2008年冬季准静止锋与1998年夏季梅雨锋的异同

通过对比2008年1月出现在华南的冬季准静止锋和1998年6-7月出现在江淮流域的夏季梅雨锋得出如下结论:(1)2008年冬季静止锋和1998年夏季梅雨锋的阻塞形势和暖湿气流来源基本一致.(2)锋生作用均在低层较为明显,但锋生结构不同.2008年冬季静止锋锋生较强,坡度较小,高度到达对流层中上层;1998年夏季梅雨锋锋生较弱,锋区主要集中在800 hPa以下.2008年降水主要发生在静止锋北侧,1998年夏季降水则主要发生在锋区附近.(3)影响锋生的要素不同.2008年静止锋锋生为温度、湿度、风场的共同作用;而1998年静止锋锋生主要为湿度和风场的影响,温度场几乎没有对其产生影响.(4)降水机制不同,2008年1月的冰雪天气为静止锋锋面抬升和高低空急流的耦合抬升共同作用所致,而1998年夏季的梅雨是由低层不稳定的触发、高低空急流的耦合抬升共同作用造成的.     

昆明准静止锋的准地转Q矢量分析①

应用Q矢量理论,对1995年2月一次与云南寒潮天气过程有关的昆明准静止锋进行了诊断分析.结果表明:在850 hPa上,云南东部地区存在明显的非地转风辐合场,从而引起昆明准静止锋锋生;当700 hPa上Q矢量锋生函数值增大,说明锋后冷空气加强,昆明准静止锋容易南下;低层Q矢量辐合带与昆明准静止锋雨区有较好的对应关系.     

两次滇黔准静止锋锋区结构的对比分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°格点再分析资料,对滇黔准静止锋上的低温雨雪冰冻天气(简称08冻雨过程)及阴雨天气(简称09阴雨天气)的锋区结构特征及准静止锋的形成和维持进行了对比分析。锋区结构共同点表现在:在水平方向上,准静止锋在850 hPa的水平温度梯度大,是等温线密集区;锋后低空逆温显著,平均逆温强度达2~8℃,逆温中心位于贵州东部-湖南西部之间。在垂直方向上,锋区表现为等sθe的密集区,锋区在经向上向北倾斜,向上伸展高度接近600 hPa附近;准静止锋天气一旦持续,锋区在850 hPa上表现为正的涡度带以及水平风的辐合区;与准静止锋锋生密切相关的锋生函数为正值。不同点表现在:近地面温度场垂直结构的差异是导致准静止锋降水属性不同的重要原因;在08冻雨过程中,温度场在垂直方向不仅具有"冷暖冷"的结构特征,还具有较深厚的"一层模式"结构特征。在09阴雨天气中,低空温度场存在冷中心,但温度高于0℃。在锋区结构上,08冻雨过程表现为宽而平缓且向北倾斜,09阴雨天气在750 hPa以下表现为狭窄而陡峭,并在16°~17°N之间存在副热带锋区。造成锋区结构特征差异的重要原因在于,锋生函数的水平辐合项和变性项对准静止锋的贡献存在差异。     

2007年梅雨锋降水的大尺度特征分析

2007年6-7月在华南、长江中下游以及淮河流域先后出现东西走向静止锋暴雨,引起粤东和淮河流域洪涝灾害.分析了这3个地区静止锋暴雨的动力学、热力学结构的异同点.2007年7月引起淮河洪涝的主要强降水是7月8-9日的暴雨,分析了引起这场强暴雨的大气环流特征以及梅雨锋深厚的锋生过程和气旋生成过程.主要结论为:(1)华南前汛期降水、长江梅雨期降水以及淮河强降水出现时东西向静止锋在动力学和热力学的结构相同,可通称为"梅雨锋".(2)2007年淮河静止锋暴雨的出现,是由于中国东部上空有深厚高空槽发展,诱导梅雨锋上气旋生成过程和深厚的锋生过程.气旋生成过程和锋生过程使梅雨锋上出现强烈的上升运动,形成了致洪暴雨.     

2004年秋季贵州静止锋天气分析

利用实况资料,从天气学角度对2004年秋季贵州静止锋天气进行分析,指出2004年秋季贵州静止锋天气主要以降雨为主,静止锋与冷空气的影响有关,500hPa引导气流、700hPa、850hPa西南气流的强弱以及地面冷空气的影响程度,决定了静止锋的强弱及维持时间.     

华东地区6-7月锋生的气候学特征及环流结构

利用中国华东地区212个站点2000-2010年6-7月逐日降水资料和NCEP/NACR再分析资料,运用运动学锋生函数公式,分析了华东地区6-7月锋生、锋面及其环流结构的气候学特征。结果表明,锋生函数值在华东区域呈现不均匀分布,且不同性质的运动学锋生具有不同的锋生强度和分布。其中,江淮地区是6-7月综合锋生最强的区域。根据风场在850 hPa强锋生带的切变及辐合情况,将6-7月的锋生类型分成4个大类,即暖切变型锋生、冷切变型锋生、西风辐合型锋生、东风辐合型锋生,其中,冷切变型锋生又分为两个亚类。不同类型的锋生个例数不同,江淮地区最多的是暖切变型锋生。不同锋面的水平结构与垂直结构存在显著差异,但对于强锋生过程,340 K假相当位温等值线与锋区平行且穿过锋区,其对判断强锋生过程和锋区位置具有指示意义。强锋生事件的出现有其大尺度环流背景,而不同类型的强锋生事件的环流背景差异较大:背景气旋或反气旋环流的中心位置、强度、辐散辐合场的分布、垂直环流结构等方面有不同程度的差异。降水与锋生强度紧密相关。锋生较强时,降水较多。暖切变型锋生日降水量最大,降水发生在锋区内部,与强锋生带走向一致;冷切变型次,两种类型的降水均发生在锋区的南侧,呈东北—西南走向;西风辐合再次之,降水发生在锋区内部偏南一侧。     

陇东南汛前期2次斜压锋生类短时强降水过程动力特征对比

2019年4月19—20日(简称"4·19")和4月26—27日(简称"4·26")陇东南出现2次区域短时强降水天气过程,利用常规气象观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,通过诊断锋生函数、温度平流、垂直风切变等物理量对2次过程的动力特征进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)2次过程均存在高空冷平流、低层冷暖气流交汇,地面分别有明显的冷锋和冷式切变辐合线,属于斜压锋生类强对流。(2)在同样显著的斜压大气环境条件下,2次过程动力特征存在明显差异,"4·19"过程冷空气较为深厚,中、低层强冷平流驱动低层锋生,对流发生在锋面强迫抬升的动力不稳定条件下,呈现出锋面降水特征;"4·26"过程低层及近地层有冷空气扩散,对流发生在近地层锋生与低空急流共同作用下,由热力不稳定主导,对流性降水特征显著。(3)700 hPa和850 hPa锋生函数可分别定量描述低层和近地层影响系统的时空分布和演变特征,由于近地层触发系统受地形影响难以界定,尤其"4·26"过程低层及近地层冷空气路径复杂,锋生函数可作为近地层触发系统判定的物理量指标。     

昆明准静止锋的准地转Q矢量分析

应用Ｑ矢量理论,对１９９５年２月一次与云南寒潮天气过程有关的昆明准静止锋进行了诊断分析。结果表明：在８５０ｈＰａ上,云南东部地区存在明显的的非地转风辐合场,从而引起昆明准静止锋锋生;当７００ｈＰａ上Ｑ矢量锋生函数值增大,说明儿后冷空气加强,昆明准静止锋容易南下;低层Ｑ矢量辐合带与昆明准静止锋雨区有较好的对应关系。     

2010年长江中游梅雨期β中尺度系统环境特征的分析

利用常规观测、地面和高空加密、红外卫星TBB、多普勒雷达反射率和NCEP再分析等资料,对2010年7月8-14日长江中游地区持续性暴雨过程进行了分析。结果表明,副热带高压脊线稳定地维持在23°-24°N之间,500hPa贝加尔湖西部大槽不断有小波动向中纬度地区东传,冷暖气流在长江中游地区交汇和青藏高原东侧东传的低值系统为暴雨的发生和持续提供了有利的环境条件。梅雨期南风活动呈现出明显的日变化,使得降水也有周期性和日变化特征。梅雨期间有多个中尺度对流系统MC-Ss活动,对应地面风场有中尺度辐合线、中尺度涡旋环流及气流汇合中心的辐合区。强降水发生前,大气层结表现为位势不稳定,为降水的发生积累不稳定能量;临近强降水发生时,大气层结表现为深厚的湿中性层结;在降水即将结束时,大气层结转为弱稳定,空气柱水汽减少、变干,暴雨期间大气层结的结构特征对暴雨业务预报具有一定的指示意义。持续性暴雨过程中对流层有明显的锋区,锋前上升运动有利于中尺度对流系统的发生、发展;锋区附近的锋生作用与强降水密切相关,锋生函数计算结果表明,水平形变对锋生作用的贡献最大。     

滇黔准静止锋一次锋面雾的成因分析

利用地面加密观测资料、常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料对黔西南州2009年12月6-9日的一次滇黔准静止锋锋面雾的天气过程进行分析,结果表明:在大雾发生期间,500hPa高度上南支槽、中低层西南气流强盛、地面滇黔准静止锋稳定维持是这次锋面雾的影响天气系统。滇黔准静止锋是维持大雾的稳定层结条件,中低层强盛的西南气流是维持大雾水汽条件。但是随着南支槽在东移过程中东推静止锋锋面使其东移减弱,大雾天气过程也随之结束。     

Summer dryness in a warmer climate: a process study with a regional climate model

Earlier GCM studies have expressed the concern that an enhancement of greenhouse warming might increase the occurrence of summer droughts in mid-latitudes, especially in southern Europe and central North America. This could represent a severe threat for agriculture in the regions concerned, where summer is the main growing season. These predictions must however be considered as uncertain, since most studies featuring enhanced summer dryness in mid-latitudes use very simple representations of the land-surface processes ("bucket" models), despite their key importance for the issue considered. The current study uses a regional climate model including a land-surface scheme of intermediate complexity to investigate the sensitivity of the summer climate to enhanced greenhouse warming over the American Midwest. A surrogate climate change scenario is used for the simulation of a warmer climate. The control runs are driven at the lateral boundaries and the sea surface by reanalysis data and observations, respectively. The warmer climate experiments are forced by a modified set of initial and lateral boundary conditions. The modifications consist of a uniform 3 K temperature increase and an attendant increase of specific humidity (unchanged relative humidity). This strategy maintains a similar dynamical forcing in the warmer climate experiments, thus allowing to investigate thermodynamical impacts of climate change in comparative isolation. The atmospheric CO ₂ concentration of the sensitivity experiments is set to four times its pre-industrial value. The simulations are conducted from March 15 to October 1st, for 4 years corresponding to drought (1988), normal (1986, 1990) and flood (1993) conditions. The numerical experiments do not present any great enhancement of summer drying under warmer climatic conditions. First, the overall changes in the hydrological cycle (especially evapotranspiration) are of small magnitude despite the strong forcing applied. Second, precipitation increases in spring lead to higher soil water recharge during this season, compensating for the enhanced soil moisture depletion occurring later in the year. Additional simulations replacing the plant control on transpiration with a bucket-type formulation presented increased soil drying in 1988, the drought year. This suggests that vegetation control on transpiration might play an important part in counteracting an enhancement of summer drying when soil water gets limited. Though further aspects of this issue would need investigating, our results underline the importance of land-surface processes in climate integrations and suggest that the risk of enhanced summer dryness in the region studied might be less acute than previously assumed, provided the North American general circulation does not change markedly with global warming.     

Continental vegetation as a dynamic component of a global climate model: a preliminary assessment

A simplified vegetation distribution prediction scheme is used in combination with the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) and coupled to a version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1) which includes a mixed-layer ocean. Employed in an off-line mode as a diagnostic tool, the scheme predicts a slightly darker and slightly rougher continental surface than when BATS' prescribed vegetation classes are used. The impact of tropical deforestation on regional climates, and hence on diagnosed vegetation, differs between South America and S.E. Asia. In the Amazon, the climatic effects of removing all the tropical forest are so marked that in only one of the 18 deforested grid elements could the new climate sustain tropical forest vegetation whereas in S.E. Asia in seven of the 9 deforested elements the climate could continue to support tropical forest. Following these off-line tests, the simple vegetation scheme has been coupled to the GCM as an interactive (or two-way) submodel for a test integration lasting 5.6 yr. It is found to be a stable component of the global climate system, producing only ~ 3% (absolute) interannual changes in the predicted percentages of continental vegetation, together with globally-averaged continental temperature increases of up to + 1.5 °C and evaporation increases of 0 to 5 W m^–2 and no discernible trends over the 67 months of integration. On the other hand, this interactive land biosphere causes regional-scale temperature differences of ± 10 °C and commensurate disturbances in other climatic parameters. Tuning, similar to the q-flux schemes used for ocean models, could improve the simulation of the present-day surface climate but, in the longer term, it will be important to focus on predicting the characteristics of the continental surface rather than simple vegetation classes. The coupling scheme will also have to allow for vegetation responses occurring over longer timescales so that the coupled system is buffered from sudden shocks.     

Numerical analysis of a thermotopographically-induced mesoscale circulation in a mountain basin using a non-hydrostatic model

Summary The boundary-layer wind field during weak synoptic conditions is largely controlled by the nature of the landscape. Mesoscale (sub-synoptic) circulations result from horizontal gradients of sensible heat flux due to variation in local topography, variation in surface-cover, and discontinuities such as land-sea contrasts. Such flows are usually referred to as thermally-driven circulations, and are diurnal in nature and often predictable. In this paper we use a state-of-the-art non-hydrostatic computer model to shed light on the physical mechanisms that drive a persistent easterly wind that develops in the afternoon in the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand. The easterly – Canterbury Plains Breeze (CPB) – is observed early in the afternoon and is often intense, with mean wind speeds reaching up to 12 m s⁻¹. Although computer modelling in mountainous terrain is extremely challenging, the model is able to simulate this circulation satisfactorily. To further investigate the mechanisms that generate the Canterbury Plains Breeze, two additional idealized model experiments are performed. With each experiment, the effects of the synoptic scale wind and the ocean around the South Island, New Zealand were successively removed. The results show that contrary to previous suggestions, the Canterbury Plains Breeze is not an intrusion of the coastal sea breeze or the Canterbury north-easterly, but can be generated by heating of the basin alone. This conclusion highlights the importance of mountain basins and saddles in controlling near-surface wind regimes in complex terrain.     

A cold air lake formation in a basin — a simulation with a mesoscale numerical model

Summary A formation of a cold air lake in a basin is studied with a mesometeorological model.A dynamic Boussinesq hydrostatic mesoscale numerical model is developed in a staggered orthogonal grid with a horizontal resolution of 1 km and with a varying vertical grid. The topography is presented in a block shape so that computation levels are horizontal.The mesometeorological model is tested in three idealized topography cases (a valley, a single mountain, a basin) and test results are discussed.In an alpine basin surrounded by mountains and plateaus the air is supposed to be stagnant at the beginning of the night. Due to differences in radiation cooling an inversion layer is formed in the basin and local wind circulation is studied by model simulations.With 14 Figures     

Effects of a Fence on Pollutant Dispersion in a Boundary Layer Exposed to a Rural-to-Urban Transition

Simultaneous particle-image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence combined with large-eddy simulations are used to investigate the flow and pollutant dispersion behaviour in a rural-to-urban roughness transition. The urban roughness is characterized by an array of cubical obstacles in an aligned arrangement. A plane fence is added one obstacle height h upstream of the urban roughness elements, with three different fence heights considered. A smooth-wall turbulent boundary layer with a depth of 10h is used as the approaching flow, and a passive tracer is released from a uniform line source 1h upstream of the fence. A shear layer is formed at the top of the fence, which increases in strength for the higher fence cases, resulting in a deeper internal boundary layer (IBL). It is found that the mean flow for the rural-to-urban transition can be described by means of a mixing-length model provided that the transitional effects are accounted for. The mixing-length formulation for sparse urban canopies, as found in the literature, is extended to take into account the blockage effect in dense canopies. Additionally, the average mean concentration field is found to scale with the IBL depth and the bulk velocity in the IBL.     

Evening Transition by a River Sampled Using a Remotely-Piloted Multicopter

Measurements made with instruments aboard a remotely-piloted multicopter flying across the Weser river in Germany provide information on the thermal structure of the boundary layer over the river and adjacent land, in this case in summer for late afternoon, the evening transition and early night on a clear calm day. The river has a characteristic width of 100 m. The stratification over the land and river are of opposite signs at the lower levels, except during part of the evening transition. The multicopter allows to qualitatively estimate the evolution of the thermal contrast between both surfaces, showing that the river banks experience very significant daytime cooling and nocturnal warming due to river-bank circulations, with the change of sign taking place well before sunset.     

连续10a气象报表预审无错情的体会

该文以连续10 a审核无错情经验为基础,从原始记录的审查、自记记录的检查、备注栏和记录要检的填写、微机审核报表等几方面,分析了基层台站如何做好气象报表的预审工作。     

Evaporation from a blanket bog in a foggy coastal environment

Frequent fog severely restricts evaporation from blanket bogs in Newfoundland because it more than halves the radiant energy input, and it eliminates the vapor pressure deficit, resulting in evaporation at the equilibrium rate (average = 0.99 during fog). During these periods, there is no surface resistance to evaporation because the bog has been wetted by fog drip, and although the latent heat flux dominates over sensible heat (average = 0.8), both are small. In contrast, the surface dries during clear periods, increasing the surface resistance to evaporation so that sensible heat becomes more important ( = 1.05). When the mosses are dry, evaporation is below the equilibrium rate ( = 0.87), although the higher available energy ensures that actual evaporation is higher. During clear periods, daily evaporation averaged 2.5 mm, compared to 1.1 and 0.7 mm for fog and rain, respectively. The suppressed evaporation at this site is important in maintaining appropriate hydrological conditions for blanket bog development.     

Unstable modes of a sheared pycnocline above a stratified layer

Internal waves incident on a sheared ocean pycnocline are studied using analytic and numerical methods. Linear analysis of the unstable modes of a sheared ocean pycnocline is used to demonstrate interactions between internal waves and shear instabilities. A new analytic solution for an asymmetric shear layer over a stratified layer is presented, illustrating modes which couple to internal waves, in addition to the well-known Holmboe modes. The robustness of these solutions is demonstrated using numerical methods for realistic shear profiles. Fully nonlinear numerical simulations illustrate the growth of these modes and demonstrate the excitation of shear instabilities by incident internal waves. The results may have implications for internal wave interactions with the ocean pycnocline and the local generation of internal solitary waves.