嘉峪关不同下垫面小气候特征及其人体舒适度对比分析

本文通过分析嘉峪关不同下垫面的温度、湿度、风速等要素在不同季节细微差异,分析归纳了以戈壁,湿地,城市工业,园林绿地为代表的下垫面对小气候的影响贡献;并且以人体舒适度为指标,探讨分析园林绿地对宜居城市建设的贡献。结果表明:4种下垫面的气象要素在春季、夏季有显著或极显著差异,而秋季、冬季差异不显著;园林绿化区具有很好的降温、保湿、风屏等效应,对城市生态影响显著;四个区域平均舒适度,呈现湿地保护区>园林绿化区>城市热岛区>戈壁荒漠区的形势,园林绿化区舒适程度在5-9月明显大于其他下垫面;园林绿化区的降温、增湿效应能够有效缓解城市热岛,对改善城市热环境有着重要的作用和意义。     

利用遥感地表参数分析上海市的热岛效应及治理对策

从NOAA-AVHRR数据提取出晴空状况下上海市的地表反照率、地表温度和植被指数参数，分析了冬夏两季遥感地表参数所反映的热岛效应变化。发现在冬夏两季的白天和夜晚都存在明显的城市热岛效应，在冬季夜晚的热岛效应比白天强，而在夏季夜晚的热岛效应比白天弱。这是由于下垫面的差异，导致白天城区地表温度大大超过郊区。城区的地表反照率和植被指数始终小于郊区。进一步的相关分析表明，夏季城市的地表温度与植被指数、地表反照率存在显著的负相关，相关系数分别为-0．975、-0．712。通过提高植被覆盖率和地表反照率，可以减小城市热岛效应。     

兰州城市热岛效应特征及其影响因子研究

利用1958-2003年兰州及临近两个乡村气象站气温资料，研究了兰州城市热岛效应特征和导致热岛效应季节差异及其年代际变化趋势的主要气象因子。结果表明：近40多年来，兰州城市热岛效应一直呈增强趋势，热岛效应在冬季尤为显著；在日变化中以02：00热岛效应最为明显，而14：00效应较小。冬季逆温层、夏季城市下垫面对热岛效应的季节差异影响较大。城市发展导致热岛效应增强，而部分气象要素的年代际异常加剧了热岛效应。     

利用NOAA卫星资料分析气温的城市热岛效应

本文以边界层理论为依据,使用附近台站的探空资料模拟探空曲线,用以对卫星遥感资料进行大气削弱订正。经过反复试验,选取最佳方案将卫星遥感的地表温度转换成地面空气温度。文中还用转换的地面气温分析了合肥市的城市温度的月变化和季节变化,得出合肥市既有热岛效应又有冷岛效应的结论,而且三种不同的城市下垫面对城市冷热岛的形成、加强和减弱具有不同的影响。     

金华市不同下垫面温度特征分析及其预报模型的建立和检验

4种典型城市下垫面日平均温度、日最高温度、日最低温度的逐月变化特征总体与气温变化相似,不同下垫面问温度差异夏半年均大于冬半年。沥青、水泥、砂石和草地日平均温度、日最高温度全年均高于气温,日最低温度与气温差异不大,表明典型城市下垫面对大气具有一定的加热作用。气温、日照时数、总云量、日平均相对湿度等气象因子与4种下垫面的地表温度相关性显著。建立了4种下垫面各温度参数依赖于日平均、日最高、日最低气温、日照时数、日平均相对湿度和总云量等影响因子的回归模拟方程,因此利用精细化数值预报资料代入方程就可以得出城市沥青、水泥、砂石和草地4种下垫面地表温度,提高城市气象服务效率。     

江苏地表湿润状况的变化趋势与区域特征分析

为了了解江苏省地表湿润状况,利用江苏省60个气象站1961-2005年月降水和月平均气温资料,通过构造一个既包含降水变化又考虑温度变化对潜在蒸发影响的干湿指标一地表湿润指数Hf=P/Pe(P为观测的月降水总量,Pe为月最大潜在蒸发),采用M-K法,对比分析了江苏省区域平均地表湿润指数的年代际变化特征及季节性差异,并讨论了它与降水和气温的联系,突出了在全球变暖背景下温度变化对干湿变化的重要影响.最后给出了地表湿润指数各季节变化趋势的地理分布.结果表明:苏北和苏南地区的年际变化趋势基本相反.由于温度的升高苏北苏中地区均出现变干趋势,苏南部分地区降水显著增加却没有呈现显著变湿趋势.江苏地区的干化趋势主要发生在春秋季节.     

非均匀下垫面大气边界层研究进展

总结了水平非均匀下垫面的大气边界层研究,指出干旱区的绿洲具有明显的“冷湿岛效应”,并可形成边缘逆湿和区域环流,而植被和水域的分布则显著改变了大气边界层结构．阐述了复杂地形下垫面对局地风场和小尺度环流产生的影响、城市热岛效应的产生及特点和城市中绿地和水体的微气候效应．比较分析了不同陆面参数化方案以及边界层气候模式,提出未来在热力与动力非均匀的结合、湿地下垫面的数值模拟、城市复杂下垫面参数化以及气候模式的耦合等方面尚需进行深入的研究．     

河南省人体舒适度气候指数分析

以河南省24个站点19612005年近50 a气象资料为基础,利用人体舒适度气候指数评价模型,计算获得各点舒适度气候指数.在此基础上,分析了河南省人体舒适度的年变化特征和各季节空间分布规律、不同季节人体舒适度年际变化与温度变化的相关性、人体舒适度指数距平值的年际变化,以及不同地区体感"舒适"天数的年际变化.     

昆明城市庭院气温垂直分布特征及不同下垫面对其影响的研究

以低纬度高原城市昆明市为对象,利用城市庭院内1月（冬季）和7月（夏季）不同高度气温实测资料和不同下垫面（球场、草地和屋顶）气温的实测资料,分析了城市庭院气温垂直分布特征及不同下垫面对其的影响。得出：城市庭院气温垂直分布在不同时间（季节、昼夜）具有不同特征;在后半夜和下午,庭院气温垂直变化程度大于时间变化;而上午和前半夜时间变化程度大于垂直变化;在冬季屋顶面对屋顶高度附近的庭院气温具有较强的加热作用,使得庭院气温在屋顶高度附近形成逆温,导致垂直分布曲线发生改变;混凝土结构的下垫面,对庭院近地层大气具有加热作用,而草地则具有冷却作用,其效应在冬季明显。     

基于Landsat TM/ETM＋数据的北京城市热岛季节特征研究

利用1988—2006年20景LandsatTM和ETM＋数据分析了北京市城市热岛的季节变化特征。通过反演地表温度,建立统一的城市和农村区域,计算了城市热岛强度,并采用多项式拟合获取了城市热岛强度的季节变化曲线;同时,分析了热岛强度季节特征与气候因子的关系。另外利用4景2005—2006年不同季节Landsat TM影像,分析了不同季节城市热岛的空间变化特征,并选择穿越北京城区的两条不同方向剖线（SE-NW和SW-NE）,分析了沿剖线方向城市热岛与地表类型的关系。结果显示,北京城市热岛具有明显的季节变化特征,与总云量的季节变化关系显著。最大热岛强度出现在夏季,呈现片状发散和零星热岛并存的空间分布特征。冬季为冷岛特征,其空间分布与夏季热岛一致。春秋两季热岛强度最小,但春季热岛空间差异较大。在相同季节,城市热岛强度和空间尺度在不同剖线方向具有明显的差异,这与不同地类的空间分布有关。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.