华东沿海ASCAT反演风速的检验和订正

基于2010—2014年ASCAT反演风速、华东沿海14个浮标站和浙江沿海249个自动气象站资料,对华东沿海ASCAT反演风速进行检验和订正。研究表明:站点ASCAT风速误差不仅与离岸距离相关,而且与站点周围地形有关,误差较大的5个浮标站均位于舟山群岛附近海区,平均偏大4.79 m·s-1,其他海区浮标站的ASCAT反演风速平均偏差仅为0.46 m·s-1。ASCAT反演风速与浮标站风速的线性回归可有效减小反演风速误差,订正后误差大幅减小,误差越大的站点订正效果越好。相距160 km内的浮标站点间风速误差呈正相关,且站点间距越小,误差正相关越明显。考虑带影响半径的反距离权重,采用邻站方程订正法和邻站误差订正法分别对华东沿海ASCAT反演风速进行订正,均能明显减小平均偏差和均方根误差,两种方法订正效果接近,即两种方法均有较好的订正效果,可用于实际业务。     

中期数值天然预报的误差订正方法探讨

本文利用一个全球谱模式（Ｔ６３Ｌ９）和１９９４年４个时段个例的全球客观分析资料探讨了中期数值天气预报的误差订正方法。个例分析的结果表明,采用定常误差订正和时空平滑误差订正方法,误差订正效果显著,可考虑在业务系统中采用。     

中期数值天气预报的误差订正方法探讨

本文利用一个全球谱模式（T63L9）和1994年4个时段个例的全球客观分析资料探讨了中期数值天气预报的误差订正方法。个例分析的结果表明,采用定常误差订正和时空平滑误差订正方法,误差订正效果显著,可考虑在业务系统中采用。     

误差订正在辽宁地区冬季温度预报中的应用

利用7d固定误差订正和滑动误差订正方法对2014年冬季辽宁地区中尺度业务模式2m温度预报产品插值结果进行订正,并将订正结果与中央气象台MOS预报进行对比,分析MOS、7d固定误差订正和滑动误差订正3种数值模式后处理方法对辽宁地区冬季温度预报准确率的影响。结果表明:经过两种误差订正后的预报结果准确率均比数值模式预报插值结果高,滑动误差订正效果优于7d固定误差订正;24h最高气温预报中,滑动误差订正结果的准确率最高;最低气温预报中,08时滑动误差订正结果准确率高于中央气象台MOS预报,但20时滑动误差订正结果准确率低于MOS预报。滑动误差订正需1—15d的资料积累,比MOS方法所需资料少且操作简单,适合观测资料积累少的地区开展数值模式的温度订正。     

TOVS 水汽反演的误差分析及其订正

该文利用同步物理反演法以6小时数值预报场为背景场对1992年1月份NOAA-12卫星垂直探测（TOVS）资料进行了大气参数反演，并对水汽反演误差进行了检验和分析。以常规观测作为检验的标准，检验结果按3条轨道统计，发现反演的相对湿度平均误差与背景场的误差密切相关，均为负值；在高层和高纬度，误差绝对值随高度的增加而增加，随纬度的升高而增加；误差的日际变化在高层比较稳定，低层振动较大。对反演误差进行订正后的结果表明，在500 hPa以上反演均比背景质量要好，尤其轨道A所有层次上订正后的反演比背景场好。     

贵州地区CMORPH卫星降水产品的误差订正

CMORPH卫星反演降水产品具有全天候、全球覆盖的特点,其时空分布相对均匀、独立,但是CMORPH本质上是通过间接手段反演得到,其降水精度无法与地面观测降水精度相比,并且存在一定的系统误差。结合地面自动站降水资料采用概率密度匹配法对贵州地区CMORPH卫星反演降水产品进行系统误差订正,该方法将每个格点的卫星降水累积概率分布曲线和地面降水概率密度分布曲线匹配,获取降水误差订正值;其中误差订正效果受降水累积概率分布拟合曲线的影响,而考虑到降水累积概率分布是非正态分布,因此选用Gamma分布拟合降水累积概率分布曲线。通过对2018年5月三次降水过程的订正结果分析得到如下结论:(1) 逐时的CMORPH卫星反演降水产品存在明显的非独立系统误差,误差范围随降水量级的变化而变化,存在低值高估的特点;(2) 在小时尺度下地面降水的累积概率密度呈指数衰减分布,而CMORPH的降水累积概率密度分布更加复杂,其在中雨、大雨区间内的降水概率较高;(3) 通过概率密度匹配法订正后的CMORPH与订正前相比降水空间结构更加贴近地面降水,强降水中心的量级和范围明显减小,平均绝对误差和均方根误差均减小,其中偏差订正值在0.114~0.468 mm/h,均方根误差订正在0.24~1.49 mm/h之间。经概率密度匹配法订正后的CMORPH卫星反演降水产品精度明显提升,更加接近于实际降水。      

TOVS水汽及演的误差分析及其订正

该文利用同步物理反演法以６小时数值预报场为背景场对１９９２年１月份ＮＯＡＡ－１２卫星垂直探测（ＴＯＶＳ）资料进行了大气参数反演，并对水汽反演误差进行了检验和分析．以常规观测作为检验的标准，检验结果按３条轨道统计，发现反演的相对湿度平均误差与背景场的误差密切相关，均为负值；在高层和高纬度，误差绝对值随高度的增加而增加，随纬度的升高而增加；误差的日际变化在高层比较稳定，低层振动较大．对反演误差进行订正后的结果表明，在５００ｈＰａ以上反演均比背景质量要好，尤其轨道Ａ所有层次上订正后的反演比背景场好．     

针对模式风场的格点预报订正方案对比

为了将格点观测融合产品用于模式预报产品的滚动订正中,获得精准的预报效果,使用国家气象信息中心HRCLDAS（High Resolution China Meteorological Administration Land Data Assimilation System）业务系统产生的高频次格点风场融合产品作为实况资料,采用两种风场模型和8种格点误差订正方案,对模式风预报产品进行订正预报试验,试验选择欧洲中期天气预报中心10 m风预报产品的2017年1月1日—2月28日以及2017年6月1日—7月31日两个时间段,进行了预报模拟试验,对8种格点误差订正方案的订正结果进行检验,同时将订正场插值到站点,使用国家级2400个地面气象站风场资料进行站点检验,结果表明:无论从格点还是站点检验的平均绝对偏差、准确率、绝对偏差分布频率结果看,采用基于模式和实况因子的全格点滑动建模订正方案具有最佳的订正效果。     

几种格点化温度滚动订正预报方案对比研究

为了快速获得更为精准的格点温度预报产品,使用国家信息中心高分辨率、高频次的温度格点多元融合产品和欧洲中期天气预报中心全球模式2 m温度预报场资料,采用8种误差订正方案进行滚动订正预报试验。选择2017年1月1日至2月28日和6月1日至7月31日两个时间段进行两次回报模拟试验,并对订正前后的预报结果进行格点和站点检验分析,结果表明:8种方案对模式直接输出的预报场有正技巧订作用,全格点滑动误差回归模型订正和全格点滑动双因子回归模型订正效果最优,两种方案都能使订正场的格点平均绝对误差在2℃以下,3、6和9 h的格点准确率均在0.9以上。全格点滑动误差回归模型的检验评分略微好于全格点滑动双因子回归模型,表明作为预报模型因子的起报时刻误差场比数值模式因子在短期订正中扮演着更为重要的角色。     

单多普勒雷达反演风场的质量控制

利用扩展VAP方法,通过极值订正,时间和空间连续性订正等方法,对反演后的风场进行质量控制,并与双多普勒雷达风场反演结果进行了对比.结果表明,经过订正的反演风场中大部分有明显误差的点得到了修正,而且订正后的风场更合理,与双多普勒雷达风场反演结果更一致,提高了反演风场的质量.     

APPLICATION OF THE VARIATIONAL METHOD OF TOVS DATA OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN IMPROVEMENT OF THE INITIAL FIELD OF NUMERICAL MODELS

In this paper,TOVS satellite data are used through variational method on the data-sparseplateau area.Diagnoses are carried out to find a way to solve the large error problem of modelinitial field.It is put forward that TOVS retrieval data can be used to improve the initial field ofnumerical prediction model on Tibetan Plateau area.Through variational method,TOVS data areprocessed and the liability of the initial information on the plateau is improved.Diagnostic resultsconfirm further that the application of TOVS retrieval data can improve our capability to describethe dynamic system features on the plateau and the objectivity of related initial information such asthe distribution of water vapor channel and stratification stability.     

APPLICATION OF THE VARIATIONAL METHOD OF TOVS DATA OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN IMPROVEMENT OF THE INITIAL FIELD OF NUMERICAL MODELS*

In this paper,TOVS satellite data are used through variational method on the data-sparse plateau area.Diagnoses are carried out to find a way to solve the large error problem of model initial field.It is put forward that TOVS retrieval data can be used to improve the initial field of numerical prediction model on Tibetan Plateau area.Through variational method,TOVS data are processed and the liability of the initial information on the plateau is improved.Diagnostic results confirm further that the application of TOVS retrieval data can improve our capability to describe the dynamic system features on the plateau and the objectivity of related initial information such as the distribution of water vapor channel and stratification stability.     

应用TOVS资料变分分析技术增加青藏高原地区摸式初始场信息

首次在测站稀少的高原地区引入经变分技术处理的 TOVS卫星资料 ,通过动力诊断探讨了解决高原地区测站少、数值预报模式初始场信息误差大的技术关键问题 ,提出了采用TOVS反演资料在高原地区增加模式初始场信息的构思 ,并应用变分法处理 TOVS反演资料 ,显著地提高了高原初始场信息的可靠性 ;并从动力诊断分析角度 ,进一步证实了 TOVS反演资料的应用有利于提高高原动力系统特征的描述能力 ,并显著改善水汽输送通道分布及其层结稳定度等有关初始场信息的客观性     

TOVS资料的变分处理方法在青藏高原地区的数值试验

首次在测站稀少的高原地区引入经变分技术处理的TOVS资料,使用MM5数值模式对高原地区降水数值预报难点进行了研究。探讨了解决高原地区测站少、数值预报模式初始场信息误差大的技术关键问题,提出了采用TOVS资料在高原地区增加初始场信息的构思。数值试验结果表明,应用变分法处理后的TOVS资料,可显著地提高高原初始场信息的可靠性。考虑夏季高原地区是对流多发区特点,本文采用非静力MM5模式,并在模式初始场中增加了TOVS资料,弥补了测站稀少的高原地区使用非静力模式的不足之处。研究结果表明,本文采用的TOVS资料技术方案可能是高原区域数值模式降水预报的有效途径,并为开拓卫星资料的应用领域提供了技术思路与理论分析依据。     

TOVS卫星反演信息采集处理功能和技术

ＴＯＶＳ卫星反演信息采集处理功能和技术,主要包括省台自动接收、分解、处理来自ＮＯＡＡ极轨气象探测卫星的多通道探测信息的反演资料和通过气象电路获取的由中国气象局卫星气象中心接收、处理后的ＴＯＶＳ反演资料;并研制、设计了ＴＯＶＳ资料的预处理技术和软件,以利于业务应用,这对全国省、市台接收、处理、应用高分辨的ＴＯＶＳ资料有实用价值     

极轨气象卫星TOVS资料微机处理系统简介

极轨气象卫星大气垂直探测（ＴＯＶＳ）资料微机处理系统可实时接收处理ＴＯＶＳ／ＨＲＰＴ资料，生成空间分辨率约７５（或５０）ｋｍ的大气温度和湿度廓线、位势高度、热成风、大气中水汽总含量、射出长波辐射（ＯＬＲ）、臭氧总含量等大气参数以及ＴＯＶＳ水汽图象等产品。其中，大气温度的平均相对误差为２．５Ｋ，大气湿度的平均相对误差为２５％。由于气象卫星覆盖范围广，观测频次多，因此，ＴＯＶＳ产品可弥补海洋、高原、沙漠等地区常规探测资料之不足。     

A comparison of SSM/I and TOVS column water vapor data over the global oceans

Summary This paper presents a comparison of column water vapor (CWV) information derived from both infrared measurements as part of the TIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) in an attempt to assess the relative merits of each kind of data. From the analyses presented in this paper, it appears that both types of satellite data closely reproduce the bulk climatological relationships introduced in earlier studies using different data. This includes both the bulk relationship between CWV and the sea surface temperature and the annual variation of CWV over the world's oceans. The TOVS water vapor data tends to be systematically smaller than the SSM/I data and when averaged over the ocean covered regions of the globe this difference is between 2–3 kgm^–2. Using a cloud liquid water threshold technique to establish clear sky values of SSM/I water vapor, we conclude that the differences between TOVS and SSM/I are largely a result of the clear sky bias in TOVS sampling except in the subsidence regions of the subtropics. The clear sky bias is considerably smaller than previously reported and we attribute this improvement to the new physical retrieval scheme implemented by NOAA NESDIS. While there is considerable agreement between the two types of satellite data, there are also important differences. In regions where there is drying associated with large scale subsidence of the atmosphere, the TOVS CWV's are too moist relative to both radiosonde and SSM/I data and this difference may exceed 10 kgm^–2. The explanation for this difference lies in the limitations of infrared radiative transfer. By contrast, in regions of deep convection, such as in the ITCZ, TOVS CWV is systematically lower than the SSM/I CWV. Both TOVS and SSM/I data demonstrate similar kinds of gross effects of large scale circulation on the water vapor except in these subsidence regions where TOVS data leads to an under-prediction of the effects of subsidence drying.With 11 Figures     

利用NOAA-9卫星垂直探测资料反演大气湿度廓线的试验

本文介绍了利用NOAA系列卫星垂直探测器(TOVS)资料反演水汽廓线的方法,并给出了利用特征向量回归法由NOAA-9 TOVS资料反演水汽廊线的结果及其与常规探测资料的比较分析。比较结果表明,卫星反演水汽廓线与常规探测水汽廓线基本吻合。     

A comparison of reanalyses in the tropical stratosphere. Part 3: inclusion of the pre-satellite data era

 In this study, previous evaluations of the monthly mean structure of the tropical lower stratosphere in reanalyzed datasets are extended to include the period 1958–1978, when no satellite-based observations were available. It is shown that a large discontinuity, in temperatures near the tropical tropopause, in the NCEP data occurred when the Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) became operational. When only rawinsonde data were available, the tropopause temperatures in the NCEP dataset are in better agreement with ERA data for TOVS period. Both NCEP and NASA reanalyses show similar deviations from the ERA data in the TOVS renalyses show similar deviations from the ERA data in the TOVS period. There is also a stepwise change in the lower stratospheric meridional velocity when the TOVS data were introduced into the NCEP reanalyses. This discontinuity is such that in the 1958–1978 period, the annual cycle in zonal mean meridional velocity in the NCEP data resembles that of the ERA data in the 1979–1993 period. The differences are shown to result from large changes in the local meridional flow in the Indonesian region. The temporal consistency of the QBO is examined; it is shown that the NCEP assimilation system is sensitive to the data available. There is a change in the zonally asymmetric structure of the zonal wind over time, presumably related to the changes in input data and the inability of the model to represent the three-dimensional structure of the tropical lower stratosphere. These results provide further evidence of the value of rawinsonde data in data assimilation systems as well as the need to use satellite radiance data in an appropriate manner. Received: 7 April 1997 / Accepted: 4 September 1998     

云参数对RTTOV5模式模拟误差的影响分析

该文根据1998年8月的业务TOVS反演的温度、水汽垂直廓线资料以及其它资料, 利用RTTOV5模式模拟NOAA14极轨气象卫星上相应红外探测 (HIRS) 通道的辐射亮温值, 将模拟值对比实测TOVS探测资料, 结果表明, 晴空模式模拟亮温与实测值的误差小于部分有云时的误差, 模拟误差受云的影响呈反相变化, 对水汽敏感的中低层探测通道在晴空时的误差小于部分有云情况; 通过对比白天和夜间短波窗区探测通道模拟误差, 分析了其受地面反射太阳光辐射的影响的大小及其原因所在; 并利用RTTOV5的伴随模式和Jacobine模式分析了模式模拟误差对初始场云参数的敏感性。该研究为TOVS/ATOVS探测资料在3DR或4DR变分同化中的直接应用奠定了基础。