基于中尺度模式MM5下的海洋蒸发波导预报研究

蒸发波导是发牛在海气边界层的一种异常折射现象,由于其分布范围广、发生概率大,被认为是对海上电子设备影响最为显著的波导类型,成为各国海军竞相研究的焦点.然而由于其形成机制复杂,且在近岸沿海地区由于海陆分布不均,以及海岸地形和海陆风等因素的作用,会造成蒸发波导的近岸效应,这种效应会影响蒸发波导高度诊断的准确率.目前国内外蒸发波导诊断模式有P-J模式、MGB模式、NPS模式、Babin模式等,但其基本原理都足依赖Monin-Obukhov相似理论,只是用于确定近地层通量和特征尺度的方法不同,且仅适用于定常和水平均匀的开阔海域,并没有考虑到蒸发波导的近岸效应.针对这一问题,文中在Babin模式的基础上引入张强、胡隐樵的通量廓线关系(非线性修正冈子αν)与阵性风速ωg,从而将蒸发波导诊断模式的适用范围扩展到近岸沿海地区和甚低风速条件下.此外在中尺度模式MM5的基础上,耦合改进的Babin模式,发展建立了一个海洋蒸发波导高度预报模式,并对预报模式进行数值模拟,利用2002年5月25-26日福建平潭岛的海上大气实测数据与雷达探测结果对预报模式输出结果进行了验证.验证结果表明:在0～48小时内模式输出值与实测值拟和较好且变化规律一致,预报蒸发波导高度平均误差为0.193;且蒸发波导高度预报结果与雷达实际探测结果一致.     

一次黑潮海洋锋强迫下的蒸发波导突变性与非均匀性的观测与模拟研究

蒸发波导是影响海上雷达系统探测性能的主导机制,海表温度（SST）锋带来的蒸发波导非均匀性和突变性具有重要的研究价值。2018年春季航次“海气相互作用观测试验”,曾两次穿越黑潮海域获取了珍贵的观测资料。在此基础上,结合欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）再分析资料（ERA-Interim）和HYSPLIT（Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectories）气块轨迹溯源,分离出两个重要的走航观测时段。S1段（持续约21 h）气流从暖海水区吹向冷海水区,以稳定层结为主,其间因黑潮海洋锋的存在,气流由黑潮主体的暖水区吹向大陆冷海区时,形成具有强逆温层的海洋边界层,并伴随海雾的生成,导致此处蒸发波导高度突降为0。此后为持续近66 h的S2段,气流由冷海水区吹向暖海水区,以近中性弱不稳定层结为主,蒸发波导高度基本维持在12 m高度。数值模拟结果表明,模拟时段内的黑潮海洋锋区,蒸发波导高度突变性和非均匀性始终存在,且伴随暖海水吹向冷海水的锋区突变性更强。黑潮海洋锋对蒸发波导的这种天气尺度强迫作用的加强与层结稳定度的突变和海雾的生成有关。      

4种蒸发波导模型的对比与分析

蒸发波导模型常用来计算海上蒸发波导高度。为了认识当前不同蒸发波导模型之间的差异和方法,本文选取了目前使用广泛的4种蒸发波导模型(即P-J模型、Babin模型、NPS模型和伪折射率模型)进行对比和分析。本文首先探讨了在理想情况下它们对气象要素的敏感性,随后并利用我国南海近海大气层观测试验数据对比了这4种模型的蒸发波导高度计算结果。分析表明:相对湿度、风速和气—海温差的变化对4种模型的计算都有着较大的影响,特别是在不稳定层结状况下,4种模型计算得到的蒸发波导高度都随着相对湿度的增大而降低、随着风速的增大而增高。Babin模型和NPS模型计算的波导高度较为一致,伪折射率模型与前两种模型的计算结果存在差异,而P-J模型与其他3种模型存在较明显的偏差。基于南海气象数据的计算结果表明,不同蒸发波导模型在该海域蒸发波导的模拟结果略有不同,但4种模型计算得到的波导高度日变化变化趋势较为一致,波导高度极低值常出现在早晨,而极高值常出现在傍晚。     

海浪和海洋飞沫对“珊珊”台风影响的数值研究

台风是剧烈的天气系统,在开放的海上强风激起大浪,改变了海表粗糙度,同时,海浪顶端的白泡沫破碎,在海-气界面处会出现大量的海洋飞沫。基于共享内存的进程间通信技术应用到区域大气和海浪模式的耦合中,大气模式引入了Fairall和Andreas两种海洋飞沫参数化方案,对2006年珊珊台风进行了模拟对比试验,结果表明:耦合模式通过海-气相互作用,对台风的强度产生影响,由于耦合模式在海表粗糙度的计算上考虑了海表状况,使得耦合模式模拟的台风强度更接近实况,而对台风的移动路径影响不大;耦合模式中海-气相互作用主要通过动力因素来对台风产生影响,海表状况影响了海表粗糙度,从而使台风的动量输送发生变化,具体的台风强度增强还是减弱主要取决于海表状况与实况的符合程度;海洋飞沫参数化主要通过热力场的改变来影响动力场,Fairall方案中潜热通量和感热通量得到很大程度的加强,使得台风的热力结构得以改变,台风强度明显加强,从而影响了动力场结构;Andreas方案由于其界面通量算法在高相对湿度条件下计算界面通量时得到的量值较小,虽然高风速条件下感热通量加大,但总的潜热通量、感热通量较Fairall方案为弱,因此,模拟的台风强度不强;海洋飞沫参...     

大气波导特征分析及其对电磁波传播的影响

文中在介绍大气折射的基本类型及其存在条件的基础上 ,阐述了三种类型的大气波导的形成机制 ,总结并分析了大气波导的几个主要特征 ,并用西北太平洋云辐射实验的实测资料和西沙海域的气象资料进行了验证 ,同时试验了蒸发波导高度对大气湿度、气海温差、水平风速变化的敏感性 .在分析大气波导对电磁波传播的影响时 ,推导了可形成波导传播的电磁波最大陷获波长和临界发射仰角 ,提出了电磁波形成波导传播的 4个必要条件 ,并讨论了大气波导对超短波传播、雷达探测、短波通信等方面的影响 .     

1998年季风试验期间南海蒸发波导特征分析

利用1998年南海季风试验期间“科学1号”和“实验3号”科考船每天四次的高分辨率探空数据,分析了南海季风爆发前后蒸发波导特征。结果表明:南海季风爆发后蒸发波导发生概率大于爆发前,且南海南部发生概率大于北部;南海蒸发波导具有明显的日变化特征,总体上呈现“低-高-低”的趋势,波导强度日变化比波导高度日变化剧烈;季风爆发前的波导强度和高度比爆发后的方差小,较稳定;季风期间南海南部的波导强度总体上比北部强,波导高度比北部低。这可能是西南季风的爆发改变了近海面大气边界层结构引起的。      

海洋温带气旋爆发性发展数值试验

利用 Ｐ Ｓ Ｕ／ Ｎ Ｃ Ａ Ｒ Ｍ Ｍ ４ 对５ 个西北太平洋温带气旋的爆发性发展进行了一系列数值模拟和敏感性试验,并对重要的物理过程进行了分析和诊断。采用相同物理过程及边界条件的控制试验成功地模拟出了主要的爆发性气旋加深率,为海洋爆发性气旋的业务数值预报提供了可能。敏感性试验获得了湿物理过程、能量频散、 Ｓ Ｓ Ｔ 和海面能通量、日本岛地形及初、边值条件等影响气旋加深率的定量认识,分析表明水的微物理过程,特别是网格尺度的水汽凝结、未饱和层的云滴和雨滴蒸发,是气旋爆发性发展中最重要的物理过程;在高空 ２００～３００ｈ Ｐａ 层的云滴蒸发效应可能是形成相应层气旋中心非绝热冷却峰值的主要原因;由内在热力动力学过程所决定的潜热释放比对流参数化任意规定的加热分布更接近实际并能产生更好的模拟结果;没有能量频散效应时可减小模拟加深的 ３０％ ;海面能通量在初始时刻比在爆发性发展时更重要,不计初始时海面能通量将影响模拟加深约 ２５％ ,而不计爆发性发展时的海面能通量,这种影响不及前者的一半;爆发性发展时的海面能通量呈不均匀分布并能诱导反锋面热力环流在局部抑制气旋的加深;大气模式对海气边界层能通量交换的变化和海洋增暖产生了显著的热力学响     

两次大气波导CINRAD/SA雷达超折射回波分析

利用石家庄CINRAD/SA型多普勒天气雷达资料,结合探空实况对2006年9月5日和2005年11月21日的CINRAD/SA雷达超折射回波、气象条件、及大气波导进行了对比,并对不同类型的大气波导的电磁波传播情况进行了分析。结果表明:电磁波在华北平原有利的气象条件下能够形成大气波导传播,大气波导层使得CINRAD/SA雷达杂波增加,产生超折射回波。大气波导影响超折射回波的强度和分布,2006年9月5日由于雷达站上空存在表面波导,形成了2层模式超折射回波;2005年11月21日雷达站上空存在抬升波导,形成了3层模式超折射回波。超折射回波目标的视在位置与实际位置存在偏差,特别是高度偏差较大。受太行山地形影响,超折射回波主要分布在东部平原地区。     

一种重要的海洋气象探测手段:HF海岸雷达

自从Crombie(1955)在新西兰对海面引起的高频无线电波散射情况进行开创性的观测研究以后,高频(HF)雷达作为一种海上气象和海洋参数的探测设备,现在无论在理论上还是技术上都已被认为是可行的了。近几年已有一些高频雷达投入业务使用。Heron(1983)指出,在目前用于海上物理现象研究     

海洋飞沫对热带气旋影响的数值试验

将最新版的Andreas海洋飞沫通量参数化方案与中尺度大气模式MM5V3耦合,对0514号热带气旋Nabi进行数值模拟,探讨海洋飞沫蒸发对热带气旋发展和演变的影响.模拟结果表明,考虑海洋飞沫的作用后,热带气旋范围内(气旋中心附近600 km左右范围内)的潜热和感热通量明显增强,尤其是潜热通量,最大值可提高35%～80%,潜热通量的大值区对应热带气旋眼墙处的最大风速区.无论是否考虑海洋飞沫作用,模式均能较好地模拟出热带气旋Nabi的移动路径,但考虑飞沫作用后,由于飞沫对海气界面通量交换的贡献,使得模拟热带气旋中心的最低海平面气压降低,最大风速增强,暖心结构更加明显.     

Ship-board measurements and estimations of air-sea fluxes in the western tropical pacific during TOGA COARE

Direct air-sea flux measurements were made on R/V Kexue #1 at 4 ° S, 156 ° E during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Coupled Ocean-Atmospheric Response Experiment (COARE) Intensive Observation Period (IOP). An array of six accelerometers was used to measure the motion of the anchored ship, and a sonic anemometer and Lyman-α hygrometer were used to measure the turbulent wind vector and specific humidity. The contamination of the turbulent wind components by ship motion was largely removed by an improvement of a procedure due to Shao based on the acceleration signals. The scheme of the wind correction for ship motion is briefly outlined. Results are presented from data for the best wind direction relative to the ship to minimize flow distortion effects. Both the time series and the power spectra of the sonic-measured wind components show swell-induced ship motion contamination, which is largely removed by the accelerometer correction scheme. There was less contamination in the longitudinal wind component than in the vertical and transverse components. The spectral characteristics of the surface-layer turbulence properties are compared with those from previous land and ocean results. Momentum and latent heat fluxes were calculated by eddy correlation and compared to those estimated by the inertial dissipation method and the TOGA COARE bulk formula. The estimations of wind stress determined by eddy correlation are smaller than those from the TOGA COARE bulk formula, especially for higher wind speeds, while those from the bulk formula and inertial dissipation technique are generally in agreement. The estimations of latent heat flux from the three different methods are in reasonable agreement. The effect of the correction for ship motion on latent heat fluxes is not as large as on momentum fluxes.     

A DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FLUXES AND METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS OVER TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC

Through the use of the hourly wind, air temperature and humidity, sea surface temperature data measured on board the observing vessel Moana Wave and buoy in the warm pool of western Pacific during the IOP of TOGA COARE, we compute the fluxes over sea surface and analyze the characteristics of the variation ofthe latent heat flux with sea surface temperature. During weak rather than strong wind periods a maximum valueof latent heat flux appears at some points of SST, which is caused mainly by the variations of wind, then by the humidity difference between air and sea and the transfer coefficient with SAT. Using correlation analysis. we also analyze the relationship between the fluxes and meteorological elements during weak wind periods. wester lywind burst periods, and convective disturbed periods etc. The main conclusions are that the latent heat flux ismainly determined by wind, sensible heat flux by the potential temperature difference between air and sea and the momentum flux by wind. The precipitation affects the sensible heat flux through the potential temperature difference and wind.     

EVALUATION OF CONVECTIVE-STRATIFORM RAINFALL SEPARATION SCHEMES BY PRECIPITATION AND CLOUD STATISTICS

In this study,two convective-stratiform rainfall partitioning schemes are evaluated using precipitation and cloud statistics for different rainfall types categorized by applying surface rainfall equation on grid-scale data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation.One scheme is based on surface rainfall intensity whereas the other is based on cloud content information.The model is largely forced by the large-scale vertical velocity derived from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment(TOGA COARE).The results reveal that over 40% of convective rainfall is associated with water vapor divergence,which primarily comes from the rainfall type with local atmospheric drying and water hydrometeor loss/convergence,caused by precipitation and evaporation of rain.More than 40% of stratiform rainfall is related to water vapor convergence,which largely comes from the rainfall type with local atmospheric moistening and hydrometeor loss/convergence attributable to water clouds through precipitation and the evaporation of rain and ice clouds through the conversion from ice hydrometeor to water hydrometeor.This implies that the separation methods based on surface rainfall and cloud content may not clearly separate convective and stratiform rainfall.     

热带西太平洋海面通量与气象要素关系的诊断分析

用ＴＯＧＡＣＯＡＲＥ加强期在赤道带西太平洋暖池中的观测船ＭｏａｎａＷａｖｅ和浮标获得的小时风、温、湿、海温资料计算了海面各种通量。分析潜热通量随海面温度ＳＳＴ的变化特征,发现小风期潜热通量ＬＨ在某ＳＳＴ处出现最大值,大风时不出现此现象,即ＬＨ随ＳＳＴ变化的主要原因是风随ＳＳＴ的变化,其次是气海湿度差Δｑ及传输系数ＣＥ随ＳＳＴ的变化。用相关分析法分析小风期、西风爆发期、对流扰动期等不同时期中各通量与各气象要素的关系发现,潜热通量和动量通量主要决定于风,对感热通量起作用的主要是气海温差,降水也可通过气海温差和风影响感热通量。     

Development and Validation of an Evaporation Duct Model.Part Ⅰ:Model Establishment and Sensitivity Experiments

Based on the Coupled Ocean-Atmospheric Response Experiment（COARE）bulk algorithm and the Naval Postgraduate School（NPS）model,a universal evaporation duct（UED）model that can flexibly accommodate the latest improvements in component（such as stability function,velocity roughness,and scalar roughness）schemes for different stratification and wind conditions,is proposed in this paper.With the UED model,the sensitivity of the model-derived evaporation duct height（EDH）to stability function（Ψ）,ocean wave effect under moderate to high wind speeds,and scalar roughness length parameterization,is investigated,and relative contributions of these factors are compared.The results show that the stability function is a key factor influencing the simulated EDH values.Under unstable conditions,the EDH values from stability functions of Fairall et al.（1996）and Hu and Zhang（1992）are generally higher than those from others;while under stable conditions,unreasonably high EDHs can be avoided by use of the stability functions of Hu and Zhang（1992）and Grachev et al.（2007）.Under moderate to high wind speeds,the increase in velocity roughness length z₀ due to consideration of the true ocean wave effect acts to reduce modeled EDH values;this trend is more pronounced under stable conditions.Although the scalar roughness length parameterization has a minor effect on the model-derived EDH,a positive correlation is found between the scalar roughness length z_0qand the model-derived EDH.     

A modeling study of diurnal rainfall variations during the 21-day period of TOGA COARE

The surface rainfall processes and diurnal variations associated with tropical oceanic convection are examined by analyzing a surface rainfall equation and thermal budget based on hourly zonal-mean data from a series of two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations. The model is integrated for 21 days with imposed large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind, and horizontal advection obtained from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) in the control experiment. Diurnal analysis shows that the infrared radiative cooling after sunset, as well as the advective cooling associated with imposed large-scale ascending motion, destabilize the atmosphere and release convective available potential energy to energize nocturnal convective development. Substantial local atmospheric drying is associated with the nocturnal rainfall peak in early morning, which is a result of the large condensation and deposition rates in the vapor budget. Sensitivity experiments show that diurnal variations of radiation and large-scale forcing can produce a nocturnal rainfall peak through infrared and advective cooling, respectively.     

Resolving SSM/I-ship radar rainfall discrepancies from AIP-3

The third algorithm intercomparison project （AIP-3） involved rain estimates from more than 50 satellite rainfall algorithms and ground radar measurements within the Intensive Flux Array （IFA） over the equatorial western Pacific warm pool region during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment （TOGA COARE）. Early results indicated that there was a sys- tematic bias between rainrates from satellite passive microwave and ground radar measurements. The mean rainrate from radar measurements is about 50% underestimated compared to that from passive microwave-based retrieval algorithms. This paper is designed to analyze rain patterns from the Florida State University rain retrieval algorithm and radar measurements to understand physically the rain discrep- ancies. Results show that there is a clear range-dependent bias associated with the radar measurements. However, this range-dependent systematical bias is almost eliminated with the corrected radar rainrates. Results suggest that the effects from radar attenuation correction, calibration and beam filling are the major sources of rain discrepancies. This study demonstrates that rain retrievals based on satellite mea- surements from passive microwave radiometers such as the Special Sensor of Microwave Imager （SSM/I） are reliable, while rain estimates from ground radar measurements are correctable.     

Seasonal variability of air-sea fluxes in two contrasting basins of the North Indian Ocean

Latent Heat Flux (LHF) and Sensible Heat Flux (SHF) are the two important parameters in air-sea interactions and hence have significant implications for any coupled ocean-atmospheric model. These two fluxes are conventionally computed from met-ocean parameters using bulk aerodynamic formulations; or the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) bulk flux algorithms. Here COARE 3.5 algorithm is used to estimate the heat flux from two Ocean Moored Buoy Network for northern Indian Ocean (OMNI) buoy met-ocean observations in Arabian Sea (AS) and the Bay of Bengal (BoB). The AS and BoB are two ocean basins which are situated in same latitudinal range, but experience drastically differing in their met-ocean conditions, especially during the monsoon seasons. In this study, we have computed and compared the LHF and SHF at two different buoy locations in the AS and BoB and analysed their variability during three different seasons from November 2012 to September 2013. Additionally, 20 years (1998–2017) of Objectively Analysed (OA) Flux data sets collocated with the OMNI buoy locations were also utilised to the analyse the long period seasonal variabilities. The flux terms show strong seasonal variability with several peaks during the monsoon seasons in both the ocean basins. LHF varies directly with wind speed (WS) and inversely with relative humidity (RH). The correlation of LHF with WS is greater than 0.7 and RH is nearly -0.6 with few exceptions during pre-monsoon season in the AS and southwest monsoon in the BoB. However, SHF is less correlated with WS (∼0.3 to 0.5). The difference of sea surface temperature and air temperature (denoted as SST-AT) plays a significant role in determining SHF with a correlation greater than 0.6 in both the basins.     

一次冷锋过境后的边界层结构

本文利用声雷达探测、80米铁塔观测的风、温资料和探生资料,结合天气图分析,讨论锋后强天气过程的边界层结构。结果表明,冷锋后大风的形成是与高层下沉冷空气有着密切的关系,并与边界层过程也有密切的联系。 资料分析表明,大风天气过程的形成可能是下沉运动引起的边界层动量和热量输送相互作用的结果。