综合气象因素对广西电力负荷的影响

针对电网负荷易受多种气象因素影响的特点,为综合衡量气象因素对广西电力负荷的影响,引入了气象学指数--有效温度,分析了4-10月气温、相对湿度、风及有效气温对电力负荷的影响.结果表明:气温与电力负荷呈显著的正相关关系,气温是影响电力负荷的主要因子;夏季以气温和风速、气温和相对湿度组合的变化对负荷的影响较大,风速从静风到有风时,负荷明显地减少,但当超过一定的温度时,风速越大负荷反而增加;6-9月,负荷随着气温和有效温度的升高呈线性增加;在春夏、夏秋季过渡季节,负荷并不完全随着气温的升高而增加,在气温不是太高的阶段,相对湿度增大时,负荷有下降的趋势,当超过一定的温度时,负荷随气温和有效温度的升高而增加.     

北京市夏季电力负荷逐日变率与气象因子关系

利用2006年1月—2010年9月北京市逐日整点电力负荷和逐日气象资料,采用数理统计方法定量分析了北京市夏季电力负荷逐日变率与主要气象因子的关系。结果表明:与最大电力负荷显著相关的气象因子为温度、风速和空气湿度,其中与日最低气温相关性最高 (相关系数为0.65,显著性水平为0.001),当日最低气温高于18℃(或日最高气温高于26℃) 时,其对日最大电力负荷的1℃效应量约为39.7×107W。相对于温度单个因子,同时反映温度和相对湿度综合作用的闷热指数与最大电力负荷的关系更为密切。     

北京夏季日最大电力负荷预报模型建立方法探讨

为了探索夏季(6～8月)日气象负荷的最佳分离方式和引起日最大电力负荷波动的主要因子,以及建立预报模型最佳个数,基于北京市2005～2010年逐日最大电力负荷和同期的气象资料,分析了北京地区日最大电力负荷的变化规律,采用不同方法将气象负荷从夏季日最大电力负荷中分离出来,分析北京夏季气象负荷与气温、相对湿度、降水及炎热指数、高温持续日数、炎热日数持续时间、前一日气象负荷等因子之间的关系,并基于2005～2009年夏季逐日气象负荷和其主要影响因子采用逐步回归方法建立日最大电力负荷的预报模型,将2010年夏季北京日最大电力负荷作为预报效果的独立样本检验。结果显示:2005～2010年,北京逐日最大电力负荷具有明显的线性增长趋势,夏季日最大电力负荷具有显著的星期效应;与去掉逐年夏季日最大电力负荷趋势和夏季平均日最大电力负荷趋势相比,去掉全年逐日最大电力负荷变化趋势的夏季日气象负荷预报模型的拟合能力更优;北京夏季日气象负荷与当日气温的相关系数最高,与前一日气象负荷也关系密切;利用前一日相对气象负荷和当日气象要素一周逐日分别建立预报模型的拟合和预测效果较好。     

西安市居民用电量对气象因子的响应及预测

利用2010年2月1日至2013年8月31日西安市逐小时电力负荷资料及对应时段地面气象观测站数据,分析西安电力负荷的变化特征,研究气象敏感负荷与主要气象因子的关系。结果表明:电力负荷在不同时间尺度上呈现出不同变化特征,夏季和冬季是一年中电力负荷的高峰期;极端电力负荷出现在夏冬两季,其中夏季极端电力负荷出现频率占总数的74%;相比于其他气象因子,气温与气象敏感负荷的相关性最强,在5—9月呈正相关,10月至次年4月呈负相关,逐日气象负荷率随日平均气温的增加先逐渐减小,再逐渐增加,当日平均气温为17℃时,气象负荷率最小;日最高气温34℃为夏季引起西安市最大电力负荷增加的初始气温敏感值,36℃为强气温敏感值,38℃为极强气温敏感值,日最低气温-2℃为冬季引起西安市最大电力负荷增加的初始气温敏感值,-4℃为强气温敏感值,-7℃为极强气温敏感值。     

冀北电网电力负荷特征与气温的关系

基于冀北电力公司提供的2013—2014年冀北电网逐日最大电力负荷资料,采用数理统计方法分析日最大电力负荷的变化规律及其与气温等气象因子的相关关系,并重点讨论其与气温的关系。结果表明:冀北地区最大电力负荷有2个高峰时段,分别为夏季7—8月、冬季11—12月;日最大电力负荷具有周变化特征,周五、周六、周日为周电力负荷高峰期,周六电力负荷最高,周二电力负荷最低;夏季高峰期,日最大电力负荷与日平均气温、日最高气温、日最低气温、日平均相对湿度、日闷热指数呈正相关,并且通过显著性检验,且当日最高气温高于26℃(或日平均气温高于20℃)时,日最高气温对日最大电力负荷的1℃效应量约为21.19×104k W。     

宜昌市电力负荷对气象因子的响应及气象预报模型的建立

利用2015-2017年宜昌市逐小时电力负荷资料及对应时段地面气象观测站数据,分析宜昌电力负荷的变化特征,研究气象敏感负荷与气象因子的关系,基于主要气象敏感因子通过逐步回归法建立宜昌电力负荷预报方法。结果表明:宜昌电力负荷呈逐年增长的趋势,夏季和冬季是一年中电力负荷高峰期,年最大电力负荷出现在夏季,年均增幅达11.8%,年最小电力负荷出现在春节期间;气温对气象敏感负荷影响最大,随着日平均气温T升高逐日气象负荷率先减小后增加,当T为17℃时,气象负荷率最小,从而划分了4个变化阶段:17℃≤T<26℃、T≥26℃、7℃≤T<17℃、T<7℃,基于各阶级主要气象敏感因子分别建立电力负荷回归预报方程,经检验,在实际应用中预报相对误差绝对值为3.8%,基本能够满足电力部门负荷预测的精度要求。后期可结合人工智能算法,进一步提高宜昌电力气象负荷预测的稳定性和准确性。     

武汉市电力负荷特征及其与气象因子的关系

利用武汉市2013—2018年逐15 min精细化电力负荷数据及武汉市日降水、气温等气象资料,统计分析电力负荷特征指标,探寻电力负荷的构成、变化规律及其与气象因子的关系。研究结果表明:(1)近年来武汉市电力负荷和日负荷峰谷差屡破新高,夏季高温持续时间和强度大小对空调负荷影响最为显著。电力负荷随季节变化呈现出明显的“双峰双谷”特征。(2)夏季电力负荷远高于其它三季,冬季次之。四季日变化特征总体呈现“昼高夜低”的分布。(3)工作日和双休日负荷明显高于节假日,工作日负荷略高于双休日,其中工作日的早高峰负荷最大,而双休日和节假日的晚高峰负荷最大。(4)气象因子对全社会用电量影响尤为重要。夏季气象敏感负荷与日平均气温的关系最密切,当平均气温高于初始敏感值和强敏感值时,电力负荷随气温上升增幅更加明显。(5)无论是否出现降水,夏季气象敏感负荷与日平均气温的关系都很密切。无降水天气,负荷与日平均气温相关性最高;有降水发生时,气象敏感负荷与日平均气温的相关性呈下降趋势,总体反映出降水影响气温、气温影响电力负荷的物理过程和机制。     

气象条件对电力负荷的影响分析

利用河北省南电网提供的2000～2006年逐日最大电力负荷资料.分析了日最大电力负荷的变化规律.以石家庄市为例,采用相关分析方法,分年逐月分析了日最大电力负荷与对应6个气象因子的相关性,得出不同时段电力负荷的主要气象影响因子;分析了6～9月和11月受气温影响显著月电力负荷的1℃效应量、3～8月10 mm以上降水量对电力负荷的影响变化率;采用多元回归的方法分时间段建立了最大电力负荷的气象预测方程,加上逐年电力负荷变化趋势项即可做电力负荷预测预报.     

引入积温效应预测夏季西安市电力气象负荷

利用2010—2012年6—8月西安市逐日电力负荷资料及对应时段地面观测站数据,分析了高温天气过程中日最大电力负荷的变化特征。结果发现,3年间西安地区共发生晴热天气过程5次,闷热天气过程4次,其中晴热天气过程发生在6月,闷热天气过程发生在7、8月,且闷热天气过程的电力负荷增长更加明显;利用日最高气温变化跟踪气象负荷的变化发现,日最高气温33℃为西安市气象负荷初始气温敏感点,35℃为强气温敏感点,38℃为极强气温敏感点;引入积温累积效应,建立了多元回归的电力气象负荷预测模型,经2013年夏季模型应用检验表明,日最大电力负荷预测平均误差为6.0%,能较好的模拟电力负荷的实际变化,对西安市夏季电力气象服务工作有指导意义。     

基于气象因子及机器学习回归算法的夏季空调负荷预测

气温、气压、相对湿度等气象因子对夏季用电负荷的影响非常显著。为了定量研究气象因子导致用电负荷的变化,本文将夏季用电负荷与当年4月及9月用电平均值之差定义为夏季空调负荷,并利用2014年1月到2016年12月南京市逐时气温、气压、相对湿度、水汽压、降雨量、风速、露点温度等气象资料,以及逐日逐时用电负荷数据资料,采用多元线性、K近邻法,决策树,bagging回归、随机森林等5种机器学习回归算法进行建模,并对其分别进行参数调优工作,进而得到空调负荷预测结果。结果表明:多元线性回归方法是5种回归算法里效果最差的一种,但通过增加特征量的种类和样本数,可以提高预测精度;随机森林回归算法是5种回归算法里效果最好的一种,较多元线性回归算法减小误差达44%,并且较好描述了空调负荷高值区的极端情况并减少了对于训练数据的过拟合现象。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.