P一σ全球模式的月尺度动力延伸预报试验

用P-σ混合坐标系原始方程模式(Nju-PσM),以观测的瞬时气象要素场作为模式初始场,作了24个月动力延伸预报试验.利用距平符号一致率(P)、距平相关系数(AC)和均方根误差(RMS)对预报结果进行了评估和分析.试验表明Nju-PσM对月平均环流有一定的预报能力,气候漂移订正和预报结果的线性、抛物线型两种合成方法都对预报效果有明显的改进.把动力延伸预报与年际和月际持续性预报进行对比后,表明动力预报结果的各项评估分均为最高.预报场和实况场的空间滤波和经验正交函数(EOF)分析表明,模式对大尺度天气系统的预报能力较强,而对较小尺度天气系统的预报能力则差一些.     

P-σ全球模式的月尺度动力延伸预报试验

用P－σ混合坐标系原始方程模式（Nju-PσM)，以观测的瞬时气象要素场作为模式初始场，作了24个月动力延伸预报试验，利用距平符号一致率（P）、距平相关系数（AC）和均方根误差（RMS）对预报结果进行了评估和分析。试验表明Nju-PσM对月平均环流有一定的预报能力，气候漂移证正和预报结果的线性、势力的线型两种合成方法都对预报效果有明显的改进，把动力延伸预报与年际和月际持续性预报进行对比后，表明动力预报结果的各项评估分均为最高。预报场和实况场的空间滤波和经验正交函数（EOF）分析表明，模式对大尺度天气系统的预报能力较强，而对较小尺度天气系统的预报能力则差一例。     

动力延伸预报产品释用方法的研究

目前以数值形势预报为基础的动力产品释用方法主要有模式输出统计法（ＭＯＳ）和完全预报方法（ＰＰＭ）。由这两种方法建立的预报方程缺乏明确的物理意义,所以文中提出了一种动力与统计相结合的方法。该方法从大尺度大气动力学方程组出发,推导出月降水距平百分率与月环流场的关系,从而建立了月降水距平百分率预报方程,随后利用月动力延伸预报的５００ｈＰａ高度场和实际降水场资料反演出月降水距平百分率预报方程的系数。该方程经过独立样本检验,表明这种方法对利用动力延伸集合预报的环流形势作月降水距平预报具有一定的能力。     

多网格法在长期数值天气预报模式中的应

本文在简要介绍了多网格法的基本思想和本文所用的经改进的地气耦合非定常距平模式的基础上，用多网格法求解地气耦合非定常距平模式中的位势倾向方程—椭圆型方程。通过对1982～1989年6～8月的北半球环流季节预报试验表明，由于使用多网格法，迭代精度提高了，克服了原模式预报的距平场过分光滑振幅偏小的缺点，很好地解出了模式中对长期天气预报起关键作用的大尺度低频信号。在高低两种精度下进行的比较试验表明:多网格法较逐步超松弛法可以使计算速度提高1倍以上。高精度较低精度多网格法更为有效。     

地气耦合非定常距平模式的准业务预报试验

本文用地气耦合非定常距平模式对1988年1—12月北半球100 hPa、500 hPa、海平面气压和地面温度的月距平场进行了为期一年的逐月30天预报准业务试验。结果表明，模式对月距平场距平符号的趋势预报以100 hPa效果最好，海平面气压较差；模式对500 hPa、地面温度的月距平场预报优于持续性预报，表明该模式对距平场形势有一定的预报能力。试验结果还表明，模式预报在中低纬优于中高纬；但对不同层次、不同月份的预报效果不够稳定，而且对低值系统预报能力较差。模式的一个突出问题是预报场空间过份平滑，尚须作进一步试验、改进。     

动力延伸(月)预报的季节变化和误差分析

本文用中国科学院大气物理研究所的全球谱模式（T42L9）和国家气象中心提供的1994年3月到1995年2月36个例子（每月3个）的全球客观分析资料做了较系统的动力延伸（月）预报试验，检验了预报结果，分析了模式的气候漂移，并对预报结果进行了系统误差订正，结果表明预报评分有明显的季节变化，冬季较高，夏季较低，动力预报高度距平相关系数北半球各个季节的平均都明显高于持续性预报和气候预报。     

长期温度预报“阿戴(Adem)”方法的应用

Adem的半球范围内的热力学模式,早用于对流层—海洋—大陆系统的月平均或季节温度的距平预报。继而又用来研究气候波动,最近又把这个模式推广用于预报全球未来的气候变化,都得到一些较好的结果。我们为了提高长期数值预报的准确程度,试用Adem的模式作出北半球海陆范围内的近地面气温月平均距平的预报。并把结果与巢纪平等的滤波方法作了比较。 一、Adem模式简述 1、模式所用的符号 本文与所用的符号与Adem模式的有关论文是相同的,说明如下:H表示大气辐射上界的高度。Δt表示时间间隔(一个月或一个季)。T_m表示对流层的     

北半球夏季环流的简化模式季节预报试验

本文在对地气耦合非定常距平模式做了一些改进的基础上，进行了北半球夏季（6～8月）环流的季节预报试验。 对1982～1989年 6～8 月预报结果分析表明:预报效果优于持续性预报；但模式预报存在着明显的系统误差；距平中心向低纬度的漂移严重。用3种不同方法做了消除系统误差的试验，比较了它们的优劣。此外，针对距平模式预报的是月平均距平量这一特点，提出了两种集合预报方案:一种是用滑动的平均量做出多个5月份初始场；另一种是采用不同长度的时段平均，替代5月份初始场；用上述两种方案做了1987年6～8月的集合预报试验，结果表明优于或接近于非集合的单个预报的结果。     

北半球月平均环流与长江中下游降水的关系

本文利用1951—1984年500hPa月平均高空和月总降水资料,着重分析了500hPa距平场对长江中下游夏季降水的影响及其相关关系。针对长江中下游夏季降水这一预报对象,计算了500hPa距平场的信息区,指出在大尺度距平场的演变过程中,不同时间和不同地点距平场的量值对长江中下游这一特定顶报区域降水的影响是不同的。並且指出长江中下游地区冬季降水主要是受欧业型环流的影响,而夏季降水则主要是由于东亚—西太平洋型环流所形成。另外通过对实际距乎场和信息近似距平场的分析表明,信息区的变化在一定程度上反映了实际距平场的大尺度变化特点。     

最优多因子动态配置的东北汛期降水相似动力预报试验

基于中国气象局国家气候中心季节预报业务模式27a(1983—2009年)预报结果和同期美国气候预报中心组合降水分析(CMAP)资料及国家气候中心气候系统诊断预报室74项环流指数和NOAA40个气候指数(1951—2009年),提出了客观定量化的最优多因子动态配置汛期降水相似-动力预测新技术,并对中国东北地区汛期降水进行了预报试验。利用历史资料有用信息估算模式预报误差原理,选取4个历史相似年对应模式误差来估算当前模式预报误差。通过单因子交叉检验距平相关系数确定主导因子及演化相似因子,结合当前及前期优化多因子组合配置确定预报因子集,最后利用历史相似年对应模式误差来估算当前模式预报误差并订正国家气候中心季节预报业务模式的预报结果,得到预报的汛期降水。对2005—2009年进行独立样本检验的结果表明,此技术对中国东北地区汛期降水有一定预报技巧。证实了利用历史资料估计业务模式预报误差的另类途径是可行的,显示了在业务预报应用中的潜在能力。     

Monthly and seasonal numerical forecasts by using the anomaly ocean-atmosphere coupled filtered model

Case experiments of monthly predictions of eight winter months during 1976－1977 and 1982－1983 El Nino events are performed by using a three-layer anomalous filtered model (AFM), in which transient Rossby waves are filtered. The results show that this model predicts successfully the large-scale patterns of the monthly mean surface temperature anomalies. The correlation coefficients between observations and predic-tions are basically higher than those of persistence predictions. By comparison with the anomalous general circulation model (AGCM) the AFM gives almost the identical results, but the computation time required for running the AFM is nearly 100 times less than that required for running the AGCM. It is also shown that the results of the three-layer model are better than those of the one-layer model. In the meanwhile, four seasonal forecasts are also earned out by using the same model. It seems that the AFM possesses potential ability in predicting large-scale circulation anomalies.On the basis of the works done during the last decade and of the results in this paper, the predicting ability of the AFM is summed up in the last section.     

Modelling the Interannual Variation of Regional Precipitation over China

ＭｏｄｅｌｌｉｎｇｔｈｅＩｎｔｅｒａｎｎｕａｌＶａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆＲｅｇｉｏｎａｌＰｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｖｅｒ　ＣｈｉｎａＷａｎｇＨｕｉｊｕｍ（王会军）（ＬＡＳＧ，ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＰｈｙｓｉｃｓ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡ...     

Different Summer Rainfall Anomaly Patterns in Northeast China Associated with Two Kinds of El Niño Events

The relationship between summer rainfall anomalies in northeast China and two types of El Ni?o events is investigated by using observation data and an AGCM. It is shown that, for different types of El Ni?o events, there is different rainfall anomaly pattern in the following summer. In the following year of a typical El Ni?o event, there are remarkable positive rainfall anomalies in the central-western region of northeast China, whereas the pattern of more rainfall in the south end and less rainfall in the north end of northeast China easily appears in an El Ni?o Modoki event. The reason for the distinct differences is that, associated with the different sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) along the equatorial Pacific, the large-scale circulation anomalies along east coast of East Asia shift northward in the following summer of El Ni?o Modoki events. Influenced by the anomalous anticyclone in Philippine Sea, southwesterly anomalies over eastern China strengthens summer monsoon and bring more water vapor to Northeast China. Meanwhile, convergence and updraft is strengthened by the anomalous cyclone right in Northeast China in typical El Ni?o events. These moisture and atmospheric circulation conditions are favorable for enhanced precipitation. However, because of the northward shift, the anomalous anticyclone which is in Philippine Sea in typical El Ni?o cases shifts to the south of Japan in Modoki years, and the anomalous cyclone which is in the Northeast China in typical El Ni?o cases shifts to the north of Northeast China, leading to the “dipole pattern” of rainfall anomalies. According to the results of numerical experiments, we further conform that the tropical SSTA in different types of El Ni?o event can give rise to observed rainfall anomaly patterns in Northeast China.     

全球海温异常作用下的低层大气环流和降水异常的数值模拟

通过在ＩＡＰＡＧＣＭ中加进太平洋和印度洋海温异常的数值模拟，证实了实况月平均８５０ｈＰａ上的异常环流特征：ＥｌＮｉｎｏ海温位相时低纬太平洋低层大气出现异常的西风气流以及在东南亚沿海出现向赤道的异常气流；而在ＬａＮｉｎａ位相时，低纬太平洋低层大气出现异常的东风气流和在东南亚沿海出现离赤道的异常气流。若在模式中仅引入太平洋的海温异常或在模式中去掉地形以后，模拟的低纬低层异常气流与上述结果有所不同。用该模式还模拟出了与观测相符的低纬地区降水的异常     

中国业务动力季节预报的进展

利用动力模式开展季节到年际的短期气候预测 ,是目前国际上气候预测的发展方向。自 1996年以来 ,经过 8a多的研制和发展 ,国家气候中心已建立起第 1代动力气候模式预测业务系统 ,其中包括 1个全球大气 海洋耦合模式 (CGCM )、1个高分辨率东亚区域气候模式 (RegCM_NCC)和 5个简化的ENSO预测模式 (SAOMS) ,可用于季节—年际时间尺度的全球气候预测 ;全球海气耦合模式与区域气候模式嵌套 ,可以提供高分辨率的东亚区域气候模式制做季节预测。CGCM对 1982～ 2 0 0 0年夏季的历史回报试验表明 ,该模式对热带太平洋海表面温度和东亚区域的季节预测具有较好的预测能力。RegCM NCC的 5a模拟基本上能再现东亚地区主要雨带的季节进展。利用嵌套的区域气候模式RegCM NCC对 1991～ 2 0 0 0年的夏季回报表明 ,在预报主要季节雨带方面有一定技巧。 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年 ,CGCM和RegCM NCC的实时季节预报与观测相比基本合理。特别是 ,模式成功地预报了 2 0 0 3年梅雨季节长江和黄河之间比常年偏多的降水。SAOMS模式系统的回报试验表明 ,该系统对热带太平洋海表面温度距平有一定的预报能力 ,模式超前 6～ 12个月的回报与观测的相关系数明显高于持续预报。 1997～ 2 0 0 3年 ,SAOMS多模式集合实时预报与观测的相关系数达到     

INFLUENCE OF TIBETAN PLATEAU ON AIR-SEA INTERACTION OVER TROPICAL PACIFIC IN OCEAN-ATMOSPHERIC COUPLED SYSTEM

A hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model is designed,which consists of a global atmosphericgeneral circulation model(L9R15 AGCM)and a simple ocean model(ZC ocean model over tropicalPacific).Using the model,experimental predictions are performed for the 1986/87 El Nino eventand the 1988/89 La Nina event with and without the Tibetan Plateau respectively(called TPFORC and NTP FORC hereinafter).It is found as follows:(1)The coupled system cansuccessfully predict the El Nino or La Nina event even if the Tibetan Plateau orography is notincluded in the model.The patterns of SSTA and wind anomalies in the model without the TibetanPlateau are similar to those with the Tibetan Plateau,which further verifies the fact that ENSOprocess is mainly caused by the air-sea interaction in tropical Pacific.(2)However.the existenceof the Tibetan Plateau exerts its influences on the intensity and duration of El Nino(or La Nina).It is unfavorable to the development and maintenance of westerly anomalies,so to some extent,restrains the development of El Nino,but favors the development of La Nina.(3)Effects of theTibetan Plateau orography on the wind anomalies in the coupled system are different from those inuncoupled AGCM simulation.     

INFLUENCE OF TIBETAN PLATEAU ON AIR-SEA INTERACTION OVER TROPICAL PACIFIC IN OCEAN-ATMOSPHERIC COUPLED SYSTEM*

A hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model is designed,which consists of a global atmospheric general circulation model(L9R15 AGCM)and a simple ocean model(ZC ocean model over tropical Pacific).Using the model,experimental predictions are performed for the 1986/87 El Nino event and the 1988/89 La Nina event with and without the Tibetan Plateau respectively(called TP FORC and NTP FORC hereinafter).It is found as follows:(1)The coupled system can successfully predict the El Nino or La Nina event even if the Tibetan Plateau orography is not included in the model.The patterns of SSTA and wind anomalies in the model without the Tibetan Plateau are similar to those with the Tibetan Plateau,which further verifies the fact that ENSO process is mainly caused by the air-sea interaction in tropical Pacific.(2)However.the existence of the Tibetan Plateau exerts its influences on the intensity and duration of El Nino(or La Nina).It is unfavorable to the development and maintenance of westerly anomalies,so to some extent,restrains the development of El Nino,but favors the development of La Nina.(3)Effects of the Tibetan Plateau orography on the wind anomalies in the coupled system are different from those inuncoupled AGCM simulation.     

Performance of GCMs for seasonal prediction over India��a case study for 2009 monsoon

The 2009 drought in India was one of the major droughts that the country faced in the last 100?years. This study describes the anomalous features of 2009 summer monsoon and examines real-time seasonal predictions made using six general circulation models (GCMs). El Ni?o conditions evolved in the Pacific Ocean, and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the Indian Ocean were warmer than normal during monsoon 2009. The observed circulation patterns indicate a weaker monsoon in that year over India with weaker than normal convection over the Bay of Bengal and Indian landmass. Skill of the GCMs during hindcast period shows that neither these models simulate the observed interannual variability nor their multi-model ensemble (MME) significantly improves the skill of monsoon rainfall predictions. Except for one model used in this study, the real-time predictions with longer lead (2- and 1-month lead) made for the 2009 monsoon season did not provide any indication of a highly anomalous monsoon. However, with less lead time (zero lead), most of the models as well as the MME had provided predictions of below normal rainfall for that monsoon season. This study indicates that the models could not predict the 2009 drought over India due to the use of less warm SST anomalies over the Pacific in the longer lead runs. Hence, it is proposed that the uncertainties in SST predictions (the lower boundary condition) have to be represented in the model predictions of summer monsoon rainfall over India.     

耦合模式FGOALS-s2海洋同化试验模拟的西北太平洋海气相互作用特征

观测发现,西北太平洋区域夏季降水—SST存在显著的负相关,主要是由于El Ni?o衰减年西北太平洋异常反气旋持续至夏季,该过程是检验耦合模式性能的重要参照标准。本文利用中国科学院大气物理研究所近期气候预测系统IAP-DecPreS,通过海洋同化试验、大气模式AMIP试验与观测结果的比较,评估海洋同化试验对西北太平洋夏季局地海气相互作用特征的模拟影响。结果表明,海洋同化试验能够模拟出西北太平洋区域夏季降水—SST负相关,但负相关区域范围偏小。其与观测之间的最大差异出现在8月,西北太平洋负降水异常及异常反气旋位置偏东,强度偏弱。这是由于其模拟的El Ni?o衰减年夏季赤道东印度洋正降水异常偏弱且移动至赤道南侧,对流层增温偏弱,对西太平洋的遥相关作用偏弱。AMIP试验未考虑大气对海洋的反馈作用,不能再现西北太平洋降水—SST负相关,无法模拟出El Ni?o衰减年夏季西北太平洋异常反气旋。研究表明,海洋同化试验对西北太平洋区域局地海气相互作用特征的模拟能力较AMIP试验有所提升,其对8月西北太平洋降水与环流场的模拟偏差与东赤道印度洋降水模拟偏差有关。     

THE EFFECTS OF TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE ANOMALOUS VARIATION OF ASIAN MONSOON IN A COUPLED OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM

Experimental predictions with a hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model(L9R15 AGCM-ZCocean model)were performed for the 1986/87 El Nino event and the 1988/89 La Nina event withand without the Tibetan Plateau respectively(called TP FORC and NTP FORC hereinafter).Comparison shows that,to some extent,the existence of the Tibetan Plateau orography weakensor restrains(strengthens or facilitates)the formation of the anomalous circulation of Asianmonsoon during El Nino(La Nina)period.Opposite results are found in the uncoupled AGCMsimulation.