华东地区登陆台风降水变化的初步研究

利用华东地区129站1954—2004年逐日降水量资料,用降水客观分离的方法及其改进方案对登陆该地区的台风降水（tropical cyclone precipitation;TCP）进行分离;再用方差分析、气候趋势系数和线性回归等方法,分析TCP的气候特征,并与总降水的相应特征比较。结果表明：华东地区登陆台风降水量空间分布不均匀,福建东南沿海地区最大,具有向西北方向递减的趋势,这种趋势与地形等因素有关;TCP的年际变化明显,9 a和15 a周期显著;TCP年代际变化表现为20世纪50年代最多,70年代前开始减少,比华北地区台风降水减少出现的时间提早10 a;TCP与总降水两者的时间演变特点差异较大。     

登陆华东台风降水分布特征

为研究华东地区台风降水、台风内核降水特征及大尺度环流对台风内核降水分布的影响,利用国家气象信息中心提供的逐日降水观测资料、NCEP/NCAR(National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research)再分析资料,运用动态合成分析方法,对比分析台风登陆过程中台风内核降水分布不同的两类台风(L型、R型内核降水台风)大尺度环流特征。结果表明:(1)影响华东地区的台风主要在夏季登陆,台风登陆及带来极端降水的次数都具有“单峰型”的月际分布特征,降水分布从沿海向内陆、由南向北逐渐递减。(2)台风内核降水具有不对称性,强降水更易出现在高低空辐散辐合场相配合且上升运动维持较好的一侧。(3)L型内核降水台风主要受暖平流控制,环流西部存在多个冷平流中心,冷暖平流交汇增强了大气对流不稳定性,为降水提供了不稳定能量;R型内核降水台风登陆后主要受冷平流控制,环流东北部存在暖平流,冷暖平流相互作用使大气稳定度降低,有利于路径右侧降水发生。(4)L型内核降水台风在其环流西南部存在强水汽辐合,有利于路径左侧降水发生;R型内核降水台风在登陆期间,环流东北部水汽辐合中心维持时间长,有利于路径右侧降水系统的发生发展。高低空辐散辐合配置、冷暖平流以及水汽输送是影响台风内核降水分布的主要因子。     

影响河南的登陆台风分析

统计了1949－1998年从闽、浙登陆台风的气候特及河南省台风暴雨概况，并利用天气学方法对台风登陆后的移动路径进行了概括和分析，以期为灾类台风的降水预报提供参考。     

登陆福建热带气旋短时强降水特征

利用地面逐时降水资料、常规天气资料、雷达、卫星以及台风年鉴资料,对39个登陆福建不同地段的台风短时强降水空间、时间分布及强降水强度、落区、过程雨量分布及其与登陆时台风强度关系等进行统计分析,揭示登陆福建台风短时强降水规律,结果表明:(1)登陆中部台风强降水站数虽多,但单站强降水持续时间最短;登陆北部台风强降水站数虽少,但单站强降水持续时间最长。(2)强降水主要时段登陆北部、中部类是登陆前5小时至登陆后5小时,登陆南部及南海北上类是登陆时至登陆后15小时。此外,南海北上类及登陆北部类强降水落区多数在内核区;登陆中部类强降水落区在台风中心附近的频率是几类中最低的,大部分强降水落区在北侧的螺旋雨带上。     

影响河南的登陆台风分析

统计了1949～1998年从闽、浙登陆台风的气候特征及河南台风暴雨概况,并利用天气学方法对台风登陆后的移动路径进行了概括和分析,以期为这类台风的降水预报提供参考.     

温州北登台风两类大降水分布的对比分析

着重对台风登陆后的路径进行分析,探讨其形成原因.了解台风登陆后运行路径、移动速度的不同,而产生温州地区降水分布的显著差异.通过分析,发现台风南部环流与西南暖湿气流的切变是引发台风登陆后大降水的主要原因,同时温州地形对该大降水亦有贡献作用.     

东海登陆台风的地面结构及降水分析

本文根据大陆上此较完善的地面观测资料,着重地对1953—1956年四次较强的登陆台风,此较细致地分析了台风中的气压、风、降水量和中心附近的气象状况的分布以及其相互联系.主要的结果如下:(i)台风范围内气压分布的特点随其移动方向的改变有显著不同.台风低压的填塞为其半径的函数,而且其六小时填塞率和当地气压日变化一致.(ii)台风范围风速的分布不仅和其气压分布相适应,而且受到海陆、地形的显著影响.地面风的辐合分布和台风降水分布的配合较好.(iii)台风登陆后的降水分布大致按其发展程度分为三种类型:对称型、侧偏型、对锋面型.(iv)台风刚刚登陆,其中心附近可有两种截然不同的天气状况:一类中心天气晴晴朗平静,一类中心狂风大雨.总的来说,登陆台风的地面结构一方面从东风带到西风带发生显著的变化,一方面受到海陆、地形的重大影响.     

登陆台风内降水效率变化对降水增幅影响的分析

在应用高分辨率数值模式WRF(Weather Research & Forecasting model)对台风“海葵”(2012)发展演变成功模拟的基础上,研究登陆台风内降水效率变化对降水增幅的影响。通过物理场配置、水成物的分布和收支演变的诊断分析表明：在台风登陆后内部次级环流减弱,环境场水汽供应稳定并有所减少的条件下,台风内六种水成物粒子(水汽、云水、云冰、雪、雨和霰)在眼墙和螺旋雨带区域发生配置变化,对于提高台风系统降水效率,维持整体降水强度具有重要作用。将六种水成物按照水汽、云和降水的属性分为三类,分别进行收支诊断分析,发现不同水成物的分布与转化过程对于台风登陆后的降水效率变化具有重要影响,冰相粒子的减少、云体的消耗、以及霰粒子的转化,使得台风内部产生了空间范围更加集中、大值中心更贴近地面的降落型水成物,是台风登陆后降水维持和增幅的直接原因。因而,分析水成物的分布与转化过程对降水效率的影响,对于台风登陆后降水维持或增幅的预报具有重要价值。     

台风登陆后非对称降水的非地转湿Q矢量研究

利用NCEP再分析资料和热带降水测量卫星资料,采用改进后考虑非绝热加热的非地转湿Q矢量理论,对“0907”号热带风暴“天鹅”登陆后非对称降水特征进行研究.结果表明:(1)台风登陆后雨带出现断裂,降水呈现明显非对称性特征,强降水主要位于第二象限;(2)非地转湿Q矢量散度分布较好描述了台风登陆后降水的非对称性,与降水的分布有较好的对应关系,强降水主要位于湿Q矢量散度梯度的大值区;(3)沿台风移动方向上,非地转湿Q矢量辐合、辐散交替分布构成雨区内的垂直环流结构,其中倾斜上升支的非对称结构,造成了降水的非对称性;(4)经过台风中心存在纬向的次级环流,对降水起抑制作用,其东西向的不对称结构有利于降水的非对称性发展;(5)非绝热加热项有利于加强降水的非对称性特征.     

影响赣南台风的路径和台风降水特征分析

利用赣州17个县(市)1965～1996年共32 a 7～9月的台风降水资料,对影响赣南的台风路径、登陆区域、台风降水和台风暴雨的环流特征进行了分析,发现台风登陆后影响赣南的路径主要有3条;不同月份、不同区域生成的台风其降水分布有一定的差异;赣南台风暴雨的500hPa环流形势特征有3种.     

Northward Shift in Landfall Locations of Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific during the Last Four Decades

This study analyzes landfall locations of tropical cyclones(TCs)over the western North Pacific during 1979–2018.Results demonstrate that the landfall locations of TCs over this region have shifted northward during the last four decades,primarily due to the shift of landfalling TC tracks,with the decreasing/increasing proportion of westward/northward TC tracks.In particular,the northward shift of the landfalling TCs was not related to their formation locations,which have not markedly changed,whereas"no-landed"TCs have significantly shifted northward.TC movement was significantly and positively correlated to the zonal component of the steering flow,while the correlation between TC movement and the meridional component of the steering flow was relatively unobvious.The westward steering flow in the tropical central Pacific that occurred around the formation and early development of the westward TCs was significantly weakened,which was unfavorable for their westward movement,thereby,causing the higher proportions of northward moving tracks.This weakened westward flow was related to the northward shift of the subtropical high ridge,which was caused by significant weakening of the southern part of the subtropical high.The vertical wind shear,sea surface temperature,and convective available potential energy also showed that the northern region of the western North Pacific became more favorable for TC development,whereas the upper divergence,low-layer relative vorticity,and accumulated water vapor content were not obviously related to the northward shift of TCs.     

登陆中国大陆、海南和台湾的热带气旋及其相互关系

首先,针对登陆中国热带气旋的登陆地点资料仅为地名的现状,利用1951-2004年西北太平洋热带气旋资料和登陆中国热带气旋资料,研究制定了登陆资料信息化方案.该方案包括海岸线近似、登陆位置计算、其他特征量计算和误差订正4个方面.对资料信息化结果的分析表明:信息化登陆资料效果是良好的.在此基础上,对登陆中国热带气旋的基本气候特征进行研究,重点分析了在大陆、海南和台湾登陆的3类热带气旋以及它们的相互关系.结果表明:登陆热带气旋频繁的地区为台湾东部沿海、福建至雷州半岛沿海和海南东部沿海;台湾东部沿海和浙江沿海部分地区是登陆热带气旋平均强度最大的地区,平均登陆强度达到台风级别,其中台湾南端的平均登陆强度为最强,达到强台风级别;5-11月为热带气旋登陆中国季节,集中期为7-9月,8月最多;登陆热带气旋的强度主要集中在热带低压-台风,尤其以强热带风暴和台风最多.对于全部大陆、海南和台湾三地,50多年来登陆热带气旋频数都存在不同程度的减少趋势,但只有登陆海南热带气旋的减少趋势是显著的;而所有登陆风暴(含以上强度)频数均无明显增多或减少趋势.总体而言,登陆大陆的TC最多、初旋最早、终旋最晚、登陆期最长;登陆海南的TC居中;而登陆台湾的TC最少、初旋最晚、终旋最早、登陆期最短.从登陆方式看,登陆一地的TC最多、登陆两地的TC次之,分别占总数的79.2%和20.6%,仅有1个TC登陆三地.在登陆两地的TC中,经台湾登陆大陆的TC频数最多、强度减弱最快,经海南登陆大陆的TC频数次之、强度减弱较慢,经大陆登陆海南的TC频数排行第3、强度减弱较快.     

AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION ASSOCIATED WITH LANDFALLING TROPICAL CYCLONES AFFECTING CHINA

In order to provide an operational reference for tropical cyclone precipitation forecast,this study investigates the spatial distributions of precipitation associated with landfalling tropical cyclones(TCs) affecting China using Geostationary Meteorological Satellite 5(GMS5)-TBB dataset.All named TCs formed over the western North Pacific that made direct landfall over China during the period 2001-2009 are included in this study.Based on the GMS5-TBB data,this paper reveals that in general there are four types of distribution of precipitation related to landfalling TCs affecting China.(a) the South-West Type in which there is a precipitation maximum to the southwestern quadrant of TC;(b) the Symmetrical South Type in which the rainfall is more pronounced to the south side of TC in the inner core while there is a symmetrical rainfall distribution in the outer band region;(c) the South Type,in which the rainfall maxima is more pronounced to the south of TC;and(d) the North Type,in which the rainfall maxima is more pronounced to the north of TC.Analyses of the relationship between precipitation distributions and intensity of landfalling TCs show that for intensifying TCs,both the maximum and the coverage area of the precipitation in TCs increase with the increase of TC intensity over northern Jiangsu province and southern Taiwan Strait,while decreasing over Beibu Gulf and the sea area of Changjiang River estuary.For all TCs,the center of the torrential rain in TC shifts toward the TC center as the intensity of TC increases.This finding is consistent with many previous studies.The possible influences of storm motion and vertical wind shear on the observed precipitation asymmetries are also examined.Results show that the environmental vertical wind shear is an important factor contributing to the large downshear rainfall asymmetry,especially when a TC makes landfall on the south and east China coasts.These results are also consistent with previous observational and numerical studies.     

城市效应对登陆热带气旋妮妲降水影响的模拟

运用中尺度数值模式WRF耦合城市冠层模式（urban canopy model,UCM）,对2016年登陆深圳的热带气旋妮妲（1604）（以下简称妮妲）进行数值模拟。高分辨率数值模拟较好地再现了妮妲登陆前后的强度、路径和累积降水。利用城市化过程当中城市冠层对热带气旋降水的敏感性试验结果表明:城市冠层会减弱对流运动和水汽的输送,导致热带气旋登陆后珠江口城市群区域累积降水量略减少。应用最新的土地利用资料进行的城市下垫面敏感性试验结果表明:由于城市下垫面粗糙度增加,造成登陆地面风的减速,强度减弱,潜热通量与2 m高度比湿相应减小;城市下垫面粗糙度增加会加强该区域垂直对流运动以及不稳定能量增加,有利于降水增强,尤其在城市化下垫面处,热带气旋登陆后6 h累积降水增加量最大可超过20 mm。总体而言,对登陆热带气旋降水而言,耦合城市冠层使城市区域热带气旋降水减少,但在数值模拟中城市冠层影响作用不显著。城市化下垫面对登陆热带气旋暴雨的增幅作用明显,在登陆热带气旋降水预报中应重视。     

IMPACTS OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF ENSO ON LANDFALLING TROPICAL CYCLONES IN CHINA

Interannual variability of landfalling tropical cyclones(TCs) in China during 1960-2010 is investigated.By using the method of partial least squares regression(PLS-regression),canonical ENSO and ENSO Modoki are identified to be the factors that contribute to the interannual variability of landfalling TCs.El Ni o Modoki years are associated with a greater-than-average frequency of landfalling TCs in China,but reversed in canonical El Ni o years.Significant difference in genesis locations of landfalling TCs in China for the two kinds of El Ni o phases occurs dominantly in the northern tropical western North Pacific(WNP).The patterns of low-level circulation anomalies and outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) anomalies associated with landfalling TC genesis with different types of El Ni o phases are examined.During canonical El Ni o years,a broad zonal band of positive OLR anomalies dominates the tropical WNP,while the circulation anomalies exhibit a meridionally symmetrical dipole pattern with an anticyclonic anomaly in the subtropics and a cyclonic anomaly near the tropics.In El Ni o Modoki years,a vast region of negative OLR anomalies,roughly to the south of 25°N with a strong large-scale cyclonic anomaly over the tropical WNP,provides a more favorable condition for landfalling TC genesis compared to its counterpart during canonical El Ni o years.For more landfalling TCs formed in the northern tropical WNP in El Ni o Modoki years,there are more TCs making landfall on the northern coast of China in El Ni o Modoki years than in canonical El Ni o years.The number of landfalling TCs is slightly above normal in canonical La Ni a years.Enhanced convection is found in the South China Sea(SCS) and the west of the tropical WNP,which results in landfalling TCs forming more westward in canonical La Ni a years.During La Ni a Modoki years,the landfalling TC frequency are below normal,owing to an unfavorable condition for TC genesis persisting in a broad zonal band from 5°N to 25°N.Since the western North Pacific subtropical high(WNPSH) in La Ni a Modoki years is located in the westernmost region,TCs mainly make landfall on the south coast of China.     

登陆热带气旋降水增幅的合成诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用动态合成分析方法,对登陆后降水增幅类和非增幅类热带气旋的大尺度环流特征做了合成分析和动力诊断.结果表明:增幅类热带气旋处于强经向型环流之中,中高纬度为阻塞形势,高层有急流入口区南侧的强辐散,并与西风槽相互叠加;低层有急流和水汽通道的长时间联结;热带气旋东侧还有次级环流相伴.非增幅类热带气旋环流背景相对平直,高空辐散弱,无西风槽叠加;低空急流减弱迅速,且水汽通道较早出现断裂;无次级环流出现.增幅类热带气旋高层存在显著非地转运动,高层南风急流入口区的强次地转运动和降水增幅紧密相关.     

两类登陆热带气旋的大尺度环流特征分析

采用动态合成分析方法,对1970-2006年登陆后北上类TC（tropicalcyclone）和西行类TC各7个样本做动态合成分析和诊断,结果表明：（1）北上类TC在背景场长波槽前北移靠近中纬度斜压锋区,通过吸附运动使TC低压并入西风槽,而西行类TC背景场没有长波槽,离中纬度斜压锋区较远;（2）北上类TC登陆时存在西南低空急流水汽输送带,当其强度减弱后,TC东南侧存在东南暖湿气流作为补充,而西行类TC减弱后逐渐与之分离,且不存在东南暖湿气流作为补充;（3）北上类TC高层辐散区与高空急流边界靠近,因此增强了其向东北方向的辐散,低层由于高层动量下传,加强了低空西风,从而使TC低压环流维持,而西行类TC离高空急流边界较远;（4）北上类TC从中纬度斜压锋区获取斜压能量,其环流垂直切变增强,相对涡度差负值增大,在高空TC中心散度由大变小后又由小变大的过程中,TC发生了变性,而西行类TC没有环境能量补给,逐渐填塞消亡。因此,当一个TC登陆后,其预报移动方向、水汽输送状况、与斜压锋区的关系以及高空辐散气流等特征,可以作为初步判定登陆TC将减弱消亡还是将变性加强的可能原因。     

登陆热带气旋影响湖南并造成强降水的气候特征

利用1951～2007年热带气旋、湖南降水资料,统计分析了登陆影响湖南的热带气旋时空分布,及造成的强降水特征.结果表明:57年中登陆影响湖南的热带气旋共161个,平均每年3个,主要出现在7～9月,影响热带气旋主要为台风或以上强度;影响湖南的热带气旋登陆地点以广东、福建最多,强度达强热带风暴或以上的热带气旋可造成极端暴雨降水,时间主要出现在8月.20世纪90年代以后暴雨强度呈加大趋势.     

STUDIES ON RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ENSO AND LANDFALLING TROPICAL CYCLONES IN CHINA

The data of landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) in China and ENSO events and the NinoZ index during 1951 to 2005 were used to study the relationships between ENSO and landfalling TCs in China. ENSO events from July to September have obvious effects on landfalling TCs in China. When El Nio persists throughout the months, the frequency of landfalling TCs is less than normal, the season of landfalling TCs is shorter, the annually first landfall is later, the annually last landfall is earlier, and the mean int...