青藏高原MODIS地表反照率和GLASS地表反照率的对比分析

对比分析了青藏高原MODIS地表反照率产品和GLASS地表反照率产品的空间分布连续性、高质量反演结果的比例,应用青藏高原CAMP/Tibet试验期间的高精度观测数据评估了两种产品的精度,通过人工目视解译MODIS地表反射率图像并结合MODIS积雪产品分析了影响两种产品精度的原因,结果表明：1）GLASS地表反照率产品具有比MODIS地表反照率产品更好的空间分布连续性和更高的反演质量;2）绝大多数时段内两种产品都能与地面观测结果保持较好的一致性,能准确地反映地表反照率的异常变化过程;3）局地积雪是影响两种产品精度的重要因素之一;4）积雪条件下,GLASS地表反照率反演算法比MODIS地表反照率反演算法更具优势。研究结果有助于促进人们对地表反照率卫星遥感反演产品的认识,改进青藏高原地表反照率卫星遥感反演算法,提高青藏高原地表反照率卫星遥感反演结果的精度、反演质量和空间分布连续性。     

藏北高原GlobAlbedo地表反照率的精度分析

为了分析欧洲航天局多星观测数据联合反演的全球地表反照率产品Glob Albedo在青藏高原的反演精度,促进其在青藏高原地—气相互作用研究中的应用,利用藏北高原BJ站和西大滩站观测的上行和下行太阳短波辐射资料,对比分析了Glob Albedo的精度,并与MODIS地表反照率产品MCD43B3进行了比较。结果表明:空间分辨率1 km的Glob Albedo短波波段(0.3~5.0μm)的地表反照率与地面观测结果总体上具有较好的一致性,但是精度受积雪覆盖比例的影响较大。积雪覆盖比例0.1时,Glob Albedo短波波段的地表反照率与高质量地面观测结果的均方根误差介于0.0100~0.0218,Glob Albedo的精度完全能够满足气候和陆面模式的精度要求。反之,它们的均方根误差介于0.0252~0.1461,存在较大的不确定性。对比Glob Albedo和MCD43B3,前者的精度略高于后者:Glob Albedo短波波段地表反照率与高质量地面观测结果的均方根误差介于0.0195~0.0959,MCD43B3短波波段地表反照率与高质量地面观测结果的均方根误差介于0.0273~0.1269。     

MODIS反演多云地区地表反照率的一种新方法及其反演试验

在参考国内外卫星遥感反演地表反照率方法的基础上，提出了一种反演多云地区地表反照率的新方法，称之为组合反演法。对于受云影响而无法获得足够的晴空观测数据的像素点，在遥感地表分类数据和归一化植被指数（NDVI） 数据的辅助下，在其周围的有限范围内选择与其具有相同BRDF形状的像素点，将它们在观测角度上互为补充的晴空观测数据组合成对同一个BRDF形状的一组多角度观测数据，达到一定数量后直接利用线性的RossThick-LiSparse互易核驱动模型反演二向反射分布函数（BRDF）参数。然后，根据“16天”期间平均的当地正午太阳高度角计算反照率。选择青藏高原地区2004年6～8月间5组“16天”的Terra MODIS数据进行的反演试验表明，该方法不仅具有反演多云地区地表反照率的能力，而且能够更好地反映实际的地表信息，反演结果的精度与美国MOD43产品的精度相当。     

青藏高原地区MODIS反照率的精度分析

应用2002-2004年青藏高原CAMP／Tibet试验期间4个地面站点的反照率观测结果定量分析Te丌aMODISlkm分辨率短波SW波段（0．3—5．0μm）反照率全反演结果和当量反演结果的精度。对于全反演结果,黑空反照率、白空反照率与地面观测结果的均方根差分别为0．0187和0．0168;对于当量反演结果,黑空反照率、白空反照率与地面观测结果的均方根差分别为0．0766和0．0761。综合全反演结果和当量反演结果,则黑空反照率、白空反照率与地面观测结果的均方根差分别为0．0679和0．0675。当地面观测结果与MODIS反照率当量反演结果均为“无雪”状态时,黑空反照率、白空反照率与地面观测结果的均方根差分别为0．0352和0．0364;当地面观测结果为“积雪”状态,MODIS反照率当量反演结果为“无雪”状态时,黑空反照率、白空反照率与地面观测结果的均方根差分别高达0．1556和0．1541。     

青藏高原GLASS地表反照率产品精度分析

应用2003年青藏高原3个站点的地表反照率观测结果,对比分析了GLASS(Global LAnd Surface Satellites)地表反照率1 km×1 km分辨率产品的精度,结果表明,GLASS黑空反照率、白空反照率与地表反照率地面观测结果的总体变化趋势基本一致,能够有效地反映实际地表状态的变化;局地积雪和云覆盖对GLASS地表反照率产品的精度影响较大,云覆盖导致GLASS地表反照率可能比实际地表反照率高;消除云覆盖和局地积雪的影响后,GLASS黑空反照率、白空反照率与地表反照率地面观测结果的均方根误差显著降低,分别为0.0155和0.0190。     

利用多角度POLDER偏振资料实现陆地上空大气气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率的同时反演 II. 实例分析

由于陆地地表反照率的复杂性,陆地上空气溶胶的反演一直是卫星对地观测的一个难点,针对这个难点,作者提出联合利用偏振反射率和总反射率提取陆地上空大气气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率及其区域分布的反演方案,提出了利用NCEP资料订正由海拔高度引起的Rayleigh散射变化的具体方法,并利用POLDER（POLarization and Directionality of Earth's Reflectance）的LEVEL-1B资料进行实际反演计算,给出中国华北地区气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率的区域分布。反演结果与地基观测进行了对比验证分析,结果表明,综合利用标量辐射和偏振信息的可以实现区域乃至全球尺度的大气气溶胶和地表反照率的定量反演。     

利用ASTER数据反演珠峰地区地表特征参数

利用2006-2011年9景ASTER遥感影像计算了青藏高原珠穆朗玛峰地区的地表特征参数(地表反照率、地表温度、归一化植被指数、植被覆盖度),并对地表反照率和地表温度反演结果进行了验证。结果表明:地表反照率和地表温度的反演结果与观测值较为一致,能够作为陆面过程模式的输入数据;反演得到的植被指数能够较好的代表珠峰地区的地表植被特征;所有的反演算法和结果仅依赖于遥感数据,表明在资料缺乏地区利用卫星遥感技术是获取地表特征参数的有效手段。     

用MODIS反演北京城市地区地表反照率精度以及算法改进

MODIS(MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)地表反照率的精度在乡村地区已经得到了检验,但是至今没有在城市地区的有关研究。地表反照率的精度在很大程度上取决于大气订正的精度,作者利用2002年以来的北京AERONET(国际气溶胶检测网络)站点Cimel气溶胶观测资料对反射率进行大气订正,通过对比来评价MODIS地表反照率算法中大气订正的精度。结果发现,MODIS大气订正在蓝光波段具有明显的过度订正现象,MODIS大气订正后地表反射率平均偏低0.03。MODIS地表反照率在冬季有约75%的缺测,这是因为冬季严重的空气污染使得MODIS云检测得到晴空观测较少。MODIS使用三参数双向反射率函数（BRDF）要求16天以内至少有3次以上的晴空观测（MODIS算法中要求7次）。通过分析MODIS反演得到的三参数,发现虽然它们的绝对值具有明显的季节变化,但是它们的比值是十分稳定的,这样使BRDF函数降低到只需要一个参数,有效降低了对晴空观测次数的要求,这一思想可以应用到热带等晴空日数较少的地区。     

一种反演气溶胶光学厚度的改进方法

该文提出了一种简单快速反演气溶胶光学厚度的方法,该算法对地表反照率的处理与MODIS V5.2算法相同,但气溶胶谱分布假定为Junge谱,设置了新的气溶胶参数。应用2006年9月6日—2008年6月10日太湖MODIS观测资料和2008年5月20日—2009年7月6日香河MODIS观测资料进行反演,并将反演结果与AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) 站点资料进行对比,以检验算法的适用性和精度。对比结果显示:该算法在太湖的反演结果与AERONET太湖站反演结果对比的标准偏差为0.429,而MODIS卫星AOD产品与AERONET太湖站反演结果对比的标准偏差为0.693;相应在香河的两种反演结果与地面观测对比的标准偏差分别为0.493和0.542。该算法的反演误差小于MODIS现行算法,反演结果合理,具有较好的适用性,说明这种方法在这两个区域具有更高的反演精度。     

应用EOS-MODIS卫星资料反演西北干旱绿洲的地表反照率

地表反照率是一个广泛应用于地表能量平衡、中长期天气预测和全球变化研究的重要参数, 作者应用EOS-MODIS卫星数据和目前发展的推算反照率比较完善的一种二向反射(BRDF)模型Ross Thick-Li Sparse R核算法(AMBRALS算法), 对西北干旱绿洲区非均匀分布的地表反照率进行反演与分析, 结果表明, 应用该方法反演的地表参数与实际观测值基本接近.敦煌戈壁站的反演值与观测值的春、夏、秋季绝对误差最大为0.019, 冬季为0.051, 黑河绿洲实验站的反演值较观测值低0.019; 绿洲、绿洲     

2000~2016年青藏高原地表反照率时空分布及动态变化

应用MODIS地表反照率产品MCD43C3,结合青藏高原自然带数据、积雪覆盖率和植被指数数据,采用一元线性回归方法分析了2000~2016年青藏高原地表反照率的分布及变化特征,结果表明:1）高原地表反照率空间分布差异大,整体上东南部低、西北部高,受地形和地表覆盖影响较大。2）高原地表反照率四季的空间分布变化明显,高海拔山脉和高寒灌丛草甸是高原地表反照率年内和年际变化的敏感地区。3）高原地表反照率年变化介于0.19~0.26,一定程度上表现为“双峰单谷”型,与地表覆盖类型的季节变化密切相关。4）高原地表反照率年际变化整体呈缓慢波动减小的趋势,平均变率约为－0.4×10-3 a-1,减小的区域约占高原总面积的66%,川西 —藏东针叶林带的西南部地区减小得最快,减小速率超过1.0×10-2 a-1。5）高原地表反照率减小与冰川消融和积雪减少密切相关,高原植被覆盖改善也是一个重要因素。     

Assessment of GCM simulated snow albedo using direct observations

 Annual cycles of monthly albedos simulated with a general circulation model (GCM) are compared with surface observations. The data observed at 35 stations are retrieved from the Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA) and drawn from the soil moisture and meteorological observations in the former Soviet Union. The model data are obtained with the ECHAM4 GCM in a ten-year simulation of the present-day climate at T106 resolution. The model calculated albedo values are modified before they are compared with the surface observations: They are interpolated to the stations and adjusted to account for altitude differences and fractional forest area. During the snow-free period, the model underestimates the albedo by up to 0.05 at the stations (with values between 0.2 and 0.25 measured over short grass) because the albedo for grassland is too low in the model. During the period with seasonal snow cover, the model underestimates the albedo by up to 0.2 at stations in Russia, Scandinavia and Canada, which experience severe winters. This underestimation is due to an oversimplified parameterization of the snow covered grid fraction and an inadequate linear relation between snow albedo and temperature. The derivative of albedo with respect to the forest fraction implemented in ECHAM is in line with the observations, although a small overestimation of the model’s gradient has been detected. Received: 3 July 1998 / Accepted: 24 December 1998     

WRF模式对江西2006—2015年夏季气候模拟的性能分析

基于NCEP/FNL再分析资料,利用中尺度天气预报模式（WRF）对2006—2015年1月1日—8月31日的天气形势进行模拟,分析探讨了模式对江西省夏季(6—8月)气温和降水的模拟能力。结果表明：WRF模式能准确模拟出江西省气温和降水的空间分布气候特征,模拟结果与中国区域高时空分辨率地面气象要素驱动数据集（CMFD）接近。其中,降水的模拟精度低于气温模拟;模拟的气温在鄱阳湖地区出现低值,与CMFD的偏差最大。WRF模式模拟的地面反照率偏大导致气温模拟结果偏低。     

Improved Parameterization of Snow Albedo in WRF + Noah: Methodology Based on a Severe Snow Event on the Tibetan Plateau

Snowfall and the subsequent evolution of the snowpack have a large effect on the surface energy balance and water cycle of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The effects of snow cover can be represented by the WRF coupled with a land surface scheme. The widely used Noah scheme is computationally efficient, but its poor representation of albedo needs considerable improvement. In this study, an improved albedo scheme is developed using a satellite-retrieved albedo that takes snow depth and age into account. Numerical experiments were then conducted to simulate a severe snow event in March 2017. The performance of the coupled WRF/Noah model, which implemented the improved albedo scheme, is compared against the model’s performance using the default Noah albedo scheme and against the coupled WRF/CLM that applied CLM albedo scheme. When the improved albedo scheme is implemented, the albedo overestimation in the southeastern TP is reduced, reducing the RMSE of the air temperature by 0.7°C. The improved albedo scheme also attains the highest correlation between the satellite-derived and the model-estimated albedo, which provides for a realistic representation of both the snow water equivalent (SWE) spatial distribution in the heavy snowbelt (SWE > 6 mm) and the maximum SWE in the eastern TP. The underestimated albedo in the coupled WRF/CLM leads to underestimating the regional maximum SWE and a consequent failure to estimate SWE in the heavy snowbelt accurately. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of improving the Noah albedo scheme and provides a theoretical reference for researchers aiming to improve albedo schemes further.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIATION IN SURFACE ALBEDO AND SNOW FORCING OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

The combination of field experiments and satellite observations is the fundamental way tounderstand the characteristics of spatial-temporal variation in surface albedo over the Tibetan(Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau. Under the condition without snow cover, the relatively regular annualvariation cycle of the surface albedo can be expressed by an empirical formula. The effect of snowcover on the surface albedo in winter can be expressed by introducing two variables of snow forcingand sensitivity parameter. The existing satellite retrieved results of surface albedo may provide thedigital grid data for describing the geographical distribution. However, some satellite retrievedsurface albedos available over the Tibetan Plateau are obviously too low in winter. Taking thesatellite derived results in summer as the background field representative of geographicaldistribution and combining the empirical formula of annual cycle based on the surface observations,a dynamic model of surface albedo is developed for the need of modeling the climatic influence ofthe underlying surface forcing of the Tibetan Plateau.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIATION IN SURFACE ALBEDO AND SNOW FORCING OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU*

The combination of field experiments and satellite observations is the fundamental way to understand the characteristics of spatial-temporal variation in surface albedo over the Tibetan(Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau. Under the condition without snow cover, the relatively regular annual variation cycle of the surface albedo can be expressed by an empirical formula. The effect of snow cover on the surface albedo in winter can be expressed by introducing two variables of snow forcing and sensitivity parameter. The existing satellite retrieved results of surface albedo may provide the digital grid data for describing the geographical distribution. However, some satellite retrieved surface albedos available over the Tibetan Plateau are obviously too low in winter. Taking the satellite derived results in summer as the background field representative of geographical distribution and combining the empirical formula of annual cycle based on the surface observations,a dynamic model of surface albedo is developed for the need of modeling the climatic influence of the underlying surface forcing of the Tibetan Plateau.     

中国地区MODIS地表反照率反演结果的时空分布研究

应用2003—2015年MODIS地表反照率反演质量数据MCD43A2,统计分析中国地区MODIS地表反照率反演质量的时空分布特征,结果表明:1)中国地区MODIS地表反照率反演质量在空间分布上具有明显的差异,高质量全反演结果(质量标记0)主要分布在东北、华北、西北地区和西南地区的中西部;当量反演结果(质量标记3)主要分布在华东、华中、华南地区和西南地区的中东部;填充值(质量标记15)主要分布在华中、华南、华东地区及西南地区的部分区域。2)在东北、华北和西北地区,只有春、夏和秋季才有超过60%的区域可能获得高精度MODIS地表反照率;可能获得高精度M ODIS地表反照率的区域,在西南地区全年各时段都只有40%~60%,在华东、华中和华南地区全年各时段都不足20%。3)各地当量反演结果的比例一般不足50%,华东和华中地区夏季和秋季当量反演结果的比例超过40%;4)华中和华东地区夏季和冬季,以及华南地区春、夏和冬季,填充值的比例超过50%,华南和华中地区最高甚至超过80%。     

Impact of absorbing aerosol deposition on snow albedo reduction over the southern Tibetan plateau based on satellite observations

We investigate the snow albedo variation in spring over the southern Tibetan Plateau induced by the deposition of light-absorbing aerosols using remote sensing data from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard Terra satellite during 2001–2012. We have selected pixels with 100 % snow cover for the entire period in March and April to avoid albedo contamination by other types of land surfaces. A model simulation using GEOS-Chem shows that aerosol optical depth (AOD) is a good indicator for black carbon and dust deposition on snow over the southern Tibetan Plateau. The monthly means of satellite-retrieved land surface temperature (LST) and AOD over 100 % snow-covered pixels during the 12 years are used in multiple linear regression analysis to derive the empirical relationship between snow albedo and these variables. Along with the LST effect, AOD is shown to be an important factor contributing to snow albedo reduction. We illustrate through statistical analysis that a 1-K increase in LST and a 0.1 increase in AOD indicate decreases in snow albedo by 0.75 and 2.1 % in the southern Tibetan Plateau, corresponding to local shortwave radiative forcing of 1.5 and 4.2 W m⁻², respectively.

     

Ice-free glacial northern Asia due to dust deposition on snow

During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 kyr BP), no large ice sheets were present in northern Asia, while northern Europe and North America (except Alaska) were heavily glaciated. We use a general circulation model with high regional resolution and a new parameterization of snow albedo to show that the ice-free conditions in northern Asia during the LGM are favoured by strong glacial dust deposition on the seasonal snow cover. Our climate model simulations indicate that mineral dust deposition on the snow surface leads to low snow albedo during the melt season. This, in turn, caused enhanced snow melt and therefore favoured snow-free peak summer conditions over almost the entire Asian continent during the LGM, whereas perennial snow cover is simulated over a large part of eastern Siberia when glacial dust deposition is not taken into account.