海口汛期不同等级降水与旱涝关系的分析

利用海口市1951～2000年5～10月逐日降水资料，分析了汛期不同等级降水日数与汛期总降水量的关系。结果表明海口市汛期总降水量与相当暴雨日数关系相当密切，与暴雨日数关系次之．与中雨和小雨日数的关系不明显。汛期总降水量与相当暴雨日数具有较一致的气候变化规律。     

北京相当暴雨日数的气候特征

根据北京99年6～8月的逐日降水资料和274年6～8月总降水量资料， 分析了相当暴雨日数与总降水量及旱涝等级的相关性，给出相当暴雨日数与总降 水量的定量关系式，建立了北京274年汛期相当暴雨日数资料序列。分析表明: 相当暴雨日数概念的引入，可以把汛期总降水量中暴雨过程降水与非暴雨过程降 水分开，证实汛期旱涝变化只取决于暴雨过程的总次数和强度；相当暴雨日数是 一个气候统计量，有与总降水量一致的周期变化，但其年际变率和3.5年周期比 总降水量更显著，其概率分布满足泊松分布；与旱涝等级比较，相当暴雨日数与 总降水量的相关性更好，且有利于研究形成汛期旱涝灾害的暴雨过程特征。     

商丘相当暴雨日数的气候特征

利用商丘1961-2005年6-8月的逐日降水资料和总降水量资料,分析了相当暴雨日数与总降水量及降水等级的相关性,结果表明:相当暴雨日数概念的引入可以把汛期总降水量中暴雨过程降水与非暴雨过程降水分开;相当暴雨日数是一个气候统计量,其年际变率比总降水量更显著;与降水等级比较,相当暴雨日数与总降水量的相关性更好,且有利于研究形成汛期洪涝灾害的暴雨过程特征。     

商丘相当暴雨日数的气候特征

利用商丘1961--2005年6-8月的逐日降水资料和总降水量资料，分析了相当暴雨日数与总降水量及降水等级的相关性，结果表明：相当暴雨日数概念的引入可以把汛期总降水量中暴雨过程降水与非暴雨过程降水分开；相当暴雨目数是一个气候统计量，其年际变率比总降水量更显著；与降水等级比较，相当暴雨日数与总降水量的相关性更好，且有利于研究形成汛期洪涝灾害的暴雨过程特征。     

汉中市汛期暴雨与旱涝关系

根据汉中市１９５１～１９９８ 年逐日降水资料, 计算汛期（６～９ 月）暴雨日数、相当暴雨日数及旱涝级别与汛期总降水量的关系, 得出： 汛期暴雨量对汛期降水量具有决定性作用, 在某种意义上讲, 汛期旱涝预测主要是汛期暴雨的预测     

温州市相当暴雨日数的气候特征分析

利用温州市1951—2008年的逐日降水量资料,通过定义相当暴雨日数,分别分析了相当暴雨日数与汛期降水量和全年总降水量的关系,结果表明二者之间有很好的线性相关性,并建立了回归方程。在此基础上,初步探讨了利用其线性关系作为预测汛期和年度降水量的参考,也可以依据长期降水趋势预报,发挥相当暴雨日数在短期预报中强降水预报的指导意义。     

海丰县暴雨的气候特征

利用统计分析方法分析了海丰县1961～2007年暴雨的气候特征,结果表明：海丰县年平均暴雨日为13.5d,属于暴雨多发区,暴雨日平均强度为92.4mm/d,暴雨降水量占年降水量的50.9%,全年各月都可能有暴雨出现。年暴雨日数的年际变化很大,最多的年份达到23d（1997、2003年）,最少的只有6d（1983年）。年暴雨日数以约0.06d/年的速度增多,其中1993～2007年的暴雨日数的趋势变化率达0.1714d/年,特别是进入本世纪后年平均暴雨日数达16.3d/年,但突变并不显著。年、汛期、前汛期、后汛期和非汛期的暴雨日数与同期降水量有着较好的相关性,相关系数都〉0.85。暴雨、大暴雨和连续性暴雨都以5月下旬～6月中旬最为集中,因此“龙舟水”期间海丰县降水最激烈,是最应警惕的时段;近10年来不仅暴雨日数增多明显,极端事件的发生更为频繁。     

1961—2016年汛期东天山北坡不同量级降水日数时空变化特征

利用东天山北坡5个国家级地面气象站1961—2016年汛期(5—9月)逐日降水资料,采用线性趋势、相关系数、多项式拟合及Mann-Kendall突变方法,探讨不同量级降水日数时空演变特征及与汛期总降水量的关系。结果表明:随着降水量级升高,对应降水日数迅速减小;近56 a总降水日数、中雨日数、大雨日数和暴雨日数均呈增加趋势,其中大雨日数增加趋势最明显,对总降水日数的增加贡献最大,小雨日数呈明显的减小趋势,大雨日数在1991年发生突变,暴雨日数在1980年发生由少到多的突变,其他降水日数表现为下降趋势,但均未发生突变;从不同量级降水日数空间分布可知,除了小雨日数其他量级降水日数都是以木垒为高值中心,逐渐向东西两侧减小,最低值一般出现在伊吾和吉木萨尔;汛期随着降水量级上升,降水日数与汛期总降水量相关系数也不断增大,小雨日数与总降水量相关性最差,与大雨日数相关性最高。     

临沂市汛期暴雨与旱涝

根据临沂市１９６１－１９９７年逐日降水资料,计算了汛期暴雨日数,相当蚶日 与旱涝级别和汛期总降水量的关系。得出：汛期暴雨多少对汛期降水多少具有决定性作用。在某种意义上讲,汛期旱涝预测主要是汛期暴雨预测。     

贵阳汛期暴雨与旱涝关系的分析

根据贵阳1921－2000年逐日降水资料，计算了汛期（6－8月）暴雨日数，相当暴雨日数与旱涝级别和汛期总降雨量的关系，得出：汛期暴雨量决定降水量，且旱涝预测主要是暴雨预测。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.