能的产生,使得全位能向辐散风的转换减小,辐散风减弱;同时,中国东南部、中南半岛北部季风由于辐散风向无辐散风转换的减弱,无辐散风减弱,最终导致了夏季风强度的减弱。而且,人为气溶胶对亚洲夏季风的影响主要通过大气热力和动力过程的响应产生作用。     

海洋性大陆核心区域非绝热加热年代际变化及其与东亚夏季风变异的可能联系

海洋性大陆区域是太平洋和印度洋通过“大气桥”发生相互作用的区域,也是亚洲季风和澳洲季风相互作用的重要地区。利用1979—2012年的NCEP/NCAR、CMAP月平均资料和合成分析等方法,研究了海洋性大陆核心区域非绝热加热年代际变化规律及其与东亚夏季风的可能联系。海洋性大陆地区气候变动在95~145 °E,10 °S~10 °N区域尤为显著,记此区域为海洋性大陆核心区域（即KMC区域）。不考虑大气中潜热释放时,KMC区域的非绝热加热率在1979—2012年之间存在显著的年代际变化,加热作用由弱增强,在1980年代末期达到峰值后,即转为减弱阶段。对非绝热加热异常各分量的分析发现,在KMC区域,表面潜热和净大气长波辐射起主要作用。当非绝热加热负异常时,KMC区域的陆地降水偏多,海洋上降水偏少,赤道上存在气流辐合。在115~120 °E区间平均的经圈剖面上,气流在赤道地区上升、南海下沉、30 °N处上升,构成了异常的垂直环流圈。水汽从孟加拉湾、南海地区向中国东部输送,利于产生降水正异常。东亚剖面上的经圈环流在联系KMC区域非绝热加热和东亚夏季风异常的年代际变化中起重要作用。      

南亚夏季风爆发前后青藏高原地表热通量的长期变化特征分析

青藏高原作为世界第三极,其热力强迫作用不仅对亚洲季风系统的发展和维持十分重要,也会对大气环流场产生深远影响。利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的ERA-Interim中1979-2016年3-10月青藏高原及其周边地区的地表热通量月平均再分析资料,通过分析得出以下结论:3-5月青藏高原主体由感热占据,感热强度快速上升且呈西高东低的分布态势,潜热强度较小但随时间而增强。季风爆发后的6-8月,青藏高原感热强度减弱,潜热强度迅速增强且呈东高西低的分布特征。季风消退后的9-10月,感热与潜热强度相当,但感热呈现出西高东低的分布特征。过去38年,青藏高原地表感热总体呈现微弱下降趋势,潜热呈较弱上升趋势。青藏高原西部地区感热呈微弱下降趋势,潜热呈上升趋势。东部感热呈较为明显的下降趋势且近年来变化趋势增强,东部潜热通量则呈现较为明显的上升趋势,分析结论与近期全球变暖条件下青藏高原气候变暖变湿这一变化状况一致,通过对青藏高原地表热通量的变化分析为下一步运用第三次青藏高原大气科学试验所获资料分析青藏高原上空大气热源的变化以及地表加热场如何影响大气环流奠定基础。